FOUNDATION CHEMISTRY

2019/2020
KALULU MULENGA
MSc. SEU, CHINA, BSc.Ed, UNZA
LEARNING STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry expresses the quantitative
relationship between reactants and products in
a chemical equation. 
Memorizing stoichiometry will severely limit
your abilities.
Stoichiometry is rational and systematic.
Goal:
Learn tools to dissect and analyze
stoichiometry that is unfamiliar.
Pay attention to detail!
 Study Tips
 Read the suggested readings before coming to class and record
the main ideas.
 After each lecture, summarize the major ideas and concepts in
your notes within 24 hours of class.
 Annotate these summaries from your study of the textbook
 Work the problems independently.
 Master the material from each lecture before going to the next
one.
 Spend a few minutes each day on review to prevent becoming
overwhelmed on the night before an exam.

You cannot
CRAM
for chemistry EXAM
Stoichiometry
 Naming simple compounds
 Chemical nomenclature is the term given
to the naming of compounds.
 Chemists use specific rules and "
conventions" to name different
compounds.
 Read zumdahl to familiarize yourselves
with the rules for naming simple
compounds
 Oxidation and Reduction
 Oxidation/Reduction reactions are the
processes of losing and gaining electrons
respectively.
 Oxidation numbers are assigned to atoms and
compounds as a way to tell scientists where the
electrons are in a reaction.
 It is often referred to as the "charge" on the atom
or compound.
 The oxidation number is assigned according to a
standard set of rules.
 They are as follows:
 An atom of a pure element has an oxidation number
of zero.
 For single atoms in an ion, their oxidation number is
equal to their charge.
 Fluorine is always -1 in compounds.
 Cl, Br, and I are always -1 in compounds except when
they are combined with O or F.
 H is normally +1 and O is normally -2.
 The oxidation number of a compound is equal to the
sum of the oxidation numbers for each atom in the
compound
 Forming Ionic Compounds
 Consider combining magnesium and
nitrogen.
 We know that the magnesium ion has a "
+2" charge and the nitrogen ion has a "-3"
charge.
 To cancel these charges, we must have
three magnesium atoms for every two
nitrogen atoms:
3Mg2+ + 2N3- ---> Mg3N2
Common ions are listed in the
below:
 Naming Ionic Compounds
 The outline below provides the rules for naming ionic compounds:
Positive Ions
 Monatomic cations (a single atom with a positive charge) take the
name of the element plus the word "ion"
Examples:
 Na+ = sodium ion
 Zn+2 = zinc ion
 If an element can form more than one (1) positive ion, the charge is
indicated by the Roman numeral in parentheses followed by the
word "ion"

Examples:
 Fe2+ = iron(II) ion
Negative Ions
Monatomic anions (a single atom with a negative
charge) change their ending to "-ide"
Examples:
 O2- = oxide ion
 Cl- = chloride ion
Oxoanions (negatively charged polyatomic ions which
contain O) end in "-ate".
However, if there is more than one oxyanion for a
specific element then the endings are:
Polyatomic anions (a negatively charged ion containing more
than one type of element) often add a hydrogen atom; in this
case, the anion's name either adds "hydrogen-" or "bi-" to the
beginning
 Example:
CO32- becomes HCO3-
"Carbonate" becomes either "Hydrogen Carbonate" or "
Bicarbonate"
 When combining cations and anions into an ionic compound,
you always put the cation name first and then the anion name
(the molecular formulas are also written in this order as well.)
Examples:
 Na+ + Cl- --> NaCl
sodium + chloride --> sodium chloride
 Cu2+ + SO42- -->CuSO4
copper(II) + sulfate --> copper(II) sulfate
 Al3+ + 3NO3- --> Al(NO3)3
Naming Binary Molecular
Compounds
 Molecular compounds are formed from the covalent
bonding between non-metallic elements.
 The nomenclature for these compounds is described
in the following set of rules.
 The more positive atom is written first (the atom
which is the furthest to the left and to the bottom of
the periodic table)
 The more negative second atom has an "-ide" ending.
 Each prefix indicates the number of each atom
present in the compound
Examples:
CO2 = carbon dioxide
P4S10 = tetraphosphorus
decasulfide
 Naming Inorganic Acids
 Binary acids (H plus a nonmetal element) are acids that
dissociate into hydrogen atoms and anions in water.
 Acids that only release one hydrogen atom are known
as monoprotic. 
 Those acids that release more than one hydrogen atom
are called polyproticacids.
 When naming these binary acids, you merely add "hydro-"
(denoting the presence of a hydrogen atom) to the
beginning and "-ic acid" to the end of the anion name.
 Examples:
 HCl = hydrochloric acid
 HBr = hydrobromic acid
 Ternary acids (also called oxoacids, are
formed by hydrogen plus another element
plus oxygen) are based on the name of
the anion.
 In this case, the -ate, and -ite suffixes for
the anion are replaced with -ic and -
ous respectively.
 The new anion name is then followed by
the word "acid."
 The chart below depicts the changes in
nomenclature.

Example:
-
ClO4  to HClO  => perchlorate to perchloric acid
4
ClO- to HClO => hypochlorite to hypochlorous acid
 Naming Compounds
 A detailed treatise on
naming organic compounds
is beyond the scope of these
materials, but some basics are
presented.
 The wise chemistry student
should consider memorizing
the prefixes of the first ten
organic compounds:
 There are four basic types of organic
hydrocarbons, those chemicals with only
carbon and hydrogen:
 Single bonds (alkane): suffix is "ane", formula
CnH2n+2
 Double bonds (alkene): suffix is "ene", formula
CnH2n
 Triple bonds (alkyne): suffix is "yne", formula
CnH2n-2
 Cyclic compounds: use prefix "cyclo"
 So, for example, an organic compound
with the formula "C6H14" would be
recognized as an alkane with six
carbons, so its name is "hexane".

Examples:
N2O4 = dinitrogen tetraoxide
S2F10 = disulfur decafluoride
Practice Problems
 Find the formulas of the following
molecules:
1. aluminum fluroide: AlF3
2. carbon tetracloride: CCl4
3. strontium nitrate: Sr(NO3)2
4. sodium bisulfate: Na HSO4
5. iron (III) oxide: Fe2O3
7. sodium sulfite: Na2SO3
8. ammonium dichromate: (NH4)2Cr2O7
9. magnesium acetate: Mg(C2H3O2)2
10. zinc hydroxide: Zn(OH)2
11. nitric acid: HNO3
12. hypochlorous acid: HClO
13. phosphoric acid: H3PO4