CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES

11th, Sep., 2019

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Wei, Yongli (韦永莉)
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CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
ZHENGZHOU UNIVERSITY
About Chemistry Property

Molecul
e Mattter Element

Components
and
Arrangements
Atom

Chemistry : is the study of matter and the

changes that matter undergoes.
Why study chemistry？

Biology
“Central Science”
Other field Engineering

Chemistry Agriculture
Materialogy

Chemistry is the central science,

Pharmacy central to a fundamental
Geology
understanding of other sciences
and technologies.
Solar cells

“Young Girl Reading”

A Renaissance painting

The light from this firefly is the result of

a chemical reaction within the animal.
 By studying chemistry, you will learn to
use the powerful language and ideas that
have evolved to describe and enhance our
understanding of matter. Furthermore, an
understanding of chemistry provides
powerful insights into other areas of modern
science, technology, and engineering.
TEXTBOOK

CHEMISTRY -
THE CENTRAL SCIENCE

Theodore L. Brown
H. Eugene LEMay, Jr.
Bruce E. Bursten
Catherine J. Murphy
Patrick M. Woodward
Advice for Learning and
Studying Chemistry

• Don’t fall behind!

• Focus your study.
• Keep good lecture notes.
• Skim topics in the text before they are covered in
lecture.
• Learn the language of chemistry.
• Attempt the assigned end-of-chapter exercises.
 CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES
1. Fundamentals
2. Matters and Measurement
3. States of the Matter
4. Thermodynamics
5. Physical Equilibria
6. Chemical Equilibria
7. Acids and Bases
8. Aqueous Equilibria
9. Electrochemisty
10. Chemical Kinetics
11. The Quantum World
12. Atoms
13. Chemical Bonds
14. Molecular Shape and Structure
15. Coordination Chemistry
Naming Inorganic Compounds
(Nomenclature)
Traditional names (common names):
as water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3),

Many of the names were derived from their physical

appearance, properties, origin, or application—
Milk of magnesia，Mg(OH)2
Laughing gas, N 2O
Limestone， CaCO3
Caustic soda NaOH
Washing soda， Na2CO3
Baking soda， NaHCO3
Organic compounds contain carbon, usually in
combination with elements such as hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sulfur.

All other compounds are classified as inorganic compounds.

Carbon monoxide (CO),

Carbon dioxide (CO2),
Carbon disulfide (CS2),
Cyanide group (CN-),
Carbonate (CO32-)
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
 Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds
metal ions cations
Ionic compounds
nonmetal ions anions

1. Cations
a. Cations formed from metal atoms have the same name
as the metal
Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds
b. If a metal can form cations with different charges, the
positive charge is indicated by a Roman numeral in
parentheses following the name of the metal

Fe2+ iron (II) ion Cu + copper (I) ion

Fe3+ iron (III) ion Cu 2+ copper (II) ion

Different ions of the same element

have different properties.

Fe3O4 and Fe2O3

Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds
An older method uses the endings -ous and -ic added to the
root of the element’s Latin name:
Fe2+ ferrous ion Cu + cuprous ion
Fe3+ ferric ion Cu 2+ cupric ion

8B
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B
Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds

c. Cations formed from nonmetal atoms have names that

end in –ium:
NH4+ ammonium ion H3O+ hydronium ion
Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT

a.Why is CrO named using a Roman numeral,

chromium(II) oxide, whereas CaO is named
without a Roman numeral, calcium oxide?

b. What does the -ium ending on the name

ammonium ion tell you about the composition
of the ion?
 Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds
2. Anions
a. The names of monatomic anions are formed by replacing the ending
of the name of the element with -ide:

H- hydride ion O 2- oxide ion N 3- nitride ion

OH- hydroxide ion CN - cyanide ion O 22- peroxide ion

Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds
b. Polyatomic anions containing oxygen have names ending in either -ate or
-ite and are called oxyanions. The -ate is used for the most common or
representative oxyanion of an element, and -ite is used for an oxyanion
that has the same charge but one O atom fewer:

The prefix per- indicates one more O atom than the oxyanion ending in -
ate; hypo- indicates one O atom fewer than the oxyanion ending in -ite:
 Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds
Procedure for naming anions:
Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds

Common oxyanions. The composition and charges of common oxyanions

are related to their location in the periodic table.
EXAMPLE: Determining the Formula of an Oxyanion from Its
Name
Based on the formula for the sulfate ion, predict the formula
for (a) the selenate ion and (b) the selenite ion. (Sulfur and
selenium are both in group 6A and form analogous oxyanions.)

SOLUTION
(a)The sulfate ion is SO 4 2- . The analogous selenate ion is
therefore SeO42-.
(b)The ending -ite indicates an oxyanion with the same charge
but one O atom fewer than the corresponding oxyanion that
ends in -ate. Thus, the formula for the selenite ion is SeO32 - .
Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds
c. Anions derived by adding H+ to an oxyanion are named by adding as a
prefix the word hydrogen or dihydrogen, as appropriate:

bicarbonate ion HSO4- bisulfate ion

3. Ionic Compounds
Names of ionic compounds consist of the cation name followed by
the anion name:
Names and Formulas of Ionic
Compounds
Example: Determining the Names of Ionic Compounds from Their
Formulas
Name the ionic compounds (a) K2SO4, (b) Ba(OH)2, (c) FeCl3.

Solution:
(a)The cation is K+, the potassium ion, and the anion is SO42-, the sulfate
ion, making the name potassium sulfate.

(b) The cation is Ba2+, the barium ion, and the anion is OH-, the hydroxide
ion: barium hydroxide.

(c) The compound is iron(III) chloride or ferric chloride.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Name the ionic compounds：
(a) NH4Br, (b) Cr2O3, (c) Co(NO3)2.

Answers: (a) ammonium bromide,

(b) chromium(III) oxide,
(c) cobalt(II) nitrate
Common Anions
Determining the Formulas of Ionic Compounds from
Their Names
Write the chemical formulas for (a) potassium sulfide, (b)
calcium hydrogen carbonate, (c) nickel(II) perchlorate.

Solution
(a) The potassium ion is K + , and the sulfide ion is S 2- .
Because ionic compounds are electrically neutral, two K+
ions are required to balance the charge of one S 2- ion,
giving K2S for the empirical formula.

(b) The calcium ion is Ca2+. The carbonate ion is CO32-,

so the hydrogen carbonate ion is HCO3-. Two HCO3- ions
are needed to balance the positive charge of Ca2+, giving
Ca(HCO3)2.
(c) The nickel(II) ion is Ni 2+ . The perchlorate ion is
ClO4-. Two ClO4- ions are required to balance the charge
on one Ni2+ ion, giving Ni(ClO4)2.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
Give the chemical formulas for (a) magnesium sulfate,
(b) silver sulfide, (c) lead(II) nitrate.

Answers: (a) MgSO4, (b) Ag2S, (c) Pb(NO3)2

Molecular Compounds
Many molecular compounds are binary (two-element)
compounds.

1. We place the name of the first element in the

formula first, and the second element is named by
adding -ide to the root of the element name.

Some examples are :

HCl hydrogen chloride
HBr hydrogen bromide
SiC silicon carbide
Molecular Compounds
2. Use Greek prefixes to denote
the number of atoms of each
element present in different
compounds with same elements.
Molecular Compounds
The following guidelines are helpful in naming compounds
with prefixes:

• The prefix “mono-” may be omitted for the first

element.
PCl3 phosphorus trichloride

• For oxides, the ending “a” in the prefix is sometimes

omitted.
N 2O 4 dinitrogen tetroxide
Molecular Compounds
Some common, nonsystematic names:
Molecular Compounds
Example
Name the following molecular compounds: (a) SiCl4 and (b) P4O10.
Solution
(a) Because there are four chlorine atoms present, the compound is silicon
tetrachloride.
(b) There are four phosphorus atoms and ten oxygen atoms present, so the
compound is tetraphosphorus decoxide. Note that the “a” is omitted in
“deca.”

Write chemical formulas for the following molecular compounds: (a)

carbon disulfide and (b) disilicon hexabromide.
Solution
(a) Because there are two sulfur atoms and one carbon atom present, the
formula is CS2.
(b) There are two silicon atoms and six bromine atoms present, so the
formula is Si2Br6.
Acids and Bases
1. Naming Acids
An acid can be described as a substance that yields hydrogen ions (H+)
when dissolved in water.
Anions whose names end in “-ide” form acids with a “hydro-” prefix
and an “-ic” ending
Acids and Bases
Acids and Bases
Oxoacids are acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and another element
(the central element).

1. Addition of one O atom to the “-ic” acid: The acid is called “per . . . -
ic” acid. Thus, adding an O atom to HClO3 changes chloric acid to
perchloric acid, HClO4.

2. Removal of one O atom from the “-ic” acid: The acid is called “-ous”
acid. Thus, nitric acid, HNO3, becomes nitrous acid, HNO2.

3. Removal of two O atoms from the “-ic” acid: The acid is called
“hypo . . . -ous” acid. Thus, when HBrO3 is converted to HBrO, the
acid is called hypobromous acid.
Acids and Bases
The rules for naming oxoanions, anions of oxoacids, are as follows:
1. When all the H ions are removed from the “-ic” acid, the anion’s name
ends with “-ate.” For example, the anion CO32- derived from H2CO3 is called
carbonate.
2. When all the H ions are removed from the “-ous” acid, the anion’s name
ends with “-ite.” Thus, the anion ClO2- derived from HClO2 is called chlorite.
3. The names of anions in which one or more but not all the hydrogen ions
have been removed must indicate the number of H ions present. For
example, consider the anions derived from phosphoric acid:
Acids and Bases
Names of Oxoacids and Oxoanions That Contain Chlorine

Example:
Name the following oxoacid and oxoanion: (a) H3PO3 and (b) IO4- .
Solution
(a) We start with our reference acid, phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Because
H3PO3 has one fewer O atom, it is called phosphorous acid.
(b) The parent acid is HIO4. Because the acid has one more O atom
than our reference iodic acid (HIO3), it is called periodic acid.
Therefore, the anion derived from HIO4 is called periodate.
Acids and Bases
2. Naming Bases
A base can be described as a substance that yields
hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

Ammonia ammonium ion
Hydrates
Hydrates are compounds that have a specific number of
water molecules attached to them.
CuSO4  5H2O copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate
CuSO4 anhydrous copper(II) sulfate

Some other hydrates are

Familiar Inorganic Compounds
Common and Systematic Names of Some Compounds
Exercises：
Solutions：

D.1 (a) bromite (b) HSO3-

D.4 (a) Ba(OH)2 (b) Co3(PO3)2 (c) MnBr2 (d) Cr2S3

D.5

D.29
Thanks！