Ebook Chemistry The Central Science 14Th Edition Brown Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Chemistry The Central Science 14th
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Chemistry: The Central Science, 14e (Brown, et al.)
Chapter 7 Periodic Properties of the Elements
7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) In which set of elements would all members be expected to have very similar chemical
properties?
A) O, S, Se
B) N, O, F
C) Na, Mg, K
D) S, Se, Si
E) Ne, Na, Mg
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 7.1
LO: 7.1
GO: G2
2) In which set of elements would all members be expected to have very similar chemical
properties?
A) P, Se, I
B) Cl, Br, Na
C) Si, As, Te
D) Ne, Na, Mg
E) Br, I, At
Answer: E
LO: 7.1
GO: G2
3) Electrons in the 1s subshell are much closer to the nucleus in Ar than in He due to the larger
________ in Ar.
A) nuclear charge
B) paramagnetism
C) diamagnetism
D) Hund's rule
E) azimuthal quantum number
Answer: A
LO: 7.1, 7.2
GO: G2
1
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
4) Screening of the nuclear charge by core electrons in atoms is ________.
A) less efficient than that by valence electrons
B) more efficient than that by valence electrons
C) essentially identical to that by valence electrons
D) responsible for a general decrease in atomic radius going down a group
E) both essentially identical to that by valence electrons and responsible for a general decrease in
atomic radius going down a group
Answer: B
LO: 7.1, 7.2
GO: G2
5) The effective nuclear charge of an atom is primarily affected by ________.

A) inner electrons
B) outer electrons
C) nuclear charge
D) electron distribution
E) orbital radial probability
Answer: A
LO: 7.1, 7.2
GO: G2
6) The atomic radius of main-group elements generally increases down a group because
________.
A) effective nuclear charge increases down a group
B) effective nuclear charge decreases down a group
C) effective nuclear charge zigzags down a group
D) the principal quantum number of the valence orbitals increases
E) both effective nuclear charge increases down a group and the principal quantum number of
the valence orbitals increases
Answer: D
LO: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
GO: G2
7) Atomic radius generally increases as we move ________.

A) down a group and from right to left across a period
B) up a group and from left to right across a period
C) down a group and from left to right across a period
D) up a group and from right to left across a period
E) down a group; the period position has no effect
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
GO: G2
2
8) Atomic radius generally decreases as we move ________.
A) down a group and from right to left across a period
B) up a group and from left to right across a period
C) down a group and from left to right across a period
D) up a group and from right to left across a period
E) down a group; the period position has no effect
Answer: B
LO: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
GO: G2
9) Of the following, which gives the correct order for atomic radius for Mg, Na, P, Si and Ar?
A) Mg > Na > P > Si > Ar
B) Ar > Si > P > Na > Mg
C) Si > P > Ar > Na > Mg
D) Na > Mg > Si > P > Ar
E) Ar > P > Si > Mg > Na
Answer: D
LO: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
GO: G2
10) Of the following, which gives the correct order for atomic radius for Ca, K, As, Ge and Kr?
A) Ca > K > As > Ge > Kr
B) Kr > Ge > As > K > Ca
C) Ge > As > Kr > K > Ca
D) K > Ca > Ge > As > Kr
E) Kr > As > Ge > Ca > K
Answer: D
LO: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
GO: G2
11) Which compound has the smallest ionic separation?

A) NaCl
B) NaBr
C) NaI
D) NaF
E) KF
Answer: D
LO: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
GO: G2
3
12) Which of the following is an isoelectronic series?
A) B5-, Si4-, As3-, Te2-
B) F-, Cl-, Br-, I-
C) S, Cl, Ar, K
D) Si2-, P2-, S2-, Cl2-
E) O2-, F-, Ne, Na+
Answer: E
LO: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
GO: G2
13) Which isoelectronic series is correctly arranged in order of increasing radius?

A) K+ < Ca2+ < Ar < Cl-
B) < Ar < K+ < Ca2+
C) Ca2+ < Ar < K+ < Cl-
D) Ca2+ < K+ < Ar < Cl-
E) Ca2+ < K+ < Cl- < Ar
Answer: D
LO: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
GO: G2
14) Of the choices below, which gives the order for first ionization energies?
A) Cl > S > Al > Ar > Si
B) Ar > Cl > S > Si > Al
C) Al > Si > S > Cl > Ar
D) Cl > S > Al > Si > Ar
E) S > Si > Cl > Al > Ar
Answer: B
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
15) Rank the following in terms of decreasing first ionization energies?

A) Ne > O > N > Be > B
B) Ne > N > O > B > Be
C) Ne > O > N > B > Be
D) Ne > N > O > Be > B
E) B > Be > O > N > Ne
Answer: D
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
4
16) ________ have the lowest first ionization energies of the groups listed.
A) Alkali metals
B) Transition elements
C) Halogens
D) Alkaline earth metals
E) Noble gases
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
17) Which of the following correctly represents the third ionization of gallium?
A) Ga (g) → Ga+ (g) + e-
B) Ga+ (g) → Ga2+ (g) + e-
C) Ga2- (g) + e- → Ga3- (g)
D) Ga2+ (g) → Ga3+ (g) + e-
E) Ga+ (g) + e- → Ga2+ (g)
Answer: D
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
18) Which of the following correctly represents the third ionization of aluminum?
A) Al2+ (g) + e- → Al+ (g)
B) Al (g) → Al+ (g) + e-
C) Al2- (g) + e- → Al3- (g)
D) Al2+ (g) + e- → Al3+ (g)
E) Al2+ (g) → Al3+ (g) + e-
Answer: E
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
19) Which of the following correctly represents the first ionization of oxygen?
A) O (g) → O+ (g) + e-
B) O+ (g) + e- → O2+ (g)
C) O (g) + e- → O- (g)
D) O- (g) + e- → O2- (g)
E) O+ (g) + e- → O (g)
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
5
20) Which equation correctly represents the first ionization of calcium?
A) Ca (g) → Ca+ (g) + e-
B) Ca (g) → Ca- (g) + e-
C) Ca (g) + e- → Ca- (g)
D) Ca- (g) → Ca (g) + e-
E) Ca+ (g) + e- → Ca (g)
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
21) Which of the following correctly represents the second ionization of calcium?
A) Ca (g) → Ca+ (g) + e-
B) Ca+ (g) → Ca2+ (g) + e-
C) Ca- (g) + e- → Ca2- (g)
D) Ca+ (g) + e- → Ca2+ (g)
E) Ca+ (g) + e- → Ca (g)
Answer: B
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
22) Which of the following correctly represents the second ionization of copper?
A) Cu (g) → Cu+ (g) + e-
B) Cu+ (g) → Cu2+ (g) + e-
C) Cu- (g) + e- → Cu2- (g)
D) Cu+ (g) + e- → Cu2+ (g)
E) Cu+ (g) + e- → Cu (g)
Answer: B
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
23) Which ion below has the largest radius?

A) Cl-
B) K+
C) Br-
D) F-
E) Na+
Answer: C
LO: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
GO: G2
6
24) Which of the following species has the smallest ionic radius?
A) Al3+
B) Na+
C) Mg2+
D) S2-
E) Cl-
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
GO: G2
Consider the following electron configurations to answer the questions that follow:
(i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

(ii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
(iii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
(iv) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
(v) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
25) The electron configuration belonging to the atom with the highest second ionization energy
is ________.
A) (i)
B) (ii)
C) (iii)
D) (iv)
E) (v)
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
26) The electron configuration that belongs to the atom with the lowest first ionization energy is
________.
A) (i)
B) (ii)
C) (iii)
D) (iv)
E) (v)
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
7
27) The electron configuration of the atom with the most negative electron affinity is ________.
A) (i)
B) (ii)
C) (iii)
D) (iv)
E) (v)
Answer: E
LO: 7.2
GO: G2
28) The electron configuration of the atom that is expected to have the least negative electron
affinity is ________.
A) (i)
B) (ii)
C) (iii)
D) (iv)
E) (v)
Answer: D
LO: 7.2
GO: G2
29) Of the following elements, ________ has the most negative electron affinity.
A) S
B) Cl
C) Se
D) Br
E) I
Answer: B
LO: 7.2
GO: G2
A) P
B) Al
C) Si
D) Cl
E) B
Answer: D
LO: 7.2
GO: G2
8
A) O
B) K
C) B
D) Na
E) S
Answer: E
LO: 7.2
GO: G2
32) Sodium is much more apt to exist as a cation than is chlorine. This is because ________.
A) chlorine is a gas and sodium is a solid
B) chlorine has a greater electron affinity than sodium does
C) chlorine is bigger than sodium
D) chlorine has a greater ionization energy than sodium does
E) chlorine is more metallic than sodium
Answer: D
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
33) Which equation correctly represents the electron affinity of calcium?

A) Ca (g) + e- → Ca- (g)
B) Ca (g) → Ca+ (g) + e-
C) Ca (g) → Ca- (g) + e-
D) Ca- (g) → Ca (g) + e-
E) Ca+ (g) + e- → Ca (g)
Answer: A
LO: 7.2
GO: G2
34) Which of the following correctly represents the electron affinity of bromine?
A) Br (g) → Br+ (g) + e-
B) Br (g) + e- → Br- (g)
C) Br2 (g) + e- → Br- (g)
D) Br2 (g) + 2e- → 2Br- (g)
E) Br+ (g) + e- → Br (g)
Answer: B
LO: 7.2
GO: G2
9
35) Which of the following correctly represents the electron affinity of phosphorus?
A) P (g) → P+ (g) + e-
B) P (g) + e- → P- (g)
C) P4 (g) + e- → P- (g)
D) P4 (g) + 4e- → 4P- (g)
E) P+ (g) + e- → P (g)
Answer: B
LO: 7.2
GO: G2
36) In the generation of most anions, the energy change (kJ/mol) that ________ an electron is
________.
A) removes, positive
B) adds, positive
C) removes, negative
D) adds, negative
E) None of the above is correct.
Answer: D
LO: 7.2
GO: G2
37) Of the elements below, ________ is the most metallic.

A) sodium
B) barium
C) magnesium
D) calcium
E) cesium
Answer: E
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
38) The list that correctly indicates the order of metallic character is ________.
A) B > N > C
B) F > Cl > S
C) Si > P > S
D) P > S > Se
E) Na > K > Rb
Answer: C
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
10
39) Which of the following has the most metallic character?
A) Al
B) Ca
C) Mg
D) Sr
E) Si
Answer: D
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
40) Of the elements below, ________ has the highest melting point.
A) Ca
B) K
C) Fe
D) Na
E) Ba
Answer: C
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
41) Of the following metals, ________ exhibits multiple oxidation states.

A) Al
B) Rb
C) Mg
D) Ni
E) Cs
Answer: D
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
42) Which of the listed oxides is the most acidic?

A) SO3
B) Na2O
C) K2O
D) Al2O3
E) MgO
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
11
43) Reacting CO2 with water results in a(n) ________ solution.
A) ionic
B) neutral
C) basic
D) acidic
E) CO2 does not react with water
Answer: D
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
44) The element in the periodic table that looks like a metal, is a poor thermal conductor, and
acts as an electrical semiconductor is ________.
A) Sn
B) B
C) As
D) Si
E) Ge
Answer: D
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
45) Which of the following metals differ in the number of d-electrons?

A) Fe and Cu
B) Mg and Fe
C) Na and Rh
D) Cs and Ca
E) Ca and Na
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
46) Which of the following oxides do not produce an acidic solution when dissolved in water?
A) SO3
B) P2O5
C) CO2
D) Al2O3
E) Cl2O
Answer: D
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
12
47) Nonmetals can be ________ at room temperature.
A) solid, liquid, or gas
B) solid or liquid
C) solid only
D) liquid only
E) liquid or gas
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
48) Which of the following is not a characteristic of metals?

A) acidic oxides
B) low ionization energies
C) malleability
D) ductility
E) These are all characteristics of metals.
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
49) When two elements combine to form a compound, the ________ the difference in metallic
character between the two elements, the ________ the likelihood that the compound will be a
________ at room temperature.
A) smaller, greater, solid
B) greater, greater, liquid
C) greater, greater, solid
D) smaller, greater, liquid
E) greater, smaller, solid
Answer: C
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
50) Alkaline earth metals ________.

A) have the smallest atomic radius in a given period
B) form monoanions
C) form basic oxides
D) exist as triatomic molecules
E) form halides with the formula MX
Answer: C
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
13
51) The difference in metallic character is the smallest between ________.
A) Li and O
B) Rb and F
C) Na and I
D) Rb and Cl
E) Na and Mg
Answer: E
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
52) The oxide of which element can react with water to give a basic solution?
A) sulfur
B) calcium
C) phosphorus
D) nitrogen
E) carbon
Answer: B
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
53) Consider the general valence electron configuration of ns2np5 and the following statements:
(i) Elements with this electron configuration are expected to form -1 anions.
(ii) Elements with this electron configuration are expected to have large positive electron
affinities.
(iii) Elements with this electron configuration are nonmetals.
(iv) Elements with this electron configuration form acidic oxides.
Which statements are true?

A) (i) and (ii)
B) (i), (ii), and (iii)
C) (ii) and (iii)
D) (i), (iii,) and (iv)
E) All statements are true.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 7.6, 7.7
LO: 7.7, 7.8
GO: G2
14
54) Which group in the periodic table has the lowest first ionization energy?
A) VIA
B) IA
C) IIIA
D) IIA
E) VIIA
Answer: B
LO: 7.8
GO: G2
55) Which of the following elements is the most reactive in water?

A) Na
B) Rb
C) Cs
D) Li
E) K
Answer: C
LO: 7.8
GO: G2
56) Which one of the following is not true about the alkali metals?
A) They are low density solids at room temperature.
B) They all readily form ions with a +1 charge.
C) They all have 2 electrons in their valence shells.
D) They are very reactive elements.
E) They have the lowest first ionization energies of the elements.
Answer: C
LO: 7.8
GO: G2
15
57) Consider the following properties of an element:
(i) It is solid at room temperature.

(ii) It easily forms an oxide when exposed to air.
(iii) When it reacts with water, hydrogen gas evolves.
(iv) It must be stored submerged in oil.
Which element fits the above description the best?

A) sulfur
B) copper
C) mercury
D) sodium
E) magnesium
Answer: D
LO: 7.8
GO: G2
58) All of the following reactions concerning alkali metals are correct except ________.
A) 2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
B) Na (s) + O2 (g) → NaO2 (s)
C) 2Na (s) + H2 (g) → 2NaH (s)
D) 2Na (s) + S (s) → Na2S (s)
E) 2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2NaCl (s)
Answer: B
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
59) The reaction of alkali metals with oxygen produce ________.

A) oxides, peroxides, and superoxides
B) peroxides only
C) superoxides only
D) oxides only
E) none of the above
Answer: A
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
16
60) Alkali metals tend to be more reactive than alkaline earth metals because ________.
A) alkali metals have lower densities
B) alkali metals have lower melting points
C) alkali metals have greater electron affinities
D) alkali metals have lower ionization energies
E) Alkali metals are not more reactive than alkaline earth metals.
Answer: D
LO: 7.8
GO: G2
61) The alkali metal that is naturally radioactive is ________.

A) rubidium
B) cesium
C) lithium
D) francium
E) sodium
Answer: D
LO: 7.8
GO: G2
62) Lithium ion salts were originally found in Seven-Up® drinks. How many electrons does Li
atom lose to become an ion?
A) 4
B) 3
C) 0
D) 1
E) 2
Answer: D
LO: 7.8
GO: G7
63) Lithium ion salts were used to treat manic-depressive illness. Lithium is part of which group
in the periodic table?
A) alkali metals
B) noble gases
C) alkaline earth metals
D) halogens
E) chalcogens
Answer: A
LO: 7.8
GO: G7
17
64) Which alkaline earth metal will not react with liquid water or with steam?
A) Be
B) Mg
C) Ca
D) Ba
E) They all react with liquid water and with steam.
Answer: A
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
65) Which element is solid at room temperature?

A) Cl2
B) F2
C) Br2
D) I2
E) H2
Answer: D
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
66) ________ is a unique element and does not truly belong to any family.
A) Nitrogen
B) Radium
C) Hydrogen
D) Uranium
E) Helium
Answer: C
LO: 7.10a
GO: G2
67) Which of the following statements is not true for oxygen?

A) The most stable allotrope of oxygen is O2.
B) The chemical formula of ozone is O3.
C) Dry air is about 79% oxygen.
D) Oxygen forms peroxide and superoxide anions.
E) Oxygen is a colorless gas at room temperature.
Answer: C
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
18
68) All of the following elements can exist as allotropes except ________.
A) N
B) Ar
C) O
D) S
E) F
Answer: B
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
69) Which of the following elements can exist as an allotrope?

A) iron
B) carbon
C) silver
D) silicon
E) neon
Answer: B
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
70) All of the halogens ________.

A) exist under ambient conditions as diatomic gases
B) tend to form positive ions of several different charges
C) tend to form negative ions of several different charges
D) exhibit metallic character
E) form salts with alkali metals with the formula MX
Answer: E
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
71) The noble gases were, until relatively recently, thought to be entirely unreactive.
Experiments in the early 1960s showed that Xe could, in fact, form compounds with fluorine.
The formation of compounds consisting of Xe is made possible by ________.
A) the availability of xenon atoms
B) xenon's noble gas electron configuration
C) the stability of xenon atoms
D) xenon's relatively low ionization energy
E) xenon's relatively low electron affinity
Answer: D
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
19
72) Which of the following noble gases is not reactive?
A) xenon and argon
B) helium and neon
C) xenon only
D) xenon, krypton, and argon
E) None of the above are reactive
Answer: B
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
73) In nature, the noble gases exist as ________.

A) monatomic gaseous atoms
B) the gaseous fluorides
C) solids in rocks and in minerals
D) alkali metal salts
E) the sulfides
Answer: A
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
74) Hydrogen is unique among the elements because ________.
1. It is not really a member of any particular group.

2. Its electron is not at all shielded from its nucleus.
3. It is the lightest element.
4. It is the only element to exist at room temperature as a diatomic gas.
5. It exhibits some chemical properties similar to those of groups 1A and 7A.
A) 1, 2, 3, 5
B) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
C) 1, 4, 5
D) 3, 4
E) 2, 3, 4, 5
Answer: A
LO: 7.10a
GO: G2
20
75) ________ is unique among the elements because its electron is not shielded from its nucleus.
A) Cesium
B) Potassium
C) Hydrogen
D) Lithium
E) Sodium
Answer: C
LO: 7.10a
GO: G2
76) Ozone is a a(n) ________ of oxygen.

A) isotope
B) allotrope
C) precursor
D) peroxide
E) free radical
Answer: B
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
77) iodine has a(n) ________ density and a(n) ________ atomic radius compared to bromine.
A) smaller, greater
B) greater, smaller
C) smaller, smaller
D) greater, greater
E) equal, equal
Answer: D
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
78) ________ has been shown to form compounds only when it is combined with something
with a tremendous ability to remove electrons from other substances.
A) Neon
B) Helium
C) Hydrogen
D) Xenon
E) Oxygen
Answer: D
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
21
7.2 Bimodal Questions
1) ________ is credited with developing the concept of atomic numbers.

A) Dmitri Mendeleev
B) Lothar Meyer
C) Henry Moseley
D) Ernest Rutherford
E) Michael Faraday
Answer: C
LO: 7.1
GO: G2
2) Elements in the modern version of the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing
________.
A) oxidation number
B) atomic mass
C) average atomic mass
D) atomic number
E) number of isotopes
Answer: D
LO: 7.1
GO: G2
3) The greatest effective nuclear charge in a many-electron atom is experienced by an electron in

a ________ subshell.
A) 6s
B) 5s
C) 2s
D) 4s
E) 3s
Answer: C
LO: 7.1, 7.2
GO: G2
4) A tin atom has 50 electrons. Electrons in the ________ subshell experience the lowest
effective nuclear charge.
A) 1s
B) 3p
C) 3d
D) 5s
E) 5p
Answer: E
LO: 7.1, 7.2
22
GO: G2
5) The first ionization energies of the elements ________ as you go from left to right across a
period of the periodic table, and ________ as you go from the bottom to the top of a group in the
table.
A) increase, increase
B) increase, decrease
C) decrease, increase
D) decrease, decrease
E) The first ionization energies of the elements are completely unpredictable.
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
6) In general, as you go across a period in the periodic table from left to right:
(1) the atomic radius ________;

(2) the electron affinity becomes ________ negative; and
(3) the first ionization energy ________.
A) decreases, decreasingly, increases

B) increases, increasingly, decreases
C) increases, increasingly, increases
D) decreases, increasingly, increases
E) decreases, increasingly, decreases
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 7.3,7.4,7.5
LO: 7.2, 7.3, 7.5, 7.6
GO: G2
7) The ________ have the most negative electron affinities.

A) alkaline earth metals
B) alkali metals
C) halogens
D) transition metals
E) chalcogens
Answer: C
LO: 7.2
GO: G2
23
8) Element M reacts with chlorine to form a compound with the formula MCl2. Element M is
more reactive than magnesium and has a smaller radius than barium. This element is ________.
A) Sr
B) K
C) Na
D) Ra
E) Be
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
9) ________ can be ________ at room temperature.

A) metals, liquid only
B) metals, solid only
C) metals; solid, liquid, or gases
D) metals, solid or liquid
E) metals, solid or gases
Answer: D
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
10) Most of the elements on the periodic table are ________.

A) gases
B) nonmetals
C) metalloids
D) liquids
E) metals
Answer: E
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
11) Na reacts with element X to form an ionic compound with the formula Na3X. Ca will react
with X to form ________.
A) CaX2
B) CaX
C) Ca2X3
D) Ca3X2
E) Ca3X
Answer: D
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
24
12) Ca reacts with element X to form an ionic compound with the formula CaX. Al will react
with X to form ________.
A) AlX2
B) AlX
C) Al2X3
D) Al3X2
E) Al3X
Answer: C
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
13) Oxides of the active metals combine with water to form ________.
A) metal hydroxides
B) metal hydrides
C) hydrogen gas
D) oxygen gas
E) water and a salt
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
14) Oxides of the active metals combine with acid to form ________.
A) hydrogen gas
B) metal hydrides
C) water and a salt
D) oxygen gas
E) metal hydroxides
Answer: C
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
15) Oxides of most nonmetals combine with water to form ________.

A) an acid
B) a base
C) water and a salt
D) water
E) hydrogen gas
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
25
16) Nonmetal oxides such as CO2 combine with NaOH to form water and ________.
A) HOCO3
B) NaCO3
C) Na2CO3
D) NaCO2
E) Na2CO2
Answer: C
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
17) An alkaline earth metal forms a compound with oxygen with the formula ________. (The
symbol M represents any one of the alkaline earth metals.)
A) MO
B) M2O
C) MO2
D) M2O2
E) MO3
Answer: A
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
18) An alkali metal such as K forms a compound with chlorine gas with the formula ________.
A) K2Cl2
B) KCl
C) K2Cl
D) KCl2
E) KCl3
Answer: B
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
26
19) What is the coefficient of Na when the following equation is completed and balanced?
Na (s) + H2O (l) →
A) 1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 2
E) 0
Answer: D
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
20) The substance ________ is always produced when an active metal reacts with water.
A) NaOH
B) H2O
C) CO2
D) H2
E) O2
Answer: D
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
21) The reaction between alkali metals (M) and elemental hydrogen produce ________.
A) MH2
B) MH
C) M2H
D) MOH
E) None of the above; alkali metals will not react directly with hydrogen.
Answer: B
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
27
22) What is the coefficient of H2O when the following equation is completed and balanced?
Ca (s) + H2O (l) →
A) 1
B) 3
C) 2
D) 5
E) Ca(s) does not react with H2O (l).
Answer: C
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
23) ________ compounds in fireworks are responsible for the observed blue colors.
A) sodium
B) barium
C) calcium
D) copper
E) strontium
Answer: D
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
24) ________ compounds in fireworks are responsible for the observed green colors.
A) barium
B) strontium
C) calcium
D) copper
E) sodium
Answer: A
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
25) The reaction of a metal with a nonmetal produces a(n) ________.

A) base
B) salt
C) acid
D) oxide
E) hydroxide
Answer: B
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
28
26) Which nonmetal exists as a diatomic solid?
A) bromine
B) antimony
C) phosphorus
D) iodine
E) boron
Answer: D
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
27) The most common and stable allotrope of oxygen is ________.

A) O
B) O2
C) O4
D) O3
E) oxygen does not form allotropes.
Answer: B
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
28) Which group 6A element is a metal?

A) tellurium and polonium
B) sulfur
C) selenium
D) tellurium
E) polonium
Answer: E
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
29) A nitride ion has a charge of ________.

A) 3-
B) 2-
C) 1-
D) 0
E) nitrogen does not form ions.
Answer: A
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
29
30) The element carbon exists in several forms such diamond and graphite in nature. These
forms are called ________.
A) isotopes
B) oxidation
C) metalloids
D) allotropes
E) noble gases
Answer: D
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
31) Which periodic table group contains only nonmetals?

A) 8A
B) 2A
C) 6A
D) 7A
E) 5A
Answer: A
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
32) Which periodic table group contains only metals?

A) 8A
B) 2A
C) 6A
D) 7A
E) 5A
Answer: B
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
33) Of the hydrogen halides, only ________ is a weak acid.

A) HCl (aq)
B) HBr (aq)
C) HF (aq)
D) HI (aq)
E) They are all weak acids.
Answer: C
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
30
34) Which of the groups in the periodic table contains elements that exist in the gas, liquid, and
solid state at room temperature?
A) IA
B) IIA
C) VA
D) VIA
E) VIIA
Answer: E
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
35) All of the following noble gases have a ns2np6 valence electron configuration except
________.
A) helium
B) radon
C) neon
D) krypton
E) All noble gases have the ns2np6 valence electron configuration.
Answer: A
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
36) ________ was the first ________ gas to be incorporated into a compound.
A) Xeon, chalcogen
B) Xeon, halogen
C) Chlorine, noble
D) Neon, noble
E) Xeon, noble
Answer: E
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
37) Of the halogens, which are gases at room temperature and atmospheric pressure?
A) fluorine, bromine, and iodine
B) fluorine, chlorine, and bromine
C) fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine
D) fluorine, chlorine, and iodine
E) fluorine and chlorine
Answer: E
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
31
38) 2F2 (g) + 2H2O (l) → ________
A) 2HF (aq) + 2HFO (aq)
B) 2F- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + H2O2 (aq)
C) 4HF (aq) + O2 (g)
D) 2HF2 (aq) + 2OH- (aq)
E) 4HF (aq) + 2O2- (aq)
Answer: C
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
39) Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) → ________

A) HCl (aq) + HOCl (aq)
B) 2Cl- (aq) + H2O (l)
C) 2HCl (aq) + O2 (g)
D) 2HCl (aq) + O2- (g)
E) Cl2 (aq) + H2O (l)
Answer: A
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
32
7.3 Algorithmic Questions
1) Which element would be expected to have chemical and physical properties closest to those of
rubidium?
A) Cu
B) Fe
C) S
D) Ca
E) K
Answer: E
LO: 7.1
GO: G2
2) In which orbital does an electron in a nitrogen atom experience the greatest shielding?
A) 3p
B) 3s
C) 2p
D) 2s
E) 1s
Answer: C
LO: 7.1, 7.2
GO: G2
3) In which orbital does an electron in a copper atom experience the greatest effective nuclear
charge?
A) 1s
B) 4s
C) 4p
D) 4d
E) 3d
Answer: A
LO: 7.1, 7.2
GO: G2
4) In which of the following atoms is the 3s orbital closest to the nucleus?

A) S
B) Po
C) Te
D) Se
E) P
Answer: B
LO: 7.1, 7.2
GO: G2
33
5) ________ is isoelectronic with helium.
A) H-
B) H+
C) H
D) B3-
E) N3-
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 50+ Page Ref: Sec. 7.3
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
6) ________ is isoelectronic with krypton.

A) Se2-
B) Se3-
C) Br
D) Se2+
E) Te2-
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
7) ________ is isoelectronic with argon.

A) Cl-
B) P4-
C) Ca
D) K-
E) F-
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
8) ________ is isoelectronic with scandium.

A) Cr3+
B) Mn5+
C) Mn
D) Mn4-
E) K+
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
34
9) ________ is isoelectronic with argon, and ________ is isoelectronic with neon.
A) P3-, N3-
B) P2-, N2-
C) P3+, N3+
D) N3-, P3-
E) P, N
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
10) Which one of the following atoms has the largest radius?
A) In
B) Sn
C) Sb
D) Te
E) I
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
11) Which one of the following atoms has the largest radius?
A) As
B) O
C) Sn
D) Cs
E) Ca
Answer: D
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
12) Which one of the following has the smallest radius?

A) Na
B) Al
C) K
D) Ca
Answer: B
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
35
13) Which of the following correctly lists the five atoms in order of increasing size (smallest to
largest)?
A) Ge < Si < S < O < Ne
B) Ne < O < S < Si < Ge
C) Ne < S < O < Si < Ge
D) Ne < Si < O < S < Ge
E) Ne < Ge < Si < S < O
Answer: B
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
14) The ion with the smallest diameter is ________.

A) Li+
B) Na+
C) K+
D) Rb+
E) Cs+
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
15) The ion with the largest diameter is ________.

A) Po2-
B) S2-
C) Se2-
D) Te2-
E) O2-
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
16) Of the following atoms, which has the largest first ionization energy?
A) K
B) Rb
C) Sr
D) Ca
E) Ba
Answer: D
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
36
17) Which of the following has the largest second ionization energy?
A) Si
B) Mg
C) Al
D) Na
E) P
Answer: D
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
18) Which equation correctly represents the third ionization of aluminum?

A) Al2+(g) → Al3+(g) + e-
B) Al(g) → Al+(g) + e-
C) Al2-(g) → Al3-(g) + e-
D) Al3+(g) + e- → Al2+(g)
E) Al+(g) → Al2+(g) + e-
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
19) Which is the correct equation for the third ionization of phosphorous?
A) P2+(g) → P3+(g) + e-
B) P(g) → P+(g) + e-
C) P2-(g) → P3-(g) + e-
D) P3+(g) + e- → P2+(g)
E) P+(g) → P2+(g) + e-
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
20) Which is the correct equation for the first ionization of copper?
A) Cu(g) → Cu+(g) + e-
B) Cu+(g) → Cu2+(g) + e-
C) Cu(g) → Cu-(g) + e-
D) Cu+(g) + e- → Cu(g)
E) Cu2+(g) → Cu3+(g) + e-
Answer: A
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
37
A) F
B) Cl
C) Br
D) H
E) I
Answer: A
LO: 7.2
GO: G2
22) Which one of the following is a metalloid?

A) Si
B) S
C) Cl
D) In
E) Li
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
23) Which one of the following is a metal?

A) Li
B) S
C) I
D) He
E) Si
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
24) Of the elements below, ________ is the most metallic.

A) Sn
B) P
C) Br
D) Rn
E) As
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
38
25) Of the elements below, ________ is the least metallic.
A) Ne
B) F
C) Cl
D) O
E) S
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
26) Of the following metals, ________ exhibits multiple oxidation states.

A) Ni
B) K
C) Ca
D) Al
E) Sr
Answer: A
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
27) The reason Bromine is more likely to exist as an anion than is potassium is because
________.
A) Bromine is bigger than potassium
B) Bromine has a greater ionization energy than potassium does
C) Bromine has a greater electron affinity than potassium does
D) Bromine is a liquid and potassium is a solid
E) Bromine is more metallic than potassium
Answer: C
LO: 7.6
GO: G2
28) All of the following are ionic compounds except ________.

A) CH4
B) K2O
C) Be(OH)2
D) NiCl2
E) Sr3N2
Answer: A
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
39
29) When dissolved in water, ________ produces a basic solution.
A) SO2
B) Rb2O
C) OBr2
D) ZnCl2
E) N2
Answer: B
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
30) Element M reacts with oxygen to form an oxide with the formula MO. When MO is
dissolved in water, the resulting solution is basic. Element M could be ________.
A) strontium
B) bromine
C) selenium
D) germanium
E) nitrogen
Answer: A
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
31) This element reacts with hydrogen to produce a gas with the formula HX. When dissolved in
water, HX forms an acidic solution. X is ________.
A) chlorine
B) calcium
C) oxygen
D) germanium
E) arsenic
Answer: A
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
32) Element M reacts with oxygen to form an oxide with the formula M2O. When M2O is
dissolved in water, the resulting solution is basic. Element M could be ________.
A) calcium
B) bromine
C) oxygen
D) carbon
E) nitrogen
Answer: A
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
40
7.4 Short Answer Questions
1) The effective nuclear charge for an atom ________ going from left to right across a period.
Answer: increases
LO: 7.1, 7.2
GO: G2
2) As successive electrons are removed from an element, the ionization energy ________.
Answer: increases
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
3) Which of the halogens has the highest first ionization energy?

Answer: fluorine
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
4) When electrons are removed from a lithium atom, they are removed first from which orbital?
Answer: 2s1
LO: 7.5
GO: G2
5) In which orbital will an electron add to the element chlorine to form a Cl-?
Answer: 3p
LO: 7.6
GO: G2
6) Write a balanced reaction between magnesium metal and hydrochloric acid.

Answer: Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
7) What are the elements called that are located between the metals and nonmetals?
Answer: metalloids
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
41
8) Complete the following: SO3 + H2O →
Answer: H2SO4
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
9) Which metal is a liquid at room temperature?

Answer: Mercury (Hg)
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
10) [Kr]5s2 is the electron configuration for ________.

Answer: strontium
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
11) [He]2s22p5 is the electron configuration for ________.

Answer: fluorine
LO: 7.7
GO: G2
12) The charges for the ions formed from the alkali metals and the alkaline earth metals are
________ and ________, respectively.
Answer: 1+, 2+
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
13) Peroxide or superoxides can be formed with ________ which is group IA in the periodic
table.
Answer: alkali metals
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
14) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of sodium metal with water.
Answer: 2Na (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
42
15) Which alkaline earth metal is the least reactive?
Answer: Be
LO: 7.8, 7.9
GO: G2
16) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of elemental chlorine with liquid water.
Answer: Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) → HCl (aq) + HOCl (aq)
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
17) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of elemental sulfur and oxygen gas.
Answer: S (s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g)
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
18) List seven nonmetals that exist as diatomic molecules in their elemental forms.
Answer: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
19) Which element(s) in group VIIA are solids at room temperature?

Answer: iodine
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
20) Which noble gas has the highest first ionization energy?
Answer: helium
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
43
7.5 True/False Questions
1) The effective nuclear charge acting on an electron is larger than the actual nuclear charge.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 7.1, 7.2
GO: G2
2) The effective nuclear charge in an atom is proportional to the number of nuclear protons.
Answer: FALSE
LO: 7.1, 7.2
GO: G2
3) The atomic radius of iodine is one-half the distance separating the iodine nuclei.
Answer: TRUE
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
4) A group of ions all containing the same number of electrons constitutes an isoelectronic series.
Answer: TRUE
LO: 7.2, 7.3
GO: G2
5) Elements that readily conduct electricity are elements with low ionization energies.
Answer: TRUE
LO: 7.2, 7.5
GO: G2
6) Electron affinity measures how easily an atom gains an electron.

Answer: TRUE
LO: 7.6
GO: G2
7) Xenon can form compounds with fluorine.

Answer: TRUE
LO: 7.11
GO: G2
44
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fourth and last glaciation, the Würm period, as the implements
discovered prove. Gradually, although irregularly and with three
minor advances and recessions, always diminishing in rigor,
however, this last predominance of the ice died away; until, by the
time its effects had wholly disappeared, and the geologically
“Recent” era was inaugurated, human civilization had evolved to a
point where it began to enter the New Stone Age.
The animals whose fossils are found in the same deposits with
human skeletons and artifacts have been of the greatest assistance
in the determination of the periods of such remains. The fossils are
partly of extinct species until toward the very end of the Pleistocene,
when exclusively living types of animals begin wholly to supersede
the earlier ones. While the identification of the various species, and
the fixation of the age of each, is the work of the specialist in
palæontology, the results of such studies are all-important to the
historian of man’s beginnings, because they help to determine
chronology. If artifacts are found in association with fossil remains of
an extinct animal such as the mammoth or the woolly rhinoceros,
they are obviously older than artifacts that are accompanied only by
the bones of the reindeer, the dog, or other living species. For this
reason, although the history of mammalian life in the past is a
science in itself, it also has close relations with human prehistory.
Some of the most characteristic animals of the later Pleistocene, and
the successive stages of human cultural development with which
they were associated, are listed on the following page.
70. Subdivisions of the Palæolithic

The places at which the men of the Stone Age lived and where
their debris accumulated are known as “stations.” The word was first
employed in this sense in French, but has been taken over into other
languages. A “station” then is simply a spot at which prehistoric
remains of human occupation are found. At least a thousand of these
have been discovered in western Europe. In general they divide into
two classes. One kind is in the open, mostly in the gravels laid down
by streams. These are therefore known as “River Drift” or simply
“Drift” stations. The other kind is found in caves or under sheltering
rocks. The majority of Drift stations have proved to be from the
earlier or Lower Palæolithic, whereas the Cave stations date mostly
from the later or Upper Palæolithic. The Drift and the Cave periods
are therefore often distinguished within the Old Stone Age,
especially by English archæologists. French, German, and American
students generally use the terms “Lower Palæolithic” and “Upper
Palæolithic,” whose reference is to periods of cultural development
rather than type of locality inhabited, and which carry more
significance. French archæologists also speak of the Upper
Palæolithic as the Reindeer Age.
The Later Glacial Fauna of Western Europe
(Read upward)
Postglacial and Recent:

Bison, Bison priscus.
Wild cattle, Bos primigenius.
Red deer or stag, Cervus elaphus.
Roe-deer, Capreolus.
Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus.
Wild boar, Sus scrofa.
Fourth Glacial and Postglacial fauna: typically Mousterian to

Magdalenian:
Woolly mammoth, Elephas primigenius.
Woolly or Siberian rhinoceros, Rhinoceros antiquitatis.
Cave lion, Felis leo spelaea.
Cave hyaena, Hyaena crocuta spelaea.
Cave bear, Ursus spelaeus.
Horse, Equus caballus.
Ibex.
Banded lemming, Myodes torquatus.
Third Interglacial fauna: typically Chellean and Acheulean:

Straight-tusked elephant, Elephas antiquus.
Broad-nosed rhinoceros, Rhinoceros Merckii.
Lion, Felis leo antiqua.
Spotted hyaena, Hyaena crocuta.
Brown bear, Ursus arctos.
Horses, probably several varieties.
Second Interglacial Fauna: typically Pre-Palæolithic, but in part

surviving into the Chellean in favored localities:
Southern mammoth, Elephas meridionalis.
Etruscan rhinoceros, Rhinoceros etruscus.
Hippopotamus major.
Saber-tooth tigers, Machaerodus.
Striped hyaena, Hyaena striata.
Steno’s horse, Equus stenonis.
Bison antiquus.
Mastodon, tapir, anthropoids, and all primates but man and
the macaque monkey already extinct in Western
Europe.
The student who perhaps contributed most to the foundation of

knowledge of the Palæolithic period was Gabriel de Mortillet. He first
recognized four distinct sub-periods of the Palæolithic, each
possessing its distinctive kinds of implements. These four periods,
each named after one particular “station,” are the Chellean or
earliest; the Mousterian; the Solutrean; and the Magdalenian or
latest. These derived their designations from the four stations of
Chelles in northern France, and of Le Moustier, Solutré, and La
Madeleine in southern France (Fig. 16). De Mortillet did not
endeavor to relate the culture of each of these four periods wholly to
the particular locality for which he named it. He chose the stations as
typical and included others as belonging to the same eras.
Fig. 16. Type stations of the Palæolithic periods. (After Osborn.)
As more implements were found and studied, it was recognized, in

part by de Mortillet himself, that while his original classification was
sound, it was also incomplete. Two other periods had to be admitted.
One of these, the Acheulean, falls before the Mousterian, and the
second, the Aurignacian, after it. This makes six periods within the
Old Stone Age; and these have been adopted by all students of the
prehistory of man in Europe. The first three, the Chellean,
Acheulean, and Mousterian, make up the Lower Palæolithic; the last
three, the Aurignacian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian, constitute the
Upper Palæolithic or Reindeer Age. These six divisions of the Old
Stone Age are so essential to an understanding of the prehistory of
man, that the serious student finds it necessary to know their names
and sequence automatically.
71. Human Racial Types in the Palæolithic
When it comes to defining the types of fossil man in the
Palæolithic, a curious situation develops. Long before there was
even a true Stone Age, in the early and middle Pleistocene, there
lived the half-human Pithecanthropus and the primitively human
Heidelberg race (§ 11, 12). But for the whole first part of the
Palæolithic, throughout the Chellean and Acheulean, no undisputed
find of any skeletal remains has yet been made, although thousands
of implements have been discovered which are undoubtedly human
products.[9]
In the present state of knowledge the strongest case is that for the
skull found at Piltdown in southern England. This is said to have
been associated with “Pre-Chellean” tools, which would seem to
establish the Piltdown type as the race that lived about the beginning
of the Palæolithic (§ 13). But the deposit at Piltdown had been more
or less rolled or shifted by natural agencies before its discovery, so
that its age is not so certain as it might be; and there is no unanimity
of opinion as to whether the highly developed skull and the
excessively ape-like jaw that were found in the deposit really belong
together. With this doubt about the fossil itself, it seems most
reasonable not to press too strongly its identification as the type of
man that lived in Europe at the commencement of the Old Stone
Age.
For the end of the Lower Palæolithic, in the Mousterian, conditions
change, and skeletal remains become authentic and comparatively
numerous. From this period date the skeletons of the Neandertal
species of man: a short, thickset race, powerful in bones and
musculature, slightly stooping at the knee and at the shoulder, with a
thick neck and a large head (§ 14). The brain was about as large as
that of modern man, but the retreating aspect of the forehead was
accentuated by heavy brow ridges.
In the Upper Palæolithic the Neandertal species has disappeared.
The first precursors of Homo sapiens, or modern man, have come
on the scene. A sort of transition from Neandertal man may be
presented by the Brünn type, but the prevailing race in western
Europe during the Upper Palæolithic period is that of Cro-Magnon, a
tall, lithe, well-formed people, as agile and swift as Neandertal man
was stocky and strong. The head and features were well
proportioned, the skull and brain remarkably large, the general type
not inferior to modern man, and probably already proto-Caucasian (§
16).
Grimaldi man, so far known only from one spot on the
Mediterranean shore of Europe, was proto-Negroid, Aurignacian in
period, and therefore partly contemporaneous with the Cro-Magnon
race (§ 18).
In summary, the types of man in Europe during the Old Stone Age
have been as follows:
Magdalenian Cro-Magnon
Solutrean Cro-Magnon; Brünn
Aurignacian Cro-Magnon (Caucasian); also, locally Grimaldi
(Negroid)
Mousterian Neandertal (possibly without living descendants)
Acheulean Unknown
Chellean Unknown; Piltdown perhaps Pre-Chellean
The interrelations of geology, glaciation, human types, periods of

the Stone Age, and estimated time in years are brought together in
the tables “Antiquity of Man” and “Prehistory” (Figs. 5 and 17.)[10]
Fig. 17. Earliest Prehistory of Europe. This table is an elaboration of the upper
portion of Figure 5. Equal lapses of time are indicated by equal vertical
distances. The general acceleration of development is evident.
72. Palæolithic Flint Implements

The most important line of evidence as to the gradual
development of civilization through the six periods of the Old Stone
Age is the series of flint tools. Hundreds of thousands of these tools
have been discovered in western, central, and southern Europe—
perhaps millions. At St. Acheul were found 20,000 Chellean coups-
de-poing; at Solutré, below the Solutrean layer, 35,000 Mousterian-
Aurignacian worked flints besides the remains of 100,000 horses; at
Grimaldi in Italy, in the Grotte du Prince, 20,000 Mousterian pieces;
at Schweizersbild in Switzerland, 14,000 late Magdalenian
implements, and at Kesslerloch, near by, 30,000 from the late
Solutrean and Magdalenian; at Hundsteig in Austria, 20,000
Aurignacian flints; at Predmost in Czecho-Slovakia, 25,000 probably
of Solutrean age. Stations of such richness are not particularly rare,
and the stations are numerous. In France alone 500 Magdalenian
stations have been determined.
Clear stratigraphic relations have also been observed again and
again. A few examples are:
Castillo Cave, Santander, Spain, implement bearing layers separated by

strata of sterile natural debris: 1, Acheulean; 2, 3, 4, early, middle, and late
Mousterian; 5, early Aurignacian; 6, 7, 8, late Aurignacian; 9, Solutrean;
10, 11, early and late Magdalenian; 12, Azilian; 13, Copper.
At St. Acheul: 1, limestone; 2, gravel, early Chellean; 3, sand, late
Chellean; 4, loam, early Acheulean; 5, flood sand; 6, loess; 7, late
Acheulean; 8, pebbles, Mousterian; 9, loess; 10, Upper Palæolithic.
At Mas d’Azil, at the foot of the Pyrenees: 1, gravelly soil; 2, middle
Magdalenian; 3, flood loam; 4, upper Magdalenian; 5, flood loam; 6,
Azilian; 7, early Neolithic; 8, full Neolithic and Bronze; 9, Iron.
At Ofnet cave, Bavaria: 1, rocks; 2, sand, 65 cm. deep; 3, 4,
Aurignacian, 20 cm.; 5, Solutrean, 20 cm.; 6, Magdalenian, 15-20 cm.; 7,
Azilian, with two nests of skulls, 5 cm.; 8, Neolithic, 53 cm.; 9, Bronze and
Iron, 32 cm.
At La Ferrassie cave: 1, rocks and sand, 40 cm. deep; 2, Acheulean, 50
cm.; 3, Mousterian, with skeleton, 50 cm.; 4, early Aurignacian, 20 cm.; 5,
middle Aurignacian, 50 cm.; 6, rock fragments, 35 cm.; 7, late
Aurignacian, 35 cm.; rock and soil, 120 cm.
At first inspection Palæolithic relics seem scarcely distinguishable.
They are all of flint, chert, or similar stone; are all chipped and
therefore more or less rough, and consist of forms meant for cutting,
scraping, and piercing. But a closer examination reveals differences
in their shapes and fundamental differences in the method of their
manufacture. The technique employed in the fashioning of artifacts is
more significant than their appearance, and it is by directing attention
to the process that one can classify these “fossils of civilization” with
accuracy.
Chellean.—In the Chellean period there was made substantially
one type of implement, a sort of rude pick, almond or wedge shaped.
It is often somewhat pointed, although rarely very sharp. The butt
end may be rounded, some of the original surface of the cobble or
nodule of flint being left for convenience of the hand in grasping the
implement (Fig. 18, a). This tool is known as the “Chellean pick.” The
Germans often call it faust-keil or “fist wedge” and the French have
coined the expressive epithet coup-de-poing or “blow of the fist.” The
Chellean pick averages from four to six inches in length, somewhat
less in breadth, and weighs perhaps from a quarter to a full pound. It
would have made an effective rude weapon. When firmly grasped
and well directed, it could easily crush a skull. It might serve to split
wood, hack limbs from trees, butcher large game, and perhaps
roughly dress hides. It would not do any one of these things with
neatness and accuracy, but neatness and accuracy were qualities to
which early Palæolithic men paid little attention. This universal
Chellean tool may be described as a combined knife, saw, ax,
scraper, and pick, performing the various functions of these
implements with notable crudities but efficiently enough when
wielded with muscular strength.
The Chellean pick was made by striking a round or oval nodule of
flint with another stone and knocking off pieces. Most of the
detached flakes were large, as shown by the surfaces from which
they came off; perhaps most of the chips averaged a square inch.
Anything like fine work or evenness of outline was therefore out of
question. One can imagine that many tools were spoiled, or broken
in two, by the knocks to which they were subjected in their
manufacture. The flakes struck off fell to the ground and were
discarded. If the workman was sufficiently skilful, and luck stayed
with him, he would before long be holding the sort of implement that
has been described. Not more than a few dozen strokes of the
hammer stone would be required to produce it.
Fig. 18. Stone implements illustrating the principal types of Palæolithic chipping. a,
Chellean pick, a roughly flaked core; b, Mousterian scraper, a flake with
retouched edge; c, Solutrean blade, evened by retouching over its entire
surface; d, Magdalenian knife, a flake detached at one blow. For comparison,
e, an obsidian knife or razor from Mexico, made by the same process as d.
Some attempt has been made to distinguish variant forms of

Chellean tools, such as scrapers, planers, and knives. But some of
these identifications of particular types are uncertain, and at best, the
differences between the types are slight. It may be said with
approximate accuracy that the long Chellean period possessed only
the one tool; that this is the first definitely shaped tool known to have
been made by human hands; and that it is therefore the concrete
evidence of the first stage of that long development which we call
civilization.[11]
Acheulean.—The Acheulean period brings to light a growing
specialization of forms and some new types. Rude scrapers, knives,
borers, can be distinguished. The flakes struck off are finer than in
the Chellean and the general workmanship averages higher; but
through the whole of the Acheulean there is no new process. The
Chellean methods of manufacture are improved without an invention
being added to them.
Mousterian.—In the Mousterian period a retrogression would at
first sight seem to have occurred. Tools become smaller, less regular
in outline, and are worked on one side only. The whole Mousterian
period scarcely presents a single new type of implement of such all-
around serviceability as the Chellean pick. Nevertheless the
degeneration is only in the appearance of the implements. Actually
they are made by a new process, which is more advanced than that
followed in the Chellean and Acheulean. In these earlier periods
flakes were struck off until the kernel of stone that remained was of
the shape desired for the tool. The Mousterian technique is
distinguished by using the flake instead of the core. This is the cause
of Mousterian tools being generally smaller and lighter.
Secondly, when the flake dulled by use, its edge was renewed by
fine chipping. The pieces detached in this secondary chipping are so
small that it would have been difficult to knock them off and maintain
any regularity of edge, for to detach a chip by a blow means violent
contact. If the blow is a bit feeble, the chip that comes off is too
small. If the artifact is struck too hard, too large a chip flies off and
the implement is ruined. Fine chips are better worked off by pressure
than by impact. A point is laid upon the surface near the edge. When
this point is pressed down at the proper angle and with proper
firmness, a scale flies off. With some practice the scales can be
detached almost equal in size. The point may be of softer material
than the stone. It is in the nature of flint, and of all stones that
approach glass in their structure, that they break easily under
pressure in definite planes or surfaces. Modern tribes that still work
flint generally employ as a pressing tool a piece of bone or horn
which comes to a somewhat rounded point. This is usually attached
to the end of a stick, to enable a better grip of the working tool, the
butt end being clamped under the elbow. A tool of the same sort may
have been employed in the Palæolithic. The process of detaching
the scales or secondary flakes by pressure is known as “retouching.”
Retouching allows finer control than strokes delivered with a stone.
The result is that Mousterian implements, when at their best,
possess truer edges, and also greater variety of forms adapted to
particular uses, than those of preceding ages (Fig. 18, b).
In spite of their insignificant appearance, Mousterian tools
accordingly show advance in two points. First, the flake is used.
Secondly, two processes instead of one are followed; the knocking
off of the flake followed by its retouching.
Aurignacian.—With the Mousterian the Lower Palæolithic has
ended. In several activities of life, such as art and religion, the Upper
Palæolithic represents a great advance over the Lower Palæolithic.
Yet it seems that the mental energies of the Aurignacian people must
have been pretty well absorbed by their new occupations and
inventions, for their tools are largely the same retouched flakes as
those the Mousterian had already employed. The Aurignacian
carried on the stone technique of the Mousterian much as the
Acheulean previously had carried on that of the Chellean.
Solutrean.—The Solutrean seems to have been a relatively brief
period, and to have remained localized, for implements dating from it
are the scarcest of any from the six divisions of the Old Stone Age.
There was a distinct advance of interest in stone work during the
Solutrean. The process of retouching, without being fundamentally
altered, was evidently much better controlled than before. The best
Solutrean workers were retouching both sides of their tools instead
of one side only, as in the past, and working over not only the edge
or point but the entire surface of their artifacts. One of the
characteristic implements of their time was a laurel-leaf-shaped
blade which has often been considered a spear point, but would also
have been an effective knife and may often have been used as such.
This has the surface of both sides, from tip to butt, finished in even
retouching, and is equaled in excellence of workmanship only by the
best of the spear points chipped by modern savages (Fig. 18, c).
Of course this was not the only stone implement which the
Solutrean people knew. They made points with a single shoulder at
the butt, as if for mounting, and had crude forms which represented
the types of earlier periods. This partial conservatism is in accord
with the general observation already stated, that lower types tend to
persist even after higher ones have been invented; and that because
a period is determined by its best products it by no means follows
that simpler ones are lacking.
Magdalenian.—The sixth period of the Old Stone Age, the
Magdalenian, resembles the Mousterian in seeming at first glance to
show a retrograde development. The retouching process was carried
out with less skill, perhaps because the Magdalenians were devoting
themselves with more interest to bone than to stone. Magdalenian
retouched implements are less completely worked out and less
beautifully regular than those of Solutrean times. One reason for this
decline was that another technique was coming to prevail. This
technique had begun to come into use earlier, but its typical
development was Magdalenian. It was a process which, on account
of its simplicity, once it was mastered, was tending to make the art of
retouching unnecessary. This new method was the trick of detaching,
from a suitable block of flint, long straight-edged flakes, by a single
blow, somewhat on the principle by which a cake of ice can be split
evenly by a well guided stroke of the pick. The typical Magdalenian
implement of stone is a thin flake several inches long, triangular or
polygonal in cross section; in other words, a long narrow prism (Fig.
18, d).
To detach such a flake, flint of rather even grain is necessary, and
the blow that does the work must be delivered on a precise spot, at a
precise angle, and within rather narrow limits of force. This means
that the hammer or striking tool cannot well come in direct contact
with the flint. A short pointed piece, something like a nail or a
carpenter’s punch, and probably made in the prehistoric days of horn
or bone, is set on a suitable spot near the edge of the block of flint,
and is then tapped smartly with the hammer stone. A single stroke
slices off the desired flake. The sharp edges left on the block where
the flake has flown off can be used to start adjacent flakes, and thus
all the way round the block, the workman progressing farther and
farther in, until nearly the whole of his core has been split off into
strips.
Fig. 19. Flakes struck from a core and reassembled. Modern

workmanship in Magdalenian technique.
This Magdalenian process, which was in use ten, fifteen, and

perhaps twenty thousand years ago, survived, or was reinvented, in
modern times. It is only a few years ago that flints were being struck
off by English workmen for use on flintlock muskets exported to
Africa. The modern Englishman worked with a steel hammer instead
of a bone rod and cobblestone, but his technique was the same.
Figure 19 shows the complete lot of flakes into which a block has
been split, and which were subsequently laid together so as to
reform the stone in its original shape. Similar flakes made of
obsidian, a volcanic glass similar to flint in its properties, are still
being produced in the Indian districts of interior Mexico for use as
razors (Fig. 18, e).
The Magdalenian method of flint working gives the smoothest and
sharpest edge. It is not adapted for making heavy instruments, but it
yields an admirable knife. The process is also expeditious.
Summary.—The successive steps in the art of stone working in the
Palæolithic may be summarized thus:
Chellean: Coarse flakes detached by blows from the core, which becomes
the implement.
Acheulean: Same process applied to more varied forms.
Mousterian: Flake detached by a blow is sharpened into a tool by
retouching by pressure on one side only.
Aurignacian: Same with improved retouching applied.
Solutrean: Both surfaces of implement wholly retouched.
Magdalenian: Prismatic flake, detached by a blow transmitted through a
point.
73. Other Materials: Bone and Horn

Stone implements must perhaps always remain in the foreground
of our understanding of the Old Stone Age because they were made
so much more numerously than other objects, or at any rate have
been preserved so much more abundantly, that they will supply us
with the bulk of our evidence. At the same time it would be an error
to believe that the life of these men of long ago was filled with the
making and using of stone tools to the exclusion of everything else.
Gradually during the last fifty years, through unremittingly patient
explorations and the piecing of one small discovery to another, there
has accumulated a fair body of knowledge of other sides of the life of
Palæolithic men. There is every reason to believe that as time goes
on we shall learn more and more about them, and thus be able to
reconstruct a reasonably complete and vivid picture of their behavior.
Implements of bone and horn are next most abundant after those
of stone, but it is significant that the Lower Palæolithic still dispensed
with these materials. In the Chellean and Acheulean stations,
although broken bones of devoured animals occur, bone was not
shaped. In the Mousterian this material first came into use, but as yet
only as so-called “anvils” on which to chip flint or cut, and not as true
tools.
One of the changes that most prominently mark the passage from
the Lower to the Upper Palæolithic is the sudden development in the
use of bone at the beginning of the Aurignacian, and then of reindeer
horn. These materials came more and more into favor as time went
on. The Aurignacians had bone awls or pins, polishers, paint tubes
of hollowed reindeer leg bone, and points with a grooved base for
hafting, generally construed as javelin heads. In the Solutrean, eyed
needles were added. The greatest development was attained in the
Magdalenian. Bone javelin and spear heads were now made in a
variety of forms, with bases pointed, beveled, or grooved. Hammers,
chisels or wedges, and perforators were added to the list of bone
tools. Whistles and perhaps flutes were blown. Reindeer antler was
employed for carved and perforated lengths of horn, “rods of
command” or magic, they are usually called; as well as for harpoons
and throwers, to be discussed below.
By the close of the Palæolithic, objects of organic substances
began to approach in frequency those of flint. This may well have
been a sort of preparation for the grinding and polishing of stone
which is the distinctive technique of the New Stone Age. Bone
cannot well be chipped or retouched. It must be cut, ground, or
rubbed into shape. The Neolithic people therefore may be said to
have extended to stone a process which their predecessors of the
Upper Palæolithic were familiar with but had failed to apply to the
harder substance.
74. Dress
The slender bone needle provided with an eye which the
Solutrean and Magdalenian added to the primitive awl implies thread
and sewing. It may be concluded therefore that, at least from the
middle of the Upper Palæolithic on, the people of Europe went
clothed in some sort of fitted garments. It would be going too far to
assert that the Neandertal men ran about naked as the lower
animals. Several inventions which they had made compel us to
attribute to them enough intelligence to lead them to cover
themselves with skins when they felt cold. But they may have been
too improvident, or habituated to discomfort, to trouble even to dress
hides. At any rate there is no positive indication that they regularly
clothed themselves. By contrast, the sewing of the Upper Palæolithic
Cro-Magnons marked a considerable advance.
Ornament may have been earlier than clothing. The paint of the
Aurignacians decorated their own bodies and those of their dead.
About their necks and waists they hung rows of perforated shells and
teeth. More of these have been found on the skeletons of males than
of females. By the Magdalenian, there was sophistication enough to
lead to the carving of artificial shells and teeth out of ivory; and
amber was beginning to be transported from the German coast to
Southern France.
75. Harpoons and Weapons

Towards the end of the Upper Palæolithic, in the Magdalenian, the
harpoon came into extensive use. The shafts have of course long
since decayed, but many of the reindeer antler heads have remained
intact. At first these were notched with barbs along one edge only. In
the later Magdalenian the barbs were cut on both sides. The
harpoon differs from the simple spear or javelin in having its head
detachable from the shaft. The two are fitted together by a socket. If
the prey, be it fish or mammal, is not killed by the first throw, its
struggles to escape shake the shaft loose, while the barbs hold the
head firmly imbedded in its body. A line is attached to the head and
tied to the shaft or held in the hand of the hunter. The animal is thus
kept from escaping. During the Magdalenian the line was kept from
slipping off the head by one or two knobs near the butt. In the
subsequent Azilian period the head was perforated, as is the modern
Eskimo practice. The harpoon is really a rather complicated
instrument: it consists of at least three pieces—head, shaft, and line.
Another device which the Magdalenians shared with the Aztecs,
the Eskimo, and some other modern peoples, is the spear thrower or
atlatl. This is a sort of rod or handle, one end of which is grasped by
the fingers while the other engages the butt end of the harpoon or
dart. The hand only steers the shaft at the beginning of its flight: the
propulsion comes from the thrower. The instrument may therefore be
described as a device for artificially lengthening the human arm and
thus imparting greater velocity and length of flight to the weapon.
There is without doubt considerable ingenuity involved in this
apparatus, both in its invention and in its successful use. A person
unskilled in bodily movements would never hit upon the invention;
nor could a race of high native dexterity acquire proficiency in the art
of hunting with the thrower until each individual was willing to
practise for a considerable period. It may once more be concluded,
accordingly, that by the end of the Palæolithic, civilization had
developed to a point where men were much readier to undergo
protracted training and forbearance than they had been at the
beginning of the period.
One instrument that we are wont to associate with the beginnings
of civilization, because of its almost universal employment by
savages of to-day, is the bow and arrow. So strong has the
preconception been that the Palæolithic peoples must have been like
modern savages, that time and time again it has been assumed that
they possessed the bow. There is no convincing evidence to show
that this was so, and a good deal of negative evidence to establish
that they were unacquainted with the weapon. All the Palæolithic
remains of flint, bone, or horn, which at times have been interpreted
as arrow points, are more conservatively explained as knives or
heads of darts. The prevailing opinion is that the bow was not
invented until the Neolithic. This would make the weapon only about
ten thousand years old—a hoary antiquity, indeed, but recent as
compared with the knife, the spear, and even the harpoon. The
reason for this lateness in the invention of the bow and arrow is
probably to be sought in the delicacy of the instrument. It is not
essentially more complex than the harpoon, certainly not more
complex than the harpoon impelled by the spear thrower. But it
involves much finer adjustments. A poorly made harpoon is of
course inferior to a well-made one, but may be measurably effective.
It may retrieve game half the time. But a bow which falls below a
certain standard will not shoot at all, or will shoot so feebly as to
have a zero efficiency. In fact, one of the things that students of the
beginnings of culture have long been puzzled about is how the bow
and arrow could have been invented. Most other inventions can be
traced through a series of steps, each of which, although incomplete,
achieved a certain utility of its own. But, other than toys or musical
instruments, no implement has yet been found, or even satisfactorily
imagined, which was not yet a bow, which would still serve a
purpose, and which, by addition or improvement, could give rise to
the bow.
76. Wooden Implements

Wood is likely to have been used by primitive men for one purpose
or another from the very earliest times. Even “half men” of the
“missing link” type, it may be believed, would in case of need pick up
a stick or wrench a limb from a tree to serve them as a club. But we
do not know when human beings first began to fashion wood into
definite implements by working it with their stone tools. Wood is too
perishable a substance to have stood any chance of being preserved
from so long distant a past.
Our knowledge of the first employment of wood is indirect. Many of
the Mousterian chipped flakes are of such size and shape that they
could have been operated much more effectively had they been
mounted on a handle. Possibly therefore the process of hafting or
handling had come to be practised in the Mousterian, although there
is no specific evidence to this effect. In the Upper Palæolithic, wood
was certainly used to a considerable extent. The harpoon and dart
heads, for instance, must have had wooden shafts.
A true ax is not known from the Old Stone Age and seems to have
been invented in the Neolithic. The distinctive factor of the
instrument, upon which its utility largely depends, is the straightness
and smoothness of the edge; and such an edge is best attained by
the grinding process. Even the unground axes of the earliest
Neolithic depended on a single stroke to provide them with the
required straight cutting edge. We may believe, therefore, that the
Palæolithic peoples worked wood in the manner familiar to us from
the practices of many modern savage races. They split it, rubbed it,
and burned it into shape, rather than trying to chop it.
77. Fire
One of the most fundamental of human arts is the use of fire. It is
also one of the most ancient. Its occurrence is easily traced, at any
rate in deposits that have not been disturbed by nature, through the
presence of charred bones, lumps of charcoal, and layers of ash.
Charcoal crumbles easily, but its fragments are practically
imperishable. Its presence in considerable quantities in any station,
particularly if the coal is accumulated in pockets, is therefore sure
proof that the people who occupied the site burned fires for warmth,
or cooking, or both purposes. The use of fire has been established
throughout the part of the Palæolithic when men lived in caves and
under rock shelters; that is, during the Mousterian and Upper
Palæolithic.
The Chellean and Acheulean deposits are so much older and
more open, and in many cases have been washed over so much by
rainfall and by streams, that, if the men of these periods did use fire,
as they may well have done, its evidences might have been pretty
generally obliterated.
Whether early Palæolithic men knew how to make fire, or whether
they only found it and kept it alive, is more difficult to say. They could
easily have acquired it in the first place from trees struck by lightning
or from other occasional natural agencies. Then, recognizing its
value, they may well have nursed it along, lighting one hearth from
another. Yet at some time in the Palæolithic the art of producing fire
at will, by friction between two pieces of wood, is almost certain to
have been invented. One may infer this from the general similarity of
level of Magdalenian civilization to that of modern savages, all of
whom practise the art of ignition. But in the nature of things it would
be difficult to find evidence bearing on this point from more than ten
thousand years ago. It can be assumed that man is likely to have
lived first for a long period in a condition in which he knew and used
and preserved fire, yet was not able to produce it.
78. Houses

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Chemistry The Central Science 14th

Edition Brown Test Bank

7.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

5) The effective nuclear charge of an atom is primarily affected by ________.

7) Atomic radius generally increases as we move ________.

11) Which compound has the smallest ionic separation?

13) Which isoelectronic series is correctly arranged in order of increasing radius?

15) Rank the following in terms of decreasing first ionization energies?

23) Which ion below has the largest radius?

(i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

33) Which equation correctly represents the electron affinity of calcium?

37) Of the elements below, ________ is the most metallic.

41) Of the following metals, ________ exhibits multiple oxidation states.

42) Which of the listed oxides is the most acidic?

45) Which of the following metals differ in the number of d-electrons?

48) Which of the following is not a characteristic of metals?

50) Alkaline earth metals ________.

Which statements are true?

55) Which of the following elements is the most reactive in water?

(i) It is solid at room temperature.

Which element fits the above description the best?

59) The reaction of alkali metals with oxygen produce ________.

61) The alkali metal that is naturally radioactive is ________.

65) Which element is solid at room temperature?

67) Which of the following statements is not true for oxygen?

69) Which of the following elements can exist as an allotrope?

70) All of the halogens ________.

73) In nature, the noble gases exist as ________.

74) Hydrogen is unique among the elements because ________.

1. It is not really a member of any particular group.

76) Ozone is a a(n) ________ of oxygen.

1) ________ is credited with developing the concept of atomic numbers.

3) The greatest effective nuclear charge in a many-electron atom is experienced by an electron in

(1) the atomic radius ________;

A) decreases, decreasingly, increases

7) The ________ have the most negative electron affinities.

9) ________ can be ________ at room temperature.

10) Most of the elements on the periodic table are ________.

15) Oxides of most nonmetals combine with water to form ________.

Na (s) + H2O (l) →

Ca (s) + H2O (l) →

25) The reaction of a metal with a nonmetal produces a(n) ________.

27) The most common and stable allotrope of oxygen is ________.

28) Which group 6A element is a metal?

29) A nitride ion has a charge of ________.

31) Which periodic table group contains only nonmetals?

32) Which periodic table group contains only metals?

33) Of the hydrogen halides, only ________ is a weak acid.

39) Cl2 (g) + H2O (l) → ________

4) In which of the following atoms is the 3s orbital closest to the nucleus?

6) ________ is isoelectronic with krypton.

7) ________ is isoelectronic with argon.

8) ________ is isoelectronic with scandium.

12) Which one of the following has the smallest radius?

14) The ion with the smallest diameter is ________.

15) The ion with the largest diameter is ________.

18) Which equation correctly represents the third ionization of aluminum?

22) Which one of the following is a metalloid?

23) Which one of the following is a metal?

24) Of the elements below, ________ is the most metallic.

26) Of the following metals, ________ exhibits multiple oxidation states.

28) All of the following are ionic compounds except ________.

3) Which of the halogens has the highest first ionization energy?

9) can be at room temperature.