Molecular View of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 4
Molecular View of Reactions in

Aqueous Solutions
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Matter, 7E
Jespersen/Hyslop
Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Chapter in Context
 Distinguish electrolytes from non-electrolytes
 Write balanced molecular, ionic, and net ionic
equations
 Identify acids and bases and learn names and
formulas
 Define and use molarity in calculations
 Understand titrations and chemical analysis
Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved 2
Definitions
Solution
 Homogeneous mixture
Solvent
 Medium that dissolves solutes
 Component present in largest amount
 Can be gas, liquid, or solid
 Aqueous solution—water is solvent
Solute
 Substance dissolved in solvent
 Solution is named by solute
 Can be gas—CO2 in soda
Your Turn
In a cup of coffee that has milk and sugar in it,
which are the solutes and which are/is the
solvent (s)?
A. Solutes: caffeine, sugar, and milk proteins
Solvent: water
C. Solute: water
Solvents: caffeine, sugar and milk proteins
B. Solutes: sugar and milk proteins
Solvents: water and caffeine
D. Solute: milk protein only
Solvent: water and milk
Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution
 Ionic compounds conduct electricity
 Molecular compounds don’t conduct electricity
Why?
Bright No
light light
Ions Molecular
present
CuSO4 and water Sugar and water

Electrical Conductivity
Electrolyte
 Solutes that yield electrically conducting solutions
 Separate into ions when enter into solution
Strong electrolyte
 Electrolyte that dissociates 100% in water
 Good electrical conduction
 Ionic compounds, e.g., NaCl, KNO3
 Strong acids and bases, e.g., HClO4, HCl
Non-electrolyte
 Aqueous solution that doesn’t conduct electricity
 Molecules remain intact in solution
e.g., Sugar, alcohol
Your Turn
How many ions form on the dissociation of
Na3PO4?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 8
Weak electrolyte
 When dissolved in water only a small
percentage of molecules ionize
 Common examples are weak acids and bases
 Solutions weakly conduct electricity
 e.g., Acetic acid (CH3COOH), ammonia (NH3)

Hydrofluoric acid (HF)
Dissociation Reactions
 Ionic compounds dissolve to form hydrated ions

 Hydrated = surrounded by water molecules
 In chemical equations, hydrated ions are
indicated by
 Symbol (aq) after each ions
 Ions are written separately
KBr(s)  K+(aq) + Br–(aq)
Mg(HCO3)2(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2HCO3–(aq)
Learning Check
Write the equations that illustrate the dissociation
of the following salts:
Na3PO4(aq) → 3Na+(aq) + PO43–(aq)
Al
 2 (SO )
4 3( aq ) → 2Al 3+
(aq ) + 3SO 4 (aq)
2–
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)
CaCl2(aq) →
Ca(MnO4)2(aq) → Ca 2+
(aq ) + 2MnO 4 (aq)
–
Precipitation Reactions
Metathesis Reaction
 Reactions where anions and cations exchange
partners.
 Also called double replacement reaction
 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Precipitation reactions
 Metathesis reactions where precipitate forms
How can we predict if compounds are
insoluble?
 Must know solubility rules
Solubility Rules
Learning Check: Solubility Rules
Which of the following compounds are
expected to be soluble in water?
Ca(C2H3O2)2 Yes
FeCO3 No
AgCl No
Your Turn
What will be the solid product of the reaction
of Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)  ?
A. CaCO3
B. NaNO3
C. Na(NO3)2
D. Na2(NO3)2
E. H2O
Learning Check: Predict Products
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) 
Pb(OH)2(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
BaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 
BaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Equations of Ionic Reactions
 When two soluble ionic solutions are mixed,
sometimes an insoluble solid forms.
 Three types of equations used to describe
1. Molecular equation
 Substances listed as complete formulas
2. Ionic equation
 All soluble substances broken into ions
3. Net ionic equation
 Only lists substances that actually take part in
reaction
Equations of Ionic Reactions
1. Molecular Equation
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)  PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
2. Ionic Equation
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq) + 2K+(aq) + 2I–(aq) 
PbI2(s) + 2K+(aq) + 2NO3–(aq)
3. Net Ionic Equation

Pb2+(aq) + 2I–(aq)  PbI2(s)
Your Turn
Consider the following reaction :
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
Write the correct Net ionic equation.
A. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + Cl22–(aq) →

2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + BaSO4(s)
B. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) →
2Na+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + BaSO4(s)
C. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + Cl22–(aq) →
2Na+(aq)+ 2Cl–(aq) + Ba2+(s) + SO42–(s)
D. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
E. Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) → Ba2+(s) + SO42–(s)
Acids and Bases
 Common laboratory reagents
 Also found in food and household products
 vinegar, citrus juice, and cola contain acids
 drain cleaners and ammonia contain bases
 Acids
 Tart, sour taste
 Bases
 Bitter taste and slippery feel
 Caution: Never taste, feel, or smell laboratory chemicals

Arrhenius Acid
 Substance that reacts with water to produce the
hydronium ion, H3O+
HCl(g) + H2O  Cl–(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Acid + H2O  Anion + H3O+

HA + H2O  A– + H3O+
Arrhenius Base
 Substance that produces OH–
 Ionic substances containing OH– or O2-
 Molecular substances
Ionic compound containing OH–

a. Metal hydroxides
 Dissociate into metal and hydroxide ions
NaOH(s)  Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Mg(OH)2(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
Strong Acids
HClO4(aq) perchloric acid
HClO3(aq) chloric acid
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
HBr(aq) hydrobromic acid
HI(aq) hydroiodic acid
HNO3(aq) nitric acid
H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acid
 Dissociate completely when dissolved in water
e.g., HBr(g) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + Br–(aq)
 Good electrical conduction (i.e., strong electrolytes)
Strong Bases
 Bases that dissociate completely in water
 Soluble metal hydroxides
 KOH(aq)  K+(aq) + OH–(aq)
 Good electrical conductors (i.e., strong electrolytes)
 Common strong bases are:

 Group 1A metal hydroxides
 LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH
 Group 2A metal hydroxides
 Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
Weak Acids
 Does not dissociate completely
 Acetic Acid CH3COOH
 Hydrofluoric acid (HF)
 Carbonic acid H2CO3
 Nitrous acid HNO2
Jespersen/Hyslop, Chemistry7E, Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Weak Bases
 Molecular bases
 Do not dissociate
 Accept H+ from water inefficiently
 Are weak electrolytes
e.g.,
NH3(aq) + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Brief summary
 Strong acids and bases are strong electrolytes
 Weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes
 Strong electrolyte  Weak electrolyte
 Completely ionizes  Small % ionizes
 Forward reaction  Reverse rxn dominates
dominates
 Mostly products  Mostly reactants
 Strong acids & bases  Weak acids and bases
 Little reverse reaction  Lots of reverse reaction
 Write eqn. as   Write eqn. as
Acid—Base Nomenclature
 System for naming acids and bases
Acids
 Binary acid system e.g., HCl(aq), H2S(aq)
 Oxoacid system e.g., H2SO4, HClO2
 Acid salt system e.g., NaHSO4, NaHCO3
Bases
 Metal hydroxide/oxide system e.g., NaOH, CaO
 Molecular base system e.g., NH3, (CH3)3N
Naming Acids
A. Binary Acids — hydrogen + nonmetal
 Take molecular name
 Drop –gen from H name
 Merge hydro– with nonmetal name
 Replace –ide with –ic acid
Name of Molecular Name of Binary Acid in

Compound water
HCl(g) hydrogen chloride HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
H2S(g) hydrogen sulfide H2S(aq) hydrosulfuric

acid
Naming Acids
B. Oxo Acids
 Acids with hydrogen, oxygen and another nonmetal
element
 A table of polyatomic ions can be found in the book
 To name:
 Based on parent oxoanion name
 Take parent ion name
 Anion ends in –ate change to –ic (more O's)
 Anion ends in –ite change to –ous (less O's)
 End name with acid to indicate H+
Naming Oxoacids and Oxoanions
31
Removal of H+ ion
HClO4 Perchloric acid ClO4-1 Perchlorate
+O
HClO3 Chloric acid ClO3-1 chlorate

-O
HClO2 Clorous acid ClO2-1 chlorite

-O
HClO Hypoclorous acid ClO-1 Hypochlorite

32
Oxoacids (Aqueous)
Named according to the anion suffix
 Anion ends in -ite, acid name is -ous acid
 Anion ends in -ate, acid name is -ic acid
Name of Parent Name of Oxoacid

Oxoanion
NO3 nitrate HNO3 nitric acid
SO42 sulfate H2SO4 sulfuric acid
ClO2 chlorite HClO2 chlorous acid
PO32 phosphite H2PO3 phosphorous acid
Learning Check: Name Each
Aqueous Acid
 HNO2  nitrous acid

 HCN  hydrocyanic acid
 HClO4  perchloric acid
 HF  hydrofluoric acid
 H2CO3  carbonic acid
Your Turn
What is the correct name for HClO4 (aq)?

A. chloric acid
B. hydrochloric acid
C. perchloric acid
D. hypochlorous acid
E. chlorous acid
Your Turn
What is the correct name for H2SO3(aq)?

A. sulfuric acid
B. sulfurous acid
C. hydrosulfuric acid
D. hydrosulfurous acid
E. hydrogen sulfite acid
C. Naming Bases
Hydroxides
 Ionic compounds
 Named like ionic compounds
 Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
 Li2OH lithium hydroxide
Molecular Bases
 Named like molecules
 NH3 ammonia
Acid−Base Reactions
Neutralization reaction
 Combining an acid and base to form a salt and
water
Salt
 Ionic compound formed by a neutralization
reaction
 Acid + Base  Salt + Water
HClO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaClO4(aq) + H2O
Acid−Base Reactions
Neutralization reaction
 Can be viewed as a metathesis reaction
HClO4(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaClO4(aq) + H2O
Ionic equation
H+(aq) + ClO4–(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) →
H2O + Na+(aq) + ClO4–(aq)
Net ionic equation
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O
Neutralization Between Strong Acid
and Strong Base
Molecular equation
2HCl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O + CaCl2(aq)
Ionic equation
2H+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + Ca2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) →
2H2O + Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)
Net ionic equation
2H+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → 2H2O
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O
True for any strong acid and strong base
Molarity (M)
 Number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
Molarity as Conversion Factor
 Often have stoichiometry problems involving
amount of chemical and volume of solution
Molarity
Moles of a Volume of a solution

substance of substance
Learning Check: Calculating Molarity
(from grams and volume)
Calculate the molarity (M) of a solution prepared
by dissolving 11.5 g NaOH (40.00 g/mol) solid in
enough water to make 1.50 L of solution.
g NaOH  mol NaOH  M NaOH
Preparing Solution of Known Molarity
a) b) c) d) e)
a b c d e f
a) Weigh solid and transfer to volumetric flask
b) Add part of the water
c) Dissolve solute completely
d) Add water to reach etched line
e) Stopper flask and invert to mix thoroughly
Learning Check: Preparing Solution
of Known Molarity from Solid
How many grams of strontium nitrate are required
to prepare 250.0 mL of 0.100 M Sr(NO3)2 solution?
M × V  mol × MM  g
1. Convert molarity and volume to mole
= 0.0250 mol Sr(NO3)2

2. Convert mol to g
= 5.29 g Sr(NO3)2
Diluting Solutions
 Moles of solute do not change upon dilution
 Just changing volume
Number of moles in dilute = number of moles
in concentrated
Moles of solute Moles of solute in the

in the dilute solution concentrated solution
Vdil  Mdil = Vconc  Mconc
Learning Check: Dilutions
What volume (in mL) of 16.0 M H2SO4 must be
used to prepare 1.00 L of 2.00 M H2SO4?
Rearranging gives
= 125 mL
Your Turn
What volume of 12.1 M HCl is needed to create
250. mL of 3.2 M HCl?
A. 66 mL
B. 800 mL
C. 3025 mL Vconc = 66 mL
D. 945 mL
E. 9680 mL
Solution Stoichiometry
 General scheme
Reactant
molarity
Volume of reactant Moles of reactant
mole-to-mole ratio
Moles of product Volume of product
Product
molarity
Learning Check: Solution Stoichiometry
How many milliliters of 0.0475 M H3PO4 could be
completely neutralized by 45.0 mL of 0.100 M
KOH? The balanced equation for the reaction is
H3PO4(aq) + 3KOH(aq)  K3PO4(aq) + 3H2O
Strategy:
Coefficients of
mol KOH mol H3PO4
Balanced equation
Vol and M of mol and M of
KOH soln H3PO4 soln
KOH solution H3PO4 soln
Learning Check: Solution Stoichiometry
1. Calculate moles of KOH
= 4.50 × 10–3 mol KOH

2. Use coefficients to calculate the moles H3PO4
required
= 1.50 × 10–3 mol H3PO4

3. Calculate volume of H3PO4 needed
= 31.6 mL H3PO4
Chemical Analysis
Qualitative analysis
 What substances are present in a sample
Quantitative analysis
 Measure the amounts of various substances in a
sample
 Convert all of an element present in a sample into
a substance of known formula
 Use the amount of this known to determine
amount of element present in the original sample
(unknown or analyte)
Learning Check: Chemical Analysis
A 1.000 g sample of insecticide is decomposed so
that all the chlorine is converted to Cl–(aq). Silver
nitrate is added to precipitate all the chloride as
AgCl. The solid after filtering and drying is found
to weigh 2.022 g. What is the percentage, by
mass, of the chloride in the insecticide?
Strategy:
g AgCl  mol AgCl  mol Cl  g Cl
How Much Cl in 2.022 g of AgCl?
g AgCl  mol AgCl  mol Cl  g Cl
= 0.5002 g Cl
Percentage Cl in original sample?
= 50.02% Cl
Titrations
Widely used analytical technique
 Used to determine concentration of solute
 Used daily to monitor:

 Water purity
 Quality control in food industry
Very common titration: Acid-base titration
Titration in practice:
Burret
 Volumetric measuring device with 0.10 mL markings
Stopcock
 Permits flow of titrant to stop when reaction is
complete
Volume titrant
used = Vf – Vi
Titration: Definitions
Titrant
 Solution in the burret
 Known concentration
 Can be either acid or base depending on nature of
the analyte
Analyte
 Solution being analyzed
 Solution in flask
 Solution of unknown concentration
Equivalence point
 Volume where moles of titrant and moles of analyte
are stoichiometrically equal
Calculations
Molarity (mol/L) = No. of moles (mol) / volume (L)
At Equivalence point:
facid × Moles acid = fbase × Moles base

facid × (M ×V)acid = fbase × (M ×V)base
• M = Molarity.
• V = Volume of solution.
• facid = No. of reacting hydrogen (H+) e.g. HCl (f = 1), H2SO4 (f = 2),
CH3COOH (f = 1) etc..
• fbase = No. of reacting hydroxide (OH-) e.g. NaOH (f = 1), Ca(OH)2 (f = 2) etc..
Examples:
Q1- A 13.50 mL of 0.050 M HCl titrated with 18.70 mL of Al(OH) 3. Calculate
the molarity of the Al(OH)3.
fHCl (Moles HCl) = fAl(OH)3 (Moles base) fHCl (M × V)HCl = fAl(OH)3 (M × V)AL(OH)3
1 (0.050 M × 13.50 mL)HCl = 3 (M ×18.70 mL)Al(OH)3 MAl(OH)3 = 0.0120 M
Q2- A 0.0300 gm of a diprotic acid dissolved and diluted with distilled water then
titrated with 21.50 mL of 0.0311 M NaOH. Calculate the molar mass of the
diprotic acid.
facid (Moles acid) = fNaOH (Moles NaOH) facid (mass/MM) = fNaOH (M × V)NaOH
2 (0.0300 gm/MM) = 1 (0.0311 M × 21.50/1000 L)
MM = 89.7 g/mol
Summary of Stoichiometry
Calculations

Molecular View of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Molecular View of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4

Molecular View of Reactions in

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

CuSO4 and water Sugar and water

e.g., Sugar, alcohol

 Common examples are weak acids and bases

 Solutions weakly conduct electricity

 e.g., Acetic acid (CH3COOH), ammonia (NH3)

 Ionic compounds dissolve to form hydrated ions

3. Net Ionic Equation

A. 2Na+(aq) + SO42–(aq) + Ba2+(aq) + Cl22–(aq) →

 Caution: Never taste, feel, or smell laboratory chemicals

HCl(g) + H2O  Cl–(aq) + H3O+(aq)

Acid + H2O  Anion + H3O+

Ionic compound containing OH–

 Common strong bases are:

 Acetic Acid CH3COOH

 Hydrofluoric acid (HF)

 Carbonic acid H2CO3

 Nitrous acid HNO2

Name of Molecular Name of Binary Acid in

H2S(g) hydrogen sulfide H2S(aq) hydrosulfuric

HClO4 Perchloric acid ClO4-1 Perchlorate

HClO3 Chloric acid ClO3-1 chlorate

HClO2 Clorous acid ClO2-1 chlorite

HClO Hypoclorous acid ClO-1 Hypochlorite

Name of Parent Name of Oxoacid

 HNO2  nitrous acid

What is the correct name for HClO4 (aq)?

What is the correct name for H2SO3(aq)?

Moles of a Volume of a solution

= 0.0250 mol Sr(NO3)2

Moles of solute Moles of solute in the

KOH solution H3PO4 soln

= 4.50 × 10–3 mol KOH

= 1.50 × 10–3 mol H3PO4

 Used to determine concentration of solute

 Used daily to monitor:

Very common titration: Acid-base titration

facid × Moles acid = fbase × Moles base

1 (0.050 M × 13.50 mL)HCl = 3 (M ×18.70 mL)Al(OH)3 MAl(OH)3 = 0.0120 M

2 (0.0300 gm/MM) = 1 (0.0311 M × 21.50/1000 L)

You might also like