ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

Learning Objectives:
(1) To identify elements and compounds
(2)To detect types of chemical reactions
(3) To discuss types of chemical reactions.

➢ Matter is made up of small particles (atoms, ions or molecules) which

are capable of independent existence.
➢ Matter around us exists in three states-solid, liquid and gas.
Classification of matter

PERIODIC TABLE: A table of elements arranged in the order of increasing

atomic number.
ELEMENT:
➢ An element is a pure substance which can neither be broken down into
simpler substances nor formed from two or more simpler substances.
➢ Elements are classified into three groups- metals, non-metals and
metalloids.
➢ There are about 118 elements in the periodic table.

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COMPOUND: A compound is pure homogeneous substance composed of two
or more elements, chemically combined together in fixed proportion by weight.

symbols of some elements

Atomic Atomic
Symbol Name Symbol Name
No: No.
1 H Hydrogen 11 Na Sodium –
Natrium(Latin)
2 He Helium 12 Mg Magnesium
3 Li Lithium 13 Al Aluminium
4 Be Beryllium 14 Si Silicon
5 B Boron 15 P Phosphorus
6 C Carbon 16 S Sulphur
7 N Nitrogen 17 Cl Chlorine
8 O Oxygen 18 Ar Argon
9 F Fluorine 19 K Potassium -
Kalium(Latin)
10 Ne Neon 20 Ca Calcium

Some compounds & their formulae

Chemical formula of a compound has the symbol(s) of atom(s) and their

number that forms a molecule.

Compounds Formula
Carbon dioxide CO2
Magnesium oxide MgO
Sodium chloride NaCl
Copper sulphate CuSO4
Sulphuric acid H2 SO4
Nitric acid HNO3
Sodium hydroxide NaOH

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 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
➢ A chemical reaction can be described by a chemical equation. It includes
the chemical formula for each substance involved in the reaction .
➢ The substance that undergoes a change is called the reactant and the new
substance formed is called the product.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS:

(1) Combination or Synthesis Reaction:

It is reaction in which two or more reactants (elements or compounds)

react to form a single new product.
A+B → AB
(a) Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide
2 Mg+ O2 → 2MgO
(b) Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

(2) Decomposition Reaction:

It is a reaction in which a single compound is broken down in a chemical

reaction into two or more simpler substances (elements or compounds)
AB → A + B
(a) Calcium Carbonate → Calcium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 (decomposes on heating)
(b) Water → Hydrogen + Oxygen
H2O → 2H2 + O2 (electrolysis)

(3) Single displacement Reaction:

A reaction in which one element displaces another element from a compound .
(a) Iron + Copper Sulphate → Iron Sulphate + Copper
Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
(b) Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid → Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen
Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2

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 (4)Double displacement Reaction:
The reaction in which atoms of two compounds switch places to form two new
compounds
AB + CD → AD + BC
Acid + Base → Salt + Water (Neutralisation Reaction)
(a) Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid → Sodium Chloride + Water
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
(b) Sodium Chloride + Silver Nitrate → Silver Chloride + Sodium Nitrate
NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN METALS AND NON-METALS

Metals Non-metals
Examples: Sodium , Potassium, Magnesium, Examples: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Chlorine,
Calcium, Iron, Copper Aluminium, Silver, Gold etcHelium, Fluorine, Sulphur, Carbon etc.

(1)Metals are generally solids at room 1) Non-metals are generally brittle solids, or
temperature and are generally hard. may be liquids or gases and are generally not
hard.
(2)Metals have lustre. (2) have no lustre.

(3)Metals generally have high density. (3)Non-metals generally have low density.
(4)Metals generally have high melting and (4)Non-metals have low melting and boiling
boiling points. points.
(5)Metals are generally malleable.
Malleability: The property of metals, due (5)Non-metals are non-malleable
to which they can be beaten into sheets is
called malleability.
(6)Metals are generally ductile.
Ductility: The property by which a (6) Non-metals are non-ductile.
substance can be drawn into thin wires is
called ductility.
(7) Metals are good conductors of heat and (7)Non-metals are bad conductors of
electricity. electricity.
(8)Metals are sonorous
When metals are stuck with some hard (8) Non-metals are non-sonorous.
material, they produce a ringing sound,
Thus metals are said to be sonorous.

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Name the following
1. A liquid metal - mercury
2. A liquid non-metal – bromine
3. Two lustrous non-metals – graphite, iodine
4. Two soft metals – sodium, potassium
5. The hardest substance known – diamond (non-metal)
6. The most malleable and ductile metals – gold, silver
7. The metal which is the best conductor of heat – silver
8. A non-metal which can conduct heat – diamond
9. A non-metal which can conduct electricity – graphite

EXTENDED TASK: Collect more details about metal and non-metals.

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