Ebook Chemistry The Central Science 13Th Edition Brown Test Bank Full Chapter PDF

Chemistry The Central Science 13th
Edition Brown Test Bank

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Chemistry: The Central Science, 13e (Brown et al.)
Chapter 10 Gases
10.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following statements about gases is false?

A) Gases are highly compressible.
B) Distances between molecules of gas are very large compared to bond distances within molecules.
C) Non-reacting gas mixtures are homogeneous.
D) Gases expand spontaneously to fill the container they are placed in.
E) All gases are colorless and odorless at room temperature.
Answer: E
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10.1
GO: G2
2) Of the following, ________ has a slight odor of bitter almonds and is toxic.
A) NH3
B) N2O
C) CO
D) CH4
E) HCN
Answer: E
GO: G2
3) Of the following, ________ has the odor of rotten eggs.

A) NH3
B) H2S
C) CO
D) NO2
E) HCN
Answer: B
GO: G2
4) One significant difference between gases and liquids is that ________.

A) a gas is made up of molecules
B) a gas expands to fill its container
C) a gas may consist of both elements and compounds
D) gases are always mixtures
E) All of the above answers are correct.
Answer: B
GO: G2
1
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
5) Gaseous mixtures ________.
A) can only contain molecules
B) are all heterogeneous
C) can only contain isolated atoms
D) are all homogeneous
E) must contain both isolated atoms and molecules
Answer: D
GO: G2
6) Which of the following equations shows an incorrect relationship between pressures given in terms of
different units?
A) 1.20 atm = 122 kPa
B) 152 mm Hg = 2.03 × 104 Pa
C) 0.760 atm = 578 mm Hg
D) 1.0 torr = 2.00 mm Hg
E) 1.00 atm = 760 torr
Answer: D
LO: 10.2
GO: G4
7) The pressure exerted by a column of liquid is equal to the product of the height of the column times the
gravitational constant times the density of the liquid, P = ghd. How high a column of water (d = 1.0 g/mL)
would be supported by a pressure that supports a 713 mm column of mercury (d = 13.6 g/mL)?
A) 14 mm
B) 52 mm
C) 713 mm
D) 1.2 × 104 mm
E) 9.7 × 103 mm
Answer: E
LO: 10.2
GO: G4
8) The pressure exerted by a column of liquid is equal to the product of the height of the column times the
gravitational constant times the density of the liquid, P = ghd. How high a column of methanol
(d = 0.79 g/mL) would be supported by a pressure that supports a 713 mm column of mercury
(d = 13.6 g/mL)?
A) 713 mm
B) 41 mm
C) 1.2 × 104 mm
D) 9.7 × 103 mm
E) 17 mm
Answer: C
LO: 10.2
GO: G4
2
9) Which statement about atmospheric pressure is false?
A) As air becomes thinner, its density decreases.
B) Air actually has weight.
C) With an increase in altitude, atmospheric pressure increases as well.
D) The warmer the air, the lower the atmospheric pressure.
E) Atmospheric pressure prevents water in lakes, rivers, and oceans from boiling away.
Answer: C
Diff: 1 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10.2, 10.3
LO: 10.2
GO: G2
10) In ideal gas equation calculations, expressing pressure in Pascals (Pa), necessitates the use of the gas
constant, R, equal to ________.
A) 0.08206 atm L mol-1K-1
B) 8.314 -Pa/mol-K
C) 62.36 L torr mol-1K-1
D) 1.987 cal mol-1K-1
E) none of the above
Answer: B
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 10.2, 10.3
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G2
11) The first person to investigate the relationship between the pressure of a gas and its volume was
________.
A) Amadeo Avogadro
B) Lord Kelvin
C) Jacques Charles
D) Robert Boyle
E) Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
Answer: D
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G2
3
12) Of the following, ________ is a correct statement of Boyle's law.
A) PV = constant
B) = constant
C) = constant
D) = constant
E) = constant
Answer: A
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G2
13) "Isothermal" means ________.

A) at constant pressure
B) at constant temperature
C) at variable temperature and pressure conditions
D) at ideal temperature and pressure conditions
E) that ΔHrxn = 0
Answer: B
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G2
14) Of the following, ________ is a valid statement of Charles' law.

A) = constant
B) = constant
C) PV = constant
D) V = constant × n
E) V = constant × P
Answer: B
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G2
4
15) Which one of the following is a valid statement of Avogadro's law?
A) = constant
B) = constant
C) PV = constant
D) V = constant × n
E) V = constant × P
Answer: D
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G2
16) The volume of an ideal gas is zero at ________.

A) 0 °C
B) -45 °F
C) -273 K
D) -363 K
E) -273 °C
Answer: E
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
17) Of the following, only ________ is impossible for an ideal gas.
A) =
B) =
C) =
D) =
E) = =0
Answer: B
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
5
18) The molar volume of a gas at STP is ________ L.
A) 0.08206
B) 62.36
C) 1.00
D) 22.4
E) 14.7
Answer: D
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
19) Standard temperature and pressure (STP), in the context of gases, refers to ________.
A) 298.15 K and 1 atm
B) 273.15 K and 1 atm
C) 298.15 K and 1 torr
D) 273.15 K and 1 pascal
E) 273.15 K and 1 torr
Answer: B
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
20) Sodium bicarbonate is reacted with concentrated hydrochloric acid at 37.0 °C and 1.00 atm. The
reaction of 6.00 kg of bicarbonate with excess hydrochloric acid under these conditions will produce
________ L of CO2.
A) 1.09 × 102
B) 2.85 × 104
C) 1.82 × 104
D) 8.70 × 102
E) 1.82 × 103
Answer: E
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
21) Sodium bicarbonate is reacted with concentrated hydrochloric acid at 25.0 °C and 1.50 atm. The
reaction of 7.75 kg of bicarbonate with excess hydrochloric acid under these conditions will produce
________ L of CO2.
A) 1.82 × 103
B) 2.85 × 104
C) 1.82 × 104
D) 1.50 × 103
E) 8.70 × 102
Answer: D
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
6
22) The volume of a sample of gas (2.49 g) was 752 mL at 1.98 atm and 62 °C. The gas is ________.
A) SO2
B) SO3
C) NH3
D) NO2
E) Ne
Answer: D
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
23) The density of NO2 in a 4.50 L tank at 760.0 torr and 25.0 °C is ________ g/L.
A) 1.64
B) 9.30
C) 1.68
D) 1.88
E) 3.27
Answer: D
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
24) A 255 mL round-bottom flask is weighed and found to have a mass of 114.85 g. A few milliliters of an
easily vaporized liquid are added to the flask and the flask is immersed in a boiling water bath. All of the
liquid vaporizes at the boiling temperature of water, filling the flask with vapor. When all of the liquid
has vaporized, the flask is removed from the bath, cooled, dried, and reweighed. The new mass of the
flask and the condensed vapor is 115.23 g. Which of the following compounds could the liquid be?
(Assume the ambient pressure is 1 atm.)
A) C4H10
B) C3H7OH
C) C2H6
D) C2H5OH
E) C4H9OH
Answer: D
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
7
25) A sample of an unknown volatile liquid was injected into a Dumas flask mflask = 27.0928 g,
vflask = 0.1040 L) and heated until no visible traces of the liquid could be found. The flask and its
contents were then rapidly cooled and reweighed (mflask + vapor = 27.4593 g). The atmospheric pressure
and temperature during the experiment were 0.976 atm and 18.0 °C, respectively. The unknown volatile
liquid was ________.
A) C6H12
B) C6H14
C) C7H14
D) C7H16
E) C6H6
Answer: B
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
26) The density of air at STP is 1.285 g/L. Which of the following cannot be used to fill a balloon that will
float in air at STP?
A) CH4
B) NO
C) Ne
D) NH3
E) HF
Answer: B
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
27) The average kinetic energy of the particles of a gas is directly proportional to ________.
A) the rms speed
B) the square of the rms speed
C) the square root of the rms speed
D) the square of the particle mass
E) the particle mass
Answer: B
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
8
28) The kinetic-molecular theory predicts that pressure rises as the temperature of a gas increases because
________.
A) the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules decreases
B) the gas molecules collide more frequently with the wall
C) the gas molecules collide less frequently with the wall
D) the gas molecules collide more energetically with the wall
E) both the gas molecules collide more frequently with the wall and the gas molecules collide more
energetically with the wall
Answer: E
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
29) According to kinetic-molecular theory, in which of the following gases will the root-mean-square
speed of the molecules be the highest at 200 °C?
A) HCl
B) Cl2
C) H2O
D) SF6
E) None. The molecules of all gases have the same root-mean-square speed at any given temperature.
Answer: C
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
30) According to kinetic-molecular theory, if the temperature of a gas is raised from 100 °C to 200 °C, the
average kinetic energy of the gas will ________.
A) double
B) increase by a factor of 1.27
C) increase by a factor of 100
D) decrease by half
E) decrease by a factor of 100
Answer: B
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
31) Which of the following is not part of the kinetic-molecular theory?

A) Atoms are neither created nor destroyed by ordinary chemical reactions.
B) Attractive and repulsive forces between gas molecules are negligible.
C) Gases consist of molecules in continuous, random motion.
D) Collisions between gas molecules do not result in the loss of energy.
E) The volume occupied by all of the gas molecules in a container is negligible compared to the volume of
the container.
Answer: A
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
9
32) Of the following gases, ________ will have the greatest rate of effusion at a given temperature.
A) NH3
B) CH4
C) Ar
D) HBr
E) HCl
Answer: B
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
33) A tank containing both HF and HBr gases developed a leak. The ratio of the rate of effusion of HF to
the rate of effusion of HBr is ________.
A) 4.04
B) 0.247
C) 2.01
D) 0.497
E) 16.3
Answer: C
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
34) At 333 K, which of the pairs of gases below would have the most nearly identical rates of effusion?
A) N2O and NO2
B) CO and N2
C) N2 and O2
D) CO and CO2
E) NO2 and N2O4
Answer: B
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
35) At STP, the ratio of the root-mean-square speed of CO2 to that of SO2 is ________.
A) 2.001
B) 2.119
C) 1.000
D) 1.207
E) 1.456
Answer: D
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
10
36) Arrange the following gases in order of increasing average molecular speed at 25 °C.
He, O2, CO2, N2
A) He < N2 < O2 < CO2

B) He < O2 < N2 < CO2
C) CO2 < O2 < N2 < He
D) CO2 < N2 < O2 < He
E) CO2 < He < N2 < O2
Answer: C
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
37) Arrange the following gases in order of increasing average molecular speed at 25 °C.
Cl2, O2, F2, N2
A) Cl2 < F2 < O2 < N2

B) Cl2 < O2 < F2 < N2
C) N2 < F2 < Cl2 < O2
D) Cl2 < F2 < N2 < O2
E) F2 < O2 < N2 < Cl2
Answer: A
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
38) Which one of the following gases would have the highest average molecular speed at 25 °C?
A) O2
B) N2
C) CO2
D) CH4
E) SF6
Answer: D
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
11
39) A sample of oxygen gas (O2) was found to effuse at a rate equal to three times that of an unknown
gas. The molecular weight of the unknown gas is ________ g/mol.
A) 288
B) 96
C) 55
D) 4
E) 10.7
Answer: A
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
40) A sample of oxygen gas was found to effuse at a rate equal to two times that of an unknown gas. The
molecular weight of the unknown gas is ________ g/mol.
A) 64
B) 128
C) 8
D) 16
E) 8.0
Answer: B
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
41) A mixture of two gases was allowed to effuse from a container. One of the gases escaped from the
container 1.43 times as fast as the other one. The two gases could have been ________.
A) CO and SF6
B) O2 and Cl2
C) CO and CO2
D) Cl2 and SF6
E) O2 and SF6
Answer: D
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
42) A mixture of carbon dioxide and an unknown gas was allowed to effuse from a container. The carbon
dioxide took 1.25 times as long to escape as the unknown gas. Which one could be the unknown gas?
A) Cl2
B) CO
C) HCl
D) H2
E) SO2
Answer: B
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
12
43) How much faster does 235UF6 effuse than 238UF6?
A) 1.013 times as fast
B) 1.009 times as fast
C) 1.004 times as fast
D) 1.006 times as fast
E) 1.018 times as fast
Answer: D
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
44) An ideal gas differs from a real gas in that the molecules of an ideal gas ________.
A) have no attraction for one another
B) have appreciable molecular volumes
C) have a molecular weight of zero
D) have no kinetic energy
E) have an average molecular mass
Answer: A
LO: 10.9
GO: G2
45) A real gas will behave most like an ideal gas under conditions of ________.
A) high temperature and high pressure
B) high temperature and low pressure
C) low temperature and high pressure
D) low temperature and low pressure
E) STP
Answer: B
LO: 10.9
GO: G2
46) Which one of the following gases would deviate the least from ideal gas behavior?
A) Ne
B) CH3Cl
C) Kr
D) CO2
E) F2
Answer: A
LO: 10.9
GO: G2
13
47) Which noble gas is expected to show the largest deviations from the ideal gas behavior?
A) helium
B) neon
C) argon
D) krypton
E) xenon
Answer: E
LO: 10.9
GO: G2
48) The van der Waals equation for real gases recognizes that ________.
A) gas particles have non-zero volumes and interact with each other
B) molar volumes of gases of different types are different
C) the non-zero volumes of gas particles effectively decrease the amount of "empty space" between them
D) the molecular attractions between particles of gas decreases the pressure exerted by the gas
E) all of the above statements are true
Answer: E
LO: 10.9
GO: G2
49) When gases are treated as real, via use of the van der Waals equation, the actual volume occupied by
gas molecules ________ the pressure exerted and the attractive forces between gas molecules ________ the
pressure exerted, as compared to an ideal gas.
A) decreases, increases
B) increases, increases
C) increases, decreases
D) does not affect, decreases
E) does not affect, increases
Answer: C
LO: 10.9
GO: G2
10.2 Bimodal Questions
1) A gas at a pressure of 10.0 Pa exerts a force of ________ N on an area of 5.5 m 2.

A) 55
B) 0.55
C) 5.5
D) 1.8
E) 18
Answer: A
LO: 10.2
GO: G4
14
2) A gas at a pressure of 325 torr exerts a force of ________ N on an area of 5.5 m 2.
A) 1.8 × 103
B) 59
C) 2.4 × 105
D) 0.018
E) 2.4
Answer: C
LO: 10.2
GO: G4
3) A gas vessel is attached to an open-end manometer containing a nonvolatile liquid of density 0.791
g/mL as shown below.
The difference in heights of the liquid in the two sides of the manometer is 43.4 cm when the atmospheric
pressure is 755 mm Hg. Given that the density of mercury is 13.6 g/mL, the pressure of the enclosed gas is
________ atm.
A) 1.03
B) 0.967
C) 0.993
D) 0.990
E) 0.987
Answer: B
LO: 10.2
GO: G4
15
4) A gas vessel is attached to an open-end manometer filled with a nonvolatile liquid of density 0.993
g/mL as shown below.
The difference in heights of the liquid in the two sides of the manometer is 32.3 mm when the
atmospheric pressure is 765 mm Hg. Given that the density of mercury is 13.6 g/mL, the pressure of the
enclosed gas is ________ atm.
A) 1.05
B) 1.01
C) 0.976
D) 0.993
E) 1.08
Answer: A
LO: 10.2
GO: G4
5) In a Torricelli barometer, a pressure of one atmosphere supports a 760 mm column of mercury. If the
original tube containing the mercury is replaced with a tube having twice the diameter of the original, the
height of the mercury column at one atmosphere pressure is ________ mm.
A) 380
B) 760
C) 1.52 × 103
D) 4.78 × 103
E) 121
Answer: B
LO: 10.2
GO: G4
6) A sample of a gas (5.0 mol) at 1.0 atm is expanded at constant temperature from 10 L to 15 L. The final
pressure is ________ atm.
A) 1.5
B) 7.5
C) 0.67
D) 3.3
E) 15
Answer: C
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
16
7) If 50.75 g of a gas occupies 10.0 L at STP, 129.3 g of the gas will occupy ________ L at STP.
A) 3.92
B) 50.8
C) 12.9
D) 25.5
E) 5.08
Answer: D
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
8) A sample of H2 gas (12.28 g) occupies 100.0 L at 400.0 K and 2.00 atm. A sample weighing 9.49 g
occupies ________ L at 353 K and 2.00 atm.
A) 109
B) 68.2
C) 54.7
D) 147
E) 77.3
Answer: B
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
9) A sample of a gas (1.50 mol) is contained in a 15.0 L cylinder. The temperature is increased from 100 °C
to 150 °C. The ratio of final pressure to initial pressure [ ] is ________.
A) 1.50
B) 0.667
C) 0.882
D) 1.13
E) 1.00
Answer: D
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
10) A sample of a gas originally at 25 °C and 1.00 atm pressure in a 2.5 L container is subject to a pressure
of 0.85 atm and a temperature of 15 °C. The final volume of the gas is ________ L.
A) 3.0
B) 2.8
C) 2.6
D) 2.1
E) 0.38
Answer: B
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
17
11) A sample of a gas originally at 29 °C and 1.25 atm pressure in a 3.0 L container is allowed to contract
until the volume is 2.2 L and the temperature is 11 °C. The final pressure of the gas is ________ atm.
A) 2.9
B) 2.8
C) 1.6
D) 2.1
E) 0.38
Answer: C
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
12) The reaction of 50 mL of Cl2 gas with 50 mL of CH4 gas via the equation:
Cl2 (g) + CH4 (g) → HCl (g) + CH3Cl (g)
will produce a total of ________ mL of products if pressure and temperature are kept constant.
A) 100
B) 50
C) 200
D) 150
E) 250
Answer: A
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
13) The reaction of 100 mL of Cl2 gas with 100 mL of CH4 gas via the equation:
Cl2 (g) + CH4 (g) → HCl (g) + CH3Cl (g)
A) 100
B) 50
C) 200
D) 150
E) 250
Answer: C
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
18
14) The reaction of 50 mL of N2 gas with 150 mL of H2 gas to form ammonia via the equation:
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
will produce ________ mL of ammonia if pressure and temperature are kept constant.
A) 250
B) 50
C) 200
D) 150
E) 100
Answer: E
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
15) The reaction of 25 mL of N2 gas with 75 mL of H2 gas to form ammonia via the equation:
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
will produce ________ mL of ammonia if pressure and temperature are kept constant.
A) 250
B) 50
C) 200
D) 150
E) 100
Answer: B
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
16) The reaction of 50 mL of Cl2 gas with 50 mL of C2H4 gas via the equation:
Cl2 (g) + C2H4 (g) → C2H4Cl2 (g)
A) 100
B) 50
C) 25
D) 125
E) 150
Answer: B
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
19
17) The amount of gas that occupies 60.82 L at 31.0 °C and 367 mm Hg is ________ mol.
A) 1.18
B) 0.850
C) 894
D) 11.6
E) 0.120
Answer: A
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
18) The amount of gas that occupies 36.52 L at 68.0 °C and 672 mm Hg is ________ mol.
A) 127
B) 1.15
C) 878
D) 24.4
E) 12.7
Answer: B
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
19) The pressure of a sample of CH4 gas (6.022 g) in a 30.0 L vessel at 402 K is ________ atm.
A) 2.42
B) 6.62
C) 0.413
D) 12.4
E) 22.4
Answer: C
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
20) The temperature of a sample of CH4 gas (10.34 g) in a 50.0 L vessel at 1.33 atm is ________ °C.
A) 984
B) -195
C) 195
D) 1260
E) -1260
Answer: A
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
20
21) The volume of 0.25 mol of a gas at 72.7 kPa and 15 °C is ________ m3.
A) 8.1 × 10-5
B) 1.2 × 10-4
C) 4.3 × 10-4
D) 8.2 × 10-3
E) 2.2 × 10-1
Answer: D
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
22) A gas in a 325 mL container has a pressure of 695 torr at 19 °C. There are ________ mol of gas in the
flask.
A) 1.24 × 10-2
B) 1.48 × 10-2
C) 9.42
D) 12.4
E) 80.6
Answer: A
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
23) A 0.133 mol sample of gas in a 525 mL container has a pressure of 312 torr. The temperature of the gas
is ________ °C.
A) 20.3
B) -253
C) -20.3
D) 203
E) 22.4
Answer: B
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
24) The mass of nitrogen dioxide contained in a 4.32 L vessel at 48 °C and 141600 Pa is ________ g.
A) 5.35 × 104
B) 53.5
C) 10.5
D) 70.5
E) 9.46 × 10-2
Answer: C
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
21
25) The density of ammonia gas in a 4.32 L container at 837 torr and 45.0 °C is ________ g/L.
A) 3.86
B) 0.719
C) 0.432
D) 0.194
E) 4.22 × 10-2
Answer: B
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
26) The density of N2O at 1.53 atm and 45.2 °C is ________ g/L.
A) 18.2
B) 1.76
C) 0.388
D) 9.99
E) 2.58
Answer: E
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
27) The molecular weight of a gas is ________ g/mol if 3.5 g of the gas occupies 2.1 L at STP.
A) 41
B) 5.5 × 103
C) 37
D) 4.6 × 102
E) 2.7 × 10-2
Answer: C
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
28) The molecular weight of a gas is ________ g/mol if 6.7 g of the gas occupies 6.3 L at STP.
A) 24
B) 3.6 × 103
C) 27
D) 3.0 × 102
E) 1.8 × 10-2
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
22
29) The molecular weight of a gas that has a density of 6.70 g/L at STP is ________ g/mol.
A) 4.96 × 102
B) 1.50 × 102
C) 7.30 × 101
D) 3.35
E) 2.98 × 10-1
Answer: B
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
30) The molecular weight of a gas that has a density of 7.10 g/L at 25.0 °C and 1.00 atm pressure is
________ g/mol.
A) 174
B) 14.6
C) 28.0
D) 5.75 × 10-3
E) 6.85 × 10-2
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
31) The molecular weight of a gas that has a density of 5.75 g/L at STP is ________ g/mol.
A) 3.90
B) 129
C) 141
D) 578
E) 1.73 × 10-3
Answer: B
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
32) The density of chlorine (Cl2) gas at 25 °C and 60. kPa is ________ g/L.
A) 20
B) 4.9
C) 1.7
D) 0.86
E) 0.58
Answer: C
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
23
33) The volume of hydrogen gas at 38.0 °C and 763 torr that can be produced by the reaction of 4.33 g of
zinc with excess sulfuric acid is ________ L.
A) 1.68
B) 2.71 × 10-4
C) 3.69 × 104
D) 2.84
E) 0.592
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
34) The volume of hydrogen gas at 45.0 °C and 699 torr that can be produced by the reaction of 5.66 g of
zinc with excess sulfuric acid is ________ L.
A) 2.84
B) 2.71 × 10-4
C) 3.69 × 104
D) 2.45
E) 0.592
Answer: D
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
35) The volume of HCl gas required to react with excess magnesium metal to produce 6.82 L of hydrogen
gas at 2.19 atm and 35.0 °C is ________ L.
A) 6.82
B) 2.19
C) 13.6
D) 4.38
E) 3.41
Answer: C
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
36) The volume of fluorine gas required to react with 2.67 g of calcium bromide to form calcium fluoride
and bromine at 41.0 °C and 4.31 atm is ________ mL.
A) 10.4
B) 210
C) 420
D) 79.9
E) 104
Answer: D
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
24
37) The volume of fluorine gas required to react with 4.26 g of calcium bromide to form calcium fluoride
and bromine at 25.0 °C and 4195 torr is ________ L.
A) 0.0943
B) 0.241
C) 241
D) 1.24 × 10-4
E) 0.124
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
38) What volume (mL) of sulfur dioxide can be produced by the complete reaction of 3.82 g of calcium
sulfite with excess HCl (aq), when the final SO2 pressure is 827 torr at 44.0 °C?
A) 7.60 × 102
B) 1.39 × 10-4
C) 1.00 × 10-3
D) 0.106
E) 5.78 × 102
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
39) Automobile air bags use the decomposition of sodium azide as their source of gas for rapid inflation:
2NaN3 (s) → 2Na (s) + 3N2 (g).
What mass (g) of NaN3 is required to provide 40.0 L of N2 at 25.0 °C and 763 torr?
A) 1.64
B) 1.09
C) 160
D) 71.1
E) 107
Answer: D
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
25
40) Automobile air bags use the decomposition of sodium azide as their source of gas for rapid inflation:
2NaN3 (s) → 2Na (s) + 3N2 (g).
What mass (g) of NaN3 is required to provide 26.5 L of N2 at 22.0 °C and 1.10 atm?
A) 52.2
B) 700.
C) 0.807
D) 1.21
E) 1.10
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
41) The Mond process produces pure nickel metal via the thermal decomposition of nickel tetracarbonyl:
Ni(CO)4 (l) → Ni (s) + 4CO (g).
What volume (L) of CO is formed from the complete decomposition of 444 g of Ni(CO) 4 at 752 torr and
22.0 °C?
A) 0.356
B) 63.7
C) 255
D) 20.2
E) 11.0
Answer: C
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
42) What volume (L) of NH3 gas at STP is produced by the complete reaction of 7.5 g of H 2O according to
the following reaction?
Mg3N2 (s) + 6H2O (l) → 3Mg(OH)2 (aq) + 2NH3 (g)
A) 3.1
B) 9.3
C) 19
D) 28
E) 0.32
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
26
43) Ammonium nitrite undergoes thermal decomposition to produce only gases:
NH4NO2 (s) → N2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
What volume (L) of gas is produced by the decomposition of 35.0 g of NH 4NO2(s) at 525 °C and 1.5 atm?
A) 48
B) 160
C) 15
D) 72
E) 24
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
44) The thermal decomposition of potassium chlorate can be used to produce oxygen in the laboratory.
2KClO3 (s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)
What volume (L) of O2 gas at 25 °C and 1.00 atm pressure is produced by the decomposition of 7.5 g of
KClO3 (s)?
A) 4.5
B) 7.5
C) 2.3
D) 3.7
E) 11
Answer: C
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
45) Since air is a mixture, it does not have a "molar mass." However, for calculation purposes, it is
possible to speak of its "effective molar mass." (An effective molar mass is a weighted average of the
molar masses of a mixture's components.) If air at STP has a density of 1.285 g/L, its effective molar mass
is ________ g/mol.
A) 26.94
B) 31.49
C) 30.00
D) 34.42
E) 28.80
Answer: E
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
27
46) A vessel contained N2, Ar, He, and Ne. The total pressure in the vessel was 987 torr. The partial
pressures of nitrogen, argon, and helium were 44.0, 486, and 218 torr, respectively. The partial pressure of
neon in the vessel was ________ torr.
A) 42.4
B) 521
C) 19.4
D) 239
E) 760
Answer: D
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
47) The pressure in a 12.2 L vessel that contains 2.34 g of carbon dioxide, 1.73 g of sulfur dioxide, and 3.33
g of argon, all at 42 °C is ________ mm Hg.
A) 263
B) 134
C) 395
D) 116
E) 0.347
Answer: A
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
48) A sample of He gas (3.0 L) at 5.6 atm and 25 °C was combined with 4.5 L of Ne gas at 3.6 atm and 25
°C at constant temperature in a 9.0 L flask. The total pressure in the flask was ________ atm. Assume the
initial pressure in the flask was 0.00 atm and the temperature upon mixing was 25 °C.
A) 2.6
B) 9.2
C) 1.0
D) 3.7
E) 24
Answer: D
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
28
49) A sample of H2 gas (2.0 L) at 3.5 atm was combined with 1.5 L of N 2 gas at 2.6 atm pressure at a
constant temperature of 25 °C into a 7.0 L flask. The total pressure in the flask is ________ atm. Assume
the initial pressure in the flask was 0.00 atm and the temperature upon mixing was 25 °C.
A) 0.56
B) 2.8
C) 1.0
D) 1.6
E) 24
Answer: D
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
50) In a gas mixture of He, Ne, and Ar with a total pressure of 8.40 atm, the mole fraction of Ar is
________ if the partial pressures of He and Ne are 1.50 and 2.00 atm, respectively.
A) 0.179
B) 0.238
C) 0.357
D) 0.583
E) 0.417
Answer: D
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
51) A gas mixture of Ne and Ar has a total pressure of 4.00 atm and contains 16.0 mol of gas. If the partial
pressure of Ne is 2.75 atm, how many moles of Ar are in the mixture?
A) 11.0
B) 5.00
C) 6.75
D) 9.25
E) 12.0
Answer: B
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
52) A gas mixture of N2 and CO2 has a total pressure of 8.00 atm and contains 12.5 mol of gas. If the
partial pressure of N2 is 3.69 atm, how many moles of CO2 are in the mixture?
A) 5.77
B) 3.69
C) 4.31
D) 11.0
E) 6.73
Answer: E
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
29
53) A mixture of He and Ne at a total pressure of 0.95 atm is found to contain 0.32 mol of He and 0.56 mol
of Ne. The partial pressure of Ne is ________ atm.
A) 1.7
B) 1.5
C) 0.60
D) 0.35
E) 1.0
Answer: C
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
54) A flask contains a mixture of He and Ne at a total pressure of 2.6 atm. There are 2.0 mol of He and 5.0
mol of Ne in the flask. The partial pressure of He is ________ atm.
A) 9.1
B) 6.5
C) 1.04
D) 0.74
E) 1.86
Answer: D
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
55) Sodium hydride reacts with excess water to produce aqueous sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas:
NaH (s) + H2O (l) → NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
A sample of NaH weighing ________ g will produce 982 mL of gas at 28.0 °C and 765 torr, when the
hydrogen is collected over water. The vapor pressure of water at this temperature is 28 torr.
A) 2.93
B) 0.960
C) 0.925
D) 0.0388
E) 925
Answer: C
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
30
56) SO2 (5.00 g) and CO2 (5.00 g) were placed in a 750.0 mL container at 50.0 °C. The total pressure in the
container was ________ atm.
A) 0.192
B) 4.02
C) 2.76
D) 6.78
E) 1.60
Answer: D
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
57) SO2 (5.00 g) and CO2 (5.00 g) are placed in a 750.0 mL container at 50.0 °C. The partial pressure of
SO2 in the container was ________ atm.
A) 2.76
B) 4.02
C) 6.78
D) 0.192
E) 1.60
Answer: A
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
58) SO2 (5.00 g) and CO2 (5.00 g) were placed in a 750.0 mL container at 50.0 °C. The partial pressure of
CO2 in the container was ________ atm.
A) 6.78
B) 2.76
C) 1.60
D) 0.192
E) 4.02
Answer: E
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
59) CO (5.00 g) and CO2 (5.00 g) were placed in a 750.0 mL container at 50.0 °C. The total pressure in the
container was ________ atm.
A) 10.3
B) 4.02
C) 6.31
D) 0.292
E) 1.60
Answer: A
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
31
60) CO (5.00 g) and CO2 (5.00 g) were placed in a 750.0 mL container at 50.0 °C. The partial pressure of
CO in the container was ________ atm.
A) 6.29
B) 4.02
C) 10.3
D) 0.292
E) 1.60
Answer: A
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
61) CO (5.00 g) and CO2 (5.00 g) were placed in a 750.0 mL container at 50.0 °C. The partial pressure of
CO2 in the container was ________ atm.
A) 4.02
B) 10.3
C) 1.60
D) 0.292
E) 6.31
Answer: A
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
62) The root-mean-square speed of CO at 113 °C is ________ m/s.

A) 317
B) 58.3
C) 586
D) 993
E) 31.5
Answer: C
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
63) A sample of N2 gas (2.0 mmol) effused through a pinhole in 5.5 s. It will take ________ s for the same
amount of CH4 to effuse under the same conditions.
A) 7.3
B) 5.5
C) 3.1
D) 4.2
E) 9.6
Answer: D
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
32
64) A sample of O2 gas (2.0 mmol) effused through a pinhole in 5.0 s. It will take ________ s for the same
amount of CO2 to effuse under the same conditions.
A) 4.3
B) 0.23
C) 3.6
D) 5.9
E) 6.9
Answer: D
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
65) A sample of He gas (2.0 mmol) effused through a pinhole in 53 s. The same amount of an unknown
gas, under the same conditions, effused through the pinhole in 248 s. The molecular mass of the unknown
gas is ________ g/mol.
A) 0.19
B) 5.5
C) 88
D) 19
E) 350
Answer: C
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
66) Using the van der Waals equation, the pressure in a 22.4 L vessel containing 1.00 mol of neon gas at
is ________ atm. (a = 0.211 L2-atm/mol2, b = 0.0171 L/mol)
A) 0.730
B) 1.00
C) 1.21
D) 1.37
E) 0.367
Answer: D
LO: 10.9
GO: G4
67) Using the van der Waals equation, the pressure in a 22.4 L vessel containing 1.50 mol of chlorine gas
at 0.00 °C is ________ atm. (a = 6.49 L2-atm/mol2, b = 0.0562 L/mol)
A) 0.993
B) 1.50
C) 0.676
D) 1.91
E) 1.48
Answer: E
LO: 10.9
GO: G4
33
10.3 Algorithmic Questions
1) Molecular compounds of low molecular weight tend to be gases at room temperature. Which of the
following is most likely not a gas at room temperature?
A) KBr
B) F2
C) HCN
D) SO2
E) CH4
Answer: A
Diff: 1 Var: 50+ Page Ref: Sec. 10.1
GO: G2
2) A pressure of 0.500 atm is the same as a pressure of ________ of mm Hg.

A) 193
B) 760.
C) 380.
D) 29.9
E) 33.0
Answer: C
LO: 10.2
GO: G4
3) A closed-end manometer was attached to a vessel containing argon. The difference in the mercury
levels in the two arms of the manometer was 9.60 cm. Atmospheric pressure was 783 mm Hg. The
pressure of the argon in the container was ________ mm Hg.
A) 96.0
B) 661
C) 773
D) 793
E) 882
Answer: A
LO: 10.2
GO: G4
34
4) A fixed amount of gas at 25.0 °C occupies a volume of 10.0 L when the pressure is 751 torr. Use Boyle's
law to calculate the pressure (torr) when the volume is reduced to 7.25 L at a constant temperature of
25.0 °C.
A) 1.04 × 103
B) 0.097
C) 5.44 × 104
D) 544
E) 1.36
Answer: A
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
5) A fixed amount of gas at 25.0 °C occupies a volume of 8.66 L when the pressure is 629 torr. Use
Charles's law to calculate the volume (L) the gas will occupy when the temperature is increased to 112 °C
while maintaining the pressure at 629 torr.
A) 9.26
B) 11.2
C) 1.93
D) 6.70
E) 38.8
Answer: B
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
6) A sample of gas (24.2 g) initially at 4.00 atm was compressed from 8.00 L to 2.00 L at constant
temperature. After the compression, the gas pressure was ________ atm.
A) 4.00
B) 2.00
C) 1.00
D) 8.00
E) 16.0
Answer: E
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
35
7) A balloon originally had a volume of 4.39 L at 44 °C and a pressure of 729 torr. The balloon must be
cooled to ________ °C to reduce its volume to 3.99 L (at constant pressure).
A) 0.00
B) 15.1
C) -288
D) 288
E) 546
Answer: B
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
8) If 3.21 mol of a gas occupies 56.2 L at 44 °C and 793 torr, 4.73 mol of this gas occupies ________ L under
these conditions.
A) 14.7
B) 61.7
C) 30.9
D) 82.8
E) 478
Answer: D
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
9) A gas originally at 27 °C and 1.00 atm pressure in a 3.3 L flask is cooled at constant pressure until the
temperature is 11 °C. The new volume of the gas is ________ L.
A) 0.27
B) 3.1
C) 3.3
D) 3.5
E) 0.24
Answer: B
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
10) A sample of He gas (2.35 mol) occupies 57.9 L at 300.0 K and 1.00 atm. The volume of this sample is
________ L at 469 K and 1.00 atm.
A) 0.709
B) 41.1
C) 90.5
D) 1.41
E) 57.9
Answer: C
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
36
11) A sample of an ideal gas (3.00 L) in a closed container at 25.0 °C and 76.0 torr is heated to 270 °C. The
pressure of the gas at this temperature is ________ torr.
A) 912
B) 138
C) 76.5
D) 39.5
E) 0.0253
Answer: B
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
12) A helium balloon is filled to a volume of 27.7 L at 300 K. What will the volume of the balloon become
if the balloon is heated to raise the temperature to 392 K?
A) 36.2
B) 21.2
C) 0.0276
D) 0.0472
E) 3,260,000
Answer: A
LO: 10.3, 10.4
GO: G4
13) At a temperature of ________ °C, 0.444 mol of CO gas occupies 11.8 L at 839 torr.
A) 379
B) 73.0
C) 14.0
D) 32.0
E) 83.5
Answer: E
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
14) The pressure exerted by 1.0 mol of gas in a 13 L flask at 22 °C is ________ kPa.
A) 560
B) 190
C) 18
D) 2.4
E) 1.0
Answer: B
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
37
15) A 0.325 L flask filled with gas at 0.851 atm and 19 °C contains ________ mol of gas.
A) 0.0116
B) 0.0148
C) 9.42
D) 12.4
E) 80.7
Answer: A
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
16) A sample of gas (1.9 mol) is in a flask at 21 °C and 697 mm Hg. The flask is opened and more gas is
added to the flask. The new pressure is 841 mm Hg and the temperature is now 26 °C. There are now
________ mol of gas in the flask.
A) 1.6
B) 2.3
C) 2.9
D) 3.5
E) 0.28
Answer: B
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
17) A sample of gas (1.3 mol) occupies ________ L at 22 °C and 3.5 atm.
A) 0.079
B) 0.67
C) 9.0
D) 14
E) 0.032
Answer: C
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
18) The volume of 0.43 mol of an ideal gas at 365 torr and 97 °C is ________ L.
A) 0.054
B) 7.1
C) 11
D) 27
E) 0.024
Answer: D
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
38
19) The volume occupied by 2.3 mol of gas at 35 °C and 2.0 atm pressure is ________ L.
A) 38
B) 29
C) 3.3
D) 0.053
E) 0.026
Answer: B
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
20) How many moles of gas are there in a 36.3 L container at 25.2 °C and 570.3 mm Hg?
A) 1.11
B) 13.2
C) 0.863
D) 0.0110
E) 16,700
Answer: A
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
21) How many moles of gas are there in a 53.7 L container at 24.6 °C and 845.9 torr?
A) 2.45
B) 29.6
C) 0.409
D) 0.0241
E) 1860
Answer: A
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
22) The volume of 1.26 mol of gas at 69.4 kPa and 25.30 °C is ________ L.
A) 45.1
B) 633
C) 3.82
D) 0.445
E) 0.439
Answer: A
LO: 10.4
GO: G4
39
23) The density of HCN is ________ g/L at STP.
A) 1.21
B) 329
C) 605
D) 0.829
E) 2.21
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
24) The density of nitric oxide (NO) gas at 0.970 atm and 34.9 °C is ________ g/L.
A) 0.0384
B) 0.869
C) 1.15
D) 0.339
E) 10.2
Answer: C
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
25) The density of krypton gas at 0.866 atm and 44.4 °C is ________ g/L.
A) 0.0332
B) 0.359
C) 0.238
D) 2.78
E) 5.57
Answer: D
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
26) The density of chlorine gas at 1.01 atm and 54.1 °C is ________ g/L.
A) 0.0376
B) 0.375
C) 0.228
D) 1.33
E) 2.67
Answer: E
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
40
27) The density of ________ is 1.70 g/L at STP.
A) F2
B) NO
C) CH4
D) Ne
E) CO
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
28) The density of NO2 in a 4.77 L tank at 738.4 torr and 45.0 °C is ________ g/L.
A) 1.71
B) 1300
C) 12.1
D) 0.0169
E) 8.17
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
29) The density (in g/L) of CO2 at 1106.2 torr and 56.3 °C is ________.
A) 2.37
B) 1800
C) 13.9
D) 0.0234
E) 0.0538
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
30) Of the following gases, ________ has density of 0.906 g/L at 315 K and 1.16 atm.
A) Ne
B) Ar
C) Kr
D) Xe
E) He
Answer: A
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
41
31) A 0.333-g sample of an unknown pure gas occupies a volume of 0.255 L at a pressure of 1.00 atm and
a temperature of 100.0 °C. The unknown gas is ________.
A) xenon
B) neon
C) krypton
D) helium
E) argon
Answer: E
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
32) Calcium hydride (CaH2) reacts with water to form hydrogen gas:
CaH2 (s) + 2H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2H2 (g)
How many grams of CaH2 are needed to generate 48.0 L of H2 gas at a pressure of 0.995 atm and a
temperature of 32 °C?
A) 56.8
B) 0.954
C) 161
D) 40.1
E) 80.3
Answer: D
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
33) Given the equation:
C2H6 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g) (not balanced)
Determine the number of liters of CO2 formed at STP when 270.0 grams of C2H6 is burned in excess
oxygen gas.
Answer: 403
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
42
34) Given the equation:
C2H6 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g) (not balanced)
Determine the number of liters of O2 consumed at STP when 60.0 grams of C2H6 is burned.
Answer: 157
LO: 10.5
GO: G4
35) A vessel containing Ne(g) and Ar(g) has a total pressure of 9.78. If the partial pressure of the Neon
(PNe) is 3.78 and the partial pressure of the Argon (PAr) is 6, then the mole-fraction of Ne(g) is _______
and the mole-fraction of Ar(g) is ________.
A) 0.39, 0.61
B) 0.61, 0.39
C) 37, 58.7
D) 0.63, 1.59
E) 2.59, 1.63
Answer: A
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
36) A vessel contains a mixture of 34.9 grams of H2 (g) and 17.7 grams of CH4. If the total pressure inside
the vessel is measured at 2.92 atm, the partial pressure of H2 (g) must be _____ atm.
A) 2.75
B) 50.5
C) 0.175
D) 53.8
E) 5.53
Answer: A
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
37) 10.0 grams of argon and 20.0 grams of neon are placed in a 1216.1 ml container at 25.1 °C. The partial
pressure of neon is ________ atm.
A) 19.9
B) 5.03
C) 1.68
D) 20.0
E) 49.1
Answer: A
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
43
38) 30.0 grams of argon and 15.0 grams of xenon are placed in a 170.9 ml container at 21.8 °C. The partial
pressure of xenon is ________ atm.
A) 16.1
B) 106
C) 1.20
D) 0.472
E) 228
Answer: A
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
39) A mixture of Xe, Kr, and Ar has a total pressure of 6.69 atm. What is the mole fraction of Kr if the
partial pressures of Xe and Ar are 1.92 atm and 2.75 atm, respectively.
A) 0.302
B) 0.287
C) 0.411
D) 0.259
E) 0.698
Answer: A
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
40) Zinc reacts with aqueous sulfuric acid to form hydrogen gas:
Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → Zn SO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
In an experiment, 201 mL of wet H2 is collected over water at 27 °C and a barometric pressure of 765 torr.
How many grams of Zn have been consumed? The vapor pressure of water at 27 °C is 26.74 torr.
A) 4.38 × 106
B) 0.519
C) 519
D) 394
E) 3.94 × 105
Answer: B
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
44
41) Zinc reacts with aqueous sulfuric acid to form hydrogen gas:
Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
In an experiment, 177 mL of wet H2 is collected over water at 27 °C and a barometric pressure of 766 torr.
The vapor pressure of water at 27 °C is 26.74 torr. The partial pressure of hydrogen in this experiment is
________ atm.
A) 0.972
B) 739
C) 1.01
D) 793
E) 1.04
Answer: A
LO: 10.6
GO: G4
42) The root-mean-square speed of N2 at 33.5 °C is ________ m/sec.

A) 522
B) 51.9
C) 173
D) 302
E) 16.5
Answer: A
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
43) The root-mean-square speed of NO2 at 28.4 °C is ________ m/sec.

A) 404
B) 40.2
C) 124
D) 233
E) 12.8
Answer: A
Diff: 5 Var: 50+ Page Ref: Sec, 10.8
LO: 10.7, 10.8
GO: G4
45
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do than what I have been doing.”
“Studying, growing accomplished, falling in love, and marrying,”
replied the earl, laughing. “What would you have been doing more?”
“As it happens, sir, all this proves an excellent preparation for my
present business. But I did not know that it would; and I was
perpetually asking myself,—moreover, Letitia was perpetually asking
me,—the end and aim of my employments.”
“That was the secret, I dare say,” said the earl, “of your difficulty in
winning her. Eh, Letitia?”
“Indeed it was,” replied Letitia, blushing. “God knows what difficulty
I found in making it a difficulty; but I dared not at once give up the
calling which nature had sanctified to me, without providing for my
race being served in an equal proportion in some other way. If there
be one note sooner than another to which conscience awakes in
these times, it is to the cry of unserved humanity; and mine, having
been once thus awakened, could not be lulled asleep again; and
even your son could not soothe it till he began to promise that we
should labour together for all, as well as for each other.”
“So you married to be useful;—for no other reason on earth, my
dear?”
“No, no, no. I was useful before. I married ... for the same reason
as your son. But this reason did not make me forget my
responsibilities; that is all.”
“Ah, my dear: you do not know,—highly as you rate your art,—
what you have deprived society of by shutting yourself up here. Why,
—I saw that sot, colonel Bibber, turned into a patriot for full three
hours under your influence; and poor little lord H. that we were
speaking of just now, grew almost magnanimous for the same space
of time. These, and hundreds more, owe to you, my dear, the greater
part of whatever virtue has visited them for the last five years.”
“If so,” said lord F——, “what was the effect on better people?”
“The effect that the fine arts are ordained to produce,” said Letitia.
“They have much to answer for who defame them,—who perceive
nothing in them besides colours, and sounds, and motion,—who put
a kaleidoscope and Raphael’s Transfiguration on a level, and
recognize nothing more in a symphony of Mozart than in an Eolian
harp, and see no matter of choice between a merry Andrew and
Kean in Hamlet. They who perceive not that the fine arts are the
fittest embodiments of truth and beauty are unconscious of the
vastness of the department in which they would have man remain
unserved. Such would wonder or laugh at my view of my profession,
and discredit my hesitating to leave it for lord F——.”
“You were satisfied that you held a commission to serve man, by
means of the fine arts; you were right, my dear, as is proved by your
having made the colonel a patriot, and the little lord a hero.”
“That it was only for three hours at a time,” said Letitia, “was not
my fault, but that of the arrangements by which means and ends are
sometimes separated as far asunder as if the world would be perilled
by their coming together. In this, we might wisely copy from man in
his state of nature. Indian savages have their songs and dances
immediately before their battles; and, as long as prayers imply
devotion, they are everywhere used in senates as a prelude to the
business of the nation. But we go straight from an oratorio to dinner,
from a tragedy to sleep, from the Elgin marbles to shopping in
Regent-street; while, on the other hand, if a great national question
has to be debated, a mighty national achievement to be wrought, the
last thing its conductors would think of would be to spiritualise the
passions, and elevate the emotions, and animate the faculties by the
most appropriate means which Providence has given for that end.—I
know that this union can be only partially effected yet. I know that the
passage of the Reform Bill would have been but little helped by any
such appliances as we can at present exhibit; but it will be different
hereafter, when men have learned the true office of the fine arts, and
the ultimate objects of political reforms. Then, hundreds of years
hence, it may be,—if a new question of national renovation should
be brought forward, the senate to whom it is committed may lay hold,
with one accord, on whatever prior observance may best soothe
down their animosities, and banish their petty self-regards, and
establish their minds in that state of lofty tranquillity which alone
beseems the master-spirits of an empire.”
“In those days,” said lord F——, “there will be an end of the
absurdity of admitting the ennobling influence of the fine arts, and at
the same time holding its professors in contempt.”
“Is it, even now, anything more than a nominal contempt?” asked
Letitia. “Do not people mix up the profession and the vices of its
professors together, and then talk of contempt?”
“But those very vices are caused by the treatment of the
profession.”
“True; like all other professional vices,—like all the peculiar failings
of certain classes,—like the avarice of Jews, the romancing of
travellers, the spiritual pride of sectaries, the vanity of authors. When
prejudices are so far surmounted as that no class shall be regarded
with factitious deference or contempt, there will be an end of all
occasion to reproach painters, musicians and actors with their
tendency to self-indulgence, at the same time that proverbs and by-
words against Jews, methodists, travellers, and poets, will fall into
oblivion.”
“In those days,” said lord F——, “perhaps our peerage may
honour itself by taking up the profession of the fine arts. The time is
coming when no class of society may be idle; and if the aristocracy
plumes itself upon its refinement, this seems to be the pursuit most
congenial to its constitution.”
“If you preach your doctrine,—that all must work,—to those of your
own condition,” said the earl, “they will ask you where you got the
notion,—whether you are intimidated by the clamours of the lower
classes.”
“Not intimidated by their clamours, but moved by their condition, I
would tell them, sir; and that I derive my notion from the nature of
man and of society, and not from the dictation of any class whatever.
It is enough to melt a heart of stone to read and hear of such
distresses as have come to my knowledge since I entered office; but
I am convinced that many of the sufferers look in the wrong direction
for the causes.”
“Yet there must be much cause for complaint,” said Letitia, “when
our institutions lead to such an opposition of interests as there now is
between different ranks. They should surely work together....”
“The present opposition of interests, my dear, arises from a
scarcity of the prime necessaries of life. If there were food enough
for our people, their occupations and interests, be they as various as
the minds that adopt them, would assist and promote each other
from end to end of society. If there be a scarcity of food, men will
snatch from one another’s mouths, be they huddled together in our
manufacturing cities, or duly distributed in a Moravian settlement.
Where there is plenty, there will be a harmony,—where there is want,
there will be an opposition of interests; and it is folly to assign co-
operation and competition as the remedy and cause of distress.”
“Nay; but can it be right that starving thousands should bid their
labour against one another for bread? Can it be right that whole
families should, at this moment, be crouching down supperless in
their litter of straw, while we.... O, I am ashamed of our luxuries!...
our mirrors, and harps, and lamps,—and my very dress. I am
ashamed of them all.”
“If we gave them all away this moment, my dear, they would not be
food; and if exchanged for bread, they would only take food from the
mouths of some who want it, to give to those who cannot want it
more. Believe me, the inequality of condition we are complaining of
is rather checked than promoted by competition. Competition
equalizes the profits of industry, and increases instead of lessening
its productiveness.”
“Whence, then, comes all this misery? all this tremendous
inequality?”
“The misery arises from a deficiency of food....”
“Well; whence this deficiency of food?”
“From the tendency of eaters to increase faster than the supply of
food.”
“But if we can raise more food by co-operation than without it....”
“Even supposing we could,—unless co-operation also checked the
increase of numbers, it could prove no more than a temporary
alleviation of our grievances. In my opinion, it would, if it included
equality of condition, leave us in a worse state than it found us, in as
far as it would relax the springs of enterprise and industry, and, in
time, bring the community down into a deplorable state of sameness;
it would, if persevered in, make us into a nation of half-naked potatoe
eaters, and water-drinkers.”
The earl inquired whether anything had been heard lately of the
co-operative society formed in the neighbourhood of Weston.
“O yes!” replied lord F——. “They are enjoying the benefits of
competition to the utmost. They ascribe their prosperity to their co-
operation; but they are, in fact, a large partnership in competition
with smaller ones. They do not see how their relative position would
be altered by their absorbing all their competitors into their firm, with
no check to their numbers, while nature has imposed perpetual
checks upon the growth of their capital.”
“But cannot numbers be checked,—cannot the checks upon the
growth of capital be evaded, while we have such a wide world to
move about in?”
“Certainly, my dear: but there is no need of equality of condition to
help us to do this. Competition is more likely than co-operation to
induce prudence and foresight; and it will quicken our activity in
carrying our surplus numbers to distant fertile lands, or in bringing
the produce of distant fertile lands among our own people, instead of
tempting us to waste more and more of our capital continually in
turning up inferior lands at home, as the co-operatives would have
us do.”
“But were not you telling me that your rent-roll becomes more
valuable as time passes? Are not landholders’ incomes increasing
perpetually under the present system?”
“They are; but this is the consequence, not of competition, but of
the varying qualities of the land, the tillage of every new grade of
which tends to lower profits and raise rents. No plan for the
distribution of home produce can affect the law by which the returns
to capital are perpetually diminished.”
“But what will be the end of it under the present system?”
“There are two extremes to which the systems of equality and
inequality of distribution respectively tend, in as far as they involve
restriction upon food by using only the produce of our own lands.
Under the equality system, there would be an ultimate scramble for
potatoes, or a worse diet still, if there were such a thing. Under our
present system, the whole produce must in time be in the hands of
the land-owners and tax-takers. Of course, we must change our
system; not, however, by discouraging competition, or abolishing
private property, but by removing all artificial restrictions upon food,
and by regulating our numbers according to our resources. The way
to bring down landlords’ rents, and to increase the profits of
cultivators, is to procure food from some better source than our own
inferior lands; and this I will prove to you by figures, the next time my
steward brings me the accounts of my farms.”
“O, that Moravian village!” exclaimed Letitia. “How often I think of
the day we spent there! There was comfort, there was abundance,
there was mutual assistance and agreement.”
“Are you quite sure, Letitia, that there was nothing in the situation
and peculiarities of the place which called off your attention from the
principle on which the society was constituted? Remember the
sunset, that evening; the golden light on the green hill side, above
the rows of Moravian dwellings. Remember your admiration of the
internal regulations,—of the women’s uniform, of the music in their
church, of the simplicity of their way of life. Remember that all this
has nothing to do with their principle of association.”
“You must no more set the accomplishments of the Moravians to
the account of community of goods, than the absurdities of the
Shakers,” observed the earl. “That some sing beautifully, and others
dance ridiculously, has nothing to do with the distribution of their
wealth.”
“No more than the ordinances of the Harmonites,” continued lord F
——. “Mr. Owen’s followers very properly refuse to be mixed up with
Moravians, Shakers, and Harmonites. Superstition has no part in
their system, either under the form of ritual observance or celibacy.
Yet they are apt to incorporate extraneous matters with their system,
which serve as allurements to a greater extent, I doubt not, than they
intend. They owe more converts than they suppose to their promises
of mansions, pleasure-grounds, coffee, alabaster lamps, and so on.
My wonder is that more are not enticed by descriptions like these,
accompanied with promises of ease, and leisure, and many other
things to be obtained in a short time, which the poor man now sees
little chance of his children’s children ever enjoying.”
“There might be alabaster lamps and damask furniture in every
house under the present system,” observed the earl, “if food enough
could be got to keep the production of capital going at its natural
rate; aye, and ease and leisure too, if our numbers were kept within
bounds. It is not so very long since shoes and stockings were worn
only in courts; and that they are now worn by peasants proves that
our capital has grown under a system of competition. That multitudes
have little ease and no leisure is the fault of over-population, which
would be rather aggravated than lessened under a system whose
very essence it is to cast each man’s burdens upon all. No man need
scruple to have twenty of his children gracing the dinner-table of a
co-operative establishment, till he should find, too late, that not all
the savings caused by extensive association can compensate for the
falling off in the produce of inferior lands, and for the new impulse
given to population. His sons and his sons’ sons must add more and
more labour to the common stock; must give up, first, damask and
alabaster, then broadcloth and glass; then descend to sackcloth and
wooden trenchers, then to tatters, potatoes and water, and then....”
“Then would ensue a scramble; if anything should be left,
competition would come into play again; society would rise by its
means, and might possibly attain once more to a state in which they
might speculate on the universality of damask and alabaster.”
“Well!” exclaimed Letitia, “I shall ask to look at your steward’s
accounts, and to have an explanation of them; for I do not at all like
our present position. We must reach the extreme, you say, of having
our whole produce in the hands of land-owners and tax-takers,
unless we change our system.”
“Yes, my dear: but by change of system, I do not mean convulsion.
All might be set on a safe footing by timely care, the removal of
restrictions, the diffusion of intelligence. There is nothing in all this,
threatening to public dignity or private safety. There is nothing to
lessen the security of property, or to endanger the rights of any
class; but quite the contrary: for property is never so secure as when
it most abounds; and rights are never so well respected as in the
absence of temptation to infringe upon them.”
“By change, then, you mean progression, without fear of
subversion.”
“Just so; the progression of society from an advanced into a higher
state. What is there in such progression that is not as beautiful in
theory as it is found to be necessary in practice?”
From this hour, the progression of society, of which Letitia had
long dreamed, on which she had often speculated, began to assume
distinctness in her mind, and to form a large part of her conversation
when she happened to be with those to whom she could speak most
of what was most in her thoughts. Whenever she heard of misery
and crime on a large scale, she satisfied herself that the national
demand of progression had not yet been sufficiently attended to.
When she heard that her lord’s rents ought to be more, but were,
from the difficulty of collecting them, less than formerly, she sighed
for the time when an unrestricted provision of food (unrestricted by
state-laws) should check the rise of rents. Whenever she sat down
by her husband’s side to hear curious tales of the doings of large
speculators or eminent merchants, or of the sufferings of large
classes of agricultural or manufacturing labourers, she learned
something that made her wonder and lament, that, while the natural
laws of production and distribution work out evenly their balance of
results, the tendency of legislation thus far seems to be to clog and
thwart them, and delay the progression in intelligence and comfort
which must arise out of their unobstructed operation. She saw that, if
the universal interest of society was allowed to be the moving spring
of the social economy, all would be served; and that if many yet
remain unserved, it is on account of other movements being made to
interfere with it—the petty springs of narrow and mistaken interests;
so that partial protection brings on general hardship, and arbitrary
stimulus, a condition of general suffering.
Before going down to Weston, Letitia had become prepared to
make her way with the steward, the co-operating workmen in the
village, and all who could throw light on the past and present state of
property in the place. Many a conversation and calculation had she
also gone through with Thérèse on the subject of shop-keeping in
Paris; and all that Maria told of Waldie’s business went to the same
account of information. It made poor Maria smile sometimes in the
midst of a fit of anxiety to find that her children’s babble savoured of
political economy, when they had been spending a morning with their
aunt. They were more ready then than at other times to wonder why
they had dolls in the nursery, and picture-books in the parlour, and a
shell-grotto in the garden, when many other little children had no
playthings; and why poor Ned who swept the crossing was so much
more ragged than their errand boy, when Ned worked the hardest of
the two, and was often out in the cold and the rain besides. Almost
babies as they were, they could sometimes find out very sage little
reasons for these things, when put on the right scent by aunt Letitia
or her pupil Thérèse.
Chapter IV.
MORE NOVELTY.
At length came September, with its utter dulness in town, and its
busy brightness in the country. No parliament, no ministry, no court,
with whose proceedings to diversify the daily papers; but instead, a
reporting of the progress of certain noble lords and patriotic
gentlemen from one country seat to another, with accurate
calculations of the quantity of game bagged by each. Now were
expresses hurrying to and fro in search of the runaway men in
power. Now were ancient ladies proudly leaning on the arms of sons,
who were happy in being allowed breathing time to watch the
autumn sunsets from the terraces of their stately castles. Now were
the young heirs of rank and wealth initiated by playful papas into the
mysteries of riding and sham shooting. Many a little lord was now
mounted on his pony to adventure forth as far as the park gates,
while mamma and sisters waved their handkerchiefs from afar, and
careful grooms waited to lead him back safe. Many such a little
rogue carried his mimic fowling-piece into the stubble, and learned
not to wink or flinch when papa brought down a bird, or coaxed the
gamekeeper to lend him a brace or two to carry when they should
come in sight of home and the girls. Many a tenant now put himself
in the way of a greeting from his landlord, resting on a stile, or pacing
his way slowly through a field. Many a state secret, that the public
would fain have known, was dismissed for some such freak as
snatching at a high hazel twig, or leaping a gate. Many a fair family
group of riders was seen threading green lanes, or cantering over
downs, or appearing and disappearing in the clumpy drives of a
park,—graceful boys, and high-born girls, leading their father in
search of some new beauty which it turns out he discovered in like
manner, when he was a pleasure-loving youth instead of a
statesman. Now, in the golden noon, was the boat seen to unfurl its
snowy sail, and glide in rivalship of grace with the swans which
diverged on either hand to let the vessel have its way without
disturbing their serenity. He who has guided, or may guide, the helm
of the state, now condescends to steer a less majestic bark on a
calmer element; and instead of the prayers, threats and blessings of
an empire, bends his ear to the prattle of his little ones, or to the
rustling of a startled deer, bounding from the thicket as the vessel
nears the shore. Not now too busy to observe whether rain or
sunshine be without, the recreated statesman finds in either case
equal pleasure and repose. His lady’s nursery and boudoir, his sons’
classics, his daughters’ music, his library, his billiard table, and withal
some peculiar and long relinquished pet pursuit, give him as much
pleasure on a rainy day, as the flower-garden, the fish-pond and
poultry-yard when the sky is blue overhead. He sighs over his past
toils, reminds his spouse of their wedding sojourn at Chamouni, and
at intervals quotes Virgil to the lad behind his chair, and whispers
Pope to the little lady netting at his elbow. Statesmanship should
have pleasures worthy of its toils; and so thought Letitia when her
husband first mutely pointed out to her the woods of Weston.
Sweet was the leisure of the first afternoon, which gave promise of
what should be done at future intervals of leisure;—intervals not
likely to be too frequent to retain their charm. His lordship had
brought his business and its apparatus with him; but for this day all
was laid aside. Within half an hour after alighting from the carriage,
and while dinner was being served up, my lord and lady were in the
rosery, observing on what must have been its beauty a few weeks
before, and the one pointing out and the other following with eager
eyes the tracts among the hanging woods which had to be explored,
the points of view which must be visited, one at sunrise, one in the
glowing noon, another in the still evening. As soon as dinner was
over, they were out again, that Letitia might see the ruins of the old
abbey before the sunlight should have departed. Her heart melted
within her when she saw the long shadows of the lofty arch extended
on the velvet turf, motionless except when a bird took wing from
among the ivy, and set its boughs dancing. The rooks sailed in
circles above the stately ruin, and the thrush piped from the
evergreen covert which shut in the retired nook in which it stood. The
sun-dial also marked the silent lapse of time, although there was
usually none to lay the lesson to heart.
“This is the place, love,” said lord F——.
“And you would have had me come without you,” said Letitia, after
a long pause.
“We have some weeks yet, to be sure, to enjoy it. This is the last
spot that looks desolate as winter comes on. No leafless trees, no
strewn blossoms! The wall-flowers there on the pinnacle flourish late;
and all is green and bright till the snow falls.”
“And after, surely,” said Letitia. “I should like to see icicles
glistening on these arches, springing grey from the sheeted snow. I
should like to see the ivy sprays bending under their white burden, or
shaking it off in a shower of sparkles at the breeze’s bidding. O let us
come here at Christmas!”
“If we do, you may chance to see another sight. You will see tracks
of small feet in the snow, and catch some little girl, in her red cloak,
stealing from the Wishing-Well.”
“The Wishing-Well! O where?”
“It springs from under an old stump behind this wall. Have you any
wishes?”
“I will make some for the superstition’s sake.”
And immediately Letitia might be seen unbonneted, kneeling on
the consecrated stone, and drinking the draught her husband had
filled for her. Thus was she seen, as presently appeared. A voice
reached them from one side, praying that her ladyship’s wishes
might come to pass, be they what they might, as they must be for
good and no harm to the people under her. Letitia sprang up,
laughing, and her husband replaced her hat, calling to the well-
wisher to show himself. He did so, not in the shape of a hardy
labourer, with his farming or gardening tools on his shoulder; nor yet
of a picturesque old man bending beneath his faggot. Such might
better have beseemed the place: but this was a middle-aged,
shrewd-looking little man, whom one would have guessed to be
town-bred. He came forward, saying that he had a message for her
ladyship from his wife;—my lord knew his wife.
“Not I,” said his lordship. “I did not know you had a wife.”
“May be not, my lord; but you know the woman. She that keeps
the grocery shop, as you turn the corner in the village, your lordship
remembers.”
“What! Nanny Sweet? So you have taken her to wife since I saw
you last.”
“Yes, my lord. She has a very good business, or had before the
equality folks set up a store against us. I don’t like equality, not I. But
my wife sends word, my lady....”
“You do not like equality!” interrupted Letitia. “If there was equality,
you know, you would not need to mind who set up a store, and what
came of your wife’s grocery business.—And do not you like this
place too,—these woods, and the deer, and the lake?”
White lauded the grandeur and beauty of Weston.
“Well; this place would be as much yours as ours if there was
equality. You might fish on the lake, and shoot in the preserves,
and....”
“And lie down to sleep in the sun here beside the well,” continued
lord F——; “and all without asking anybody’s leave.”
“I thank you kindly, my lord; but I like sleeping in my bed, if I sleep
at all, unless it be dozing over my pipe, while Jack is reading the
news at the Duke’s Head. The only time I went fishing, I fell into the
water; so you’ll not soon find me in a boat again. My wife and I like a
chicken now and then, on Sundays; so a share of your poultry-yard
would be welcome perhaps; and, as for the deer and game, I leave it
to other folks to get out of their warm beds for the sake of it. It would
not answer to me to be laid by with the rheumatism for such a cause,
you see.”
“But there would be no poaching if there was equality,” said Letitia,
laughing. “Cannot game be shot in the daytime?”
“By none but gentlemen, my lady, as I have always heard.
However, the equality folks have no more game, as far as I know,
than other people. The most they pretend to is to have plenty of
butcher’s meat.—What I pretend to, and Nanny too, is to get our
bread honestly; and so, my lady, she bade me tell you that she has
laid in a new stock, hearing your ladyship was coming, and has lost
already by its being September instead of June. Light ginghams for
morning wear....”
“I thought your wife was a grocer.”
“Grocer and draper, my lady. If your ladyship should find the
mornings chilly, as they will be soon, perhaps you would look at her
stuffs;—a very pretty variety of browns, as you will see, my lady. And
her tea and sugar is of the best; and as for her snuffs....”
“O, I must make acquaintance with her snuffs, of course. Have you
a pinch about you?”
“And what is your occupation now, White?” inquired lord F——.
“The last thing I had to do, my lord, was lining your lordship’s pew
at church, and covering the hassocks.”
“And what did your priest say to that?”
“Lord, sir, I cleared scores with the priest long ago; ever since I
was employed to white-wash the Baptist chapel.”
“Were you once a Catholic?” inquired Letitia.
“Yes, my lady. There was carving work to do at Sir William’s
chapel, and I got a good long job.”
“And were a Catholic while it lasted, and a Baptist after white-
washing the meeting-house?”
“To be sure, my lady; I took a part in the week-day meetings after
that.”
“Till you were employed to line my pew; and now, I dare say, you
are a very good churchman?”
“I hope to be so, my lord. Your lordship may laugh, but I know what
manners is. I wouldn’t be so unhandsome as to take work at one
place, and attend at another.”
“So your interest has nothing at all to do with it, White; only
manners. But I wonder now what you think your religion is worth, if
you can change and change again as you have done?”
“Why, my lord, I think religion is a very good thing, as long as it
does not come in one’s way: but one must make sacrifices to duty,
as all the clergy tell us; and is it not my duty to get my living the best
way I can?”
“Well, White; tell your wife I will step down to see her stock, some
day soon. I do not at present take snuff; but whenever I do, I will be
her customer.”
Thérèse and her mistress kept one another waiting this night. The
housekeeper, who was much amused with Thérèse’s broken English
and unbroken simplicity, invited her out to a turn in the shrubberies
when tea was sent in, and she was sure of not being wanted for an
hour or two. When they came in again, they found that their master
and mistress had once more wandered forth, tempted by the rising of
the clear full moon behind the woods. After sitting nearly an hour in
the dressing-room, Thérèse put faith in the housekeeper’s prophecy
that her master would stay abroad till after midnight, like a child as
he always was, or one that lived on air, the first few days after his
coming down from town. Thérèse looked out and longed for another
ramble. The dressing-room lamp shed a pearly light through the
room; but a golden planet hung over the opposite beechen grove: a
small bright fire burned in the grate; but it was less cheering than the
bracing evening air: the time-piece ticked drowsily amidst the
silence; but it was less soothing than the coming and going of the
night-breeze among the elms in the green walk. Thérèse could not
resist. Once more she ran out, promising herself that she would be
back in ten minutes,—long before her mistress should be ready for
her. In an hour, startled by the striking of the village clock, she
returned, and found Letitia, half undressed, still gazing from the
window.
“Ah, madam!” cried Thérèse, terrified; “I am very, very wrong....”
As she hastened, with trembling hands, to throw off her cloak, and
arrange the toilet-table, appealing the while to the moon and other
temptations, Letitia, under a sudden impulse, ran and kissed the
astonished Thérèse, crying, “O Thérèse, how happy we shall be
here!” Thérèse returned the kiss again and again before she stopped
to consider what she was about. As soon as Letitia could repress her
inclination to laugh, she observed that they seemed all to have set
aside common rules to-day, and to have their heads turned alike by
coming into the country. After this, Thérèse would be in waiting at the
proper hour, and she herself....
“And you, madam ...” said Thérèse, half-smiling. “You will not
make me forget that there is one in this country who loves me as
some love me at home; but this will redouble my respect, madam.”
“I hope it will, Thérèse; for I need to be reminded now and then.... I
was not always lady F——, you know; and a moon-light night makes
me forget these things sometimes. We are all equal in reality, except
when ignorance, and all that comes of ignorance, separates us from
one another; so there may be friendship,—there is friendship
between you and me, Thérèse.”
“The knowledge which you have given me, madam, will make this
friendship my secret treasure. No one will know it who cannot also
be your friend.—But many ladies put confidence in their maids, and
tell them such things as I have never heard from you. Mrs. Philips....”
“Mrs. Philips, I suspect, Thérèse, had much more to tell than she
ever was told; at least, her secrets were of a kind that will never be
known to come from me. Your confessor shall never have to warn
you against me,—unless, indeed, it be my heresy. I would not spoil
you, my dear; and that is the reason why I keep you so much with
me. It would be hard if I did not love you and let you love me. Now
go to bed; and when the sun shines, instead of the moon, we must
forget all the wild things we have done this first day.”
“I shall never be fit to be a countess,” was her confession to lord F
——; “I kissed my maid last night.”
“What, Philips!”
“O no, no. That would be idiotcy. Philips is at Brighton, you know,
where lady Frances spoils her by a more pernicious familiarity than
mine with Thérèse. But really this girl wins one’s heart as if she had
been born one’s younger sister.”
“I dare say she is some countess, or countess’s daughter in
disguise; or so some romantic ladies might fancy.”
“Ladies who think that nobility is only hereditary. There is disguised
nobility in Thérèse; but her patent is sealed with an impress which
there are few to recognize, and it is deposited where not many
trouble themselves to look for it.”
“Side by side with yours, love. Happily, your nobility of that better
kind needs be disguised no more than the lesser which you have
acquired. This was the chief satisfaction I had in giving you the
lesser.”
“We will look among the equality folks, as White calls them, for
specimens of natural nobility. According to their theory, such always
assumes its rank among them, does it not?”
“This is one of the professed objects of their system; but it is not
fair to look for its fulfilment in such small societies as they have yet
been able to form. Master minds are thinly sown.”
“There needs not equality of outward condition,” observed Letitia,
“to make the best minds master minds. Those who, by virtue of a
patent of mental nobility, have held sway over the national mind,
have been of all ranks.”
“And will so continue to be; for, as long as men are unlike one
another, there will be a distinction of ranks, though the distinction
may be maintained by a better principle than heritage. Rank and
wealth will, I trust, be in time distributed according to natural laws;
but degrees of rank and wealth there will always be; and the
advocates of a system of equality would greatly promote their cause
by a frank recognition of this truth. While all evidence from which a
judgment can be formed is before them, and they come to a
conclusion in direct opposition to the evidence, I cannot, however
much I may respect them on some accounts, think them wise and
safe guides of the people. The necessity of inequality of condition
may be established thus.”
“But first tell me whether their favourite principle of co-operation
necessarily involves equality of condition.”
“They would tell you ‘yes.’ I say ‘no.’ They hold that competition is
both the cause and effect of inequality of condition; whereas certain
advocates of co-operation in another country hold, (and I think
wisely,) that their principle stands a better chance where a gradation
of rank and property is allowed. I so far agree with these last as to
believe the time to be discernible when co-operation, in a certain
sense, shall prevail,—meaning thereby, when all interests shall be
harmonized instead of opposed; but that this includes equality of
condition, I cannot allow, since varieties of character seem to me to
forbid such equality.”
“There must be an inequality of physical and mental powers, at all
events.”
“Surely; and therefore an inequality in the produce of individual
labour. No one labours, or ever will labour, without a view to the
fruits; and those fruits, however appropriated, are property. If a giant
produces ten times as much as a dwarf, and each is allowed the
same middle portion of the fruits, for his maintenance and
enjoyment, is it to be supposed that the giant will trouble himself
henceforth to produce more than the dwarf?”
“He will be more likely to seize some of the dwarf’s portion.”
“Certainly; and hence it is clear that the only security of society lies
in awarding to all their rights, and enforcing upon all their duties; and
what are rights but a man’s exclusive power over his own produce?
What are his duties but allowing to others the possession of their
produce?”
“You do not think then that the giant and the dwarf would be alike
contented with having everything they could want or wish for
administered to them in return for a certain portion of their labour.
You do not look forward to the lion dandling the kid.”
“I should be afraid the lion would be dandling the kid when he
ought to be out in quest of food. If there was no inducement to giants
to produce more than dwarfs, there would soon be little to administer
to anybody. The consumption of giants would soon have to be
provided for by the labour of a community of dwarfs.”
“The giants would foresee this, and then....”
“Instead of working harder for no recompense, they would
withdraw,—the mightiest first, and then the next strongest, and so
on, till the weakest of the dwarfs would be left to shift for themselves
as they best might.”
“And then would come the days of potatoes and wooden
trenchers, of which you were speaking one day.—But this is
supposing men to have the same passions and desires that they
have now; whereas they are to be educated into a better state.”
“With all my heart: but the utmost that education can do is to
extend man’s views, to exalt his aims, to strengthen and vivify his
powers,—not to change his nature. His nature involves inequality of
powers; and this decree of Providence can never be set aside, or its
operation neutralized by any decree of man that the fruits of those
powers shall be equally divided.”
“Certainly not; for such a decree of man involves injustice. If the
giant feels it to be unjust that he must give to others the fruits of his
labour, the dwarf may also complain that he enjoys no more than the
giant, though he works ten times as hard.”
“The dwarf’s complaint would thus be against Providence, and the
giant’s against man; but both show that equality is an arbitrary state,
good neither for each nor for all. Nothing but compulsion would
retain the giant in it long; and thus it is clear that, where there is
liberty, there cannot be equality.”
“What becomes of the old cry of Liberty and Equality?”
“It relates, I imagine, to an equality of rights. It means an open field
and fair play to every one. This kind of equality I am doing all I can in
my office to procure, by doing away with the protection to some
which imposes burdens upon others. By the same principle I am
bound to oppose that arbitrary equality which enriches the weak with
the fruits of the strongman’s labours.”
“But there is no force used. All who bind themselves to equality do
it voluntarily.”
“Certainly. The only applicable force is force of argument, and the
opposition I bring is an opposition of reasons. If these should not
prevail, a little experience will soon finish the business. I am only
sorry that any should be dazzled with a delusive prospect of ease
and luxury, when their efforts should be guided in another direction
for the relief of their grievous burdens. At a time when every one
should be bent on regulating the labour market, providing for the
utmost permanent growth of capital, and lessening the burdens of
taxation, we cannot spare any from these grand objects to be urging
on the increase of capital at the expense of a much greater increase
of population, and amusing themselves with visions of what can
never be achieved by the means they propose. Man must and will be
better served as the world grows older; but it will be by giving the
eternal laws of society fair play, and not by attempting to subvert
them. I shall be surprised if you hear anything from our neighbours in
the village which will not bear the construction I have put upon the
system as laid down by its originators.”
“Suppose I make myself popular among them at once by telling
them my tale of last night.”
“There is no need, my dear. I trust they do us the justice to believe
that our affections graduate according to a truer scale than that of
hereditary rank.”
“You have shown that they do by marrying me.”
“All people show it in the most important circumstances of their
lives,—in their attachments. Alas for man, if the movements within
must correspond with the outward state! Whom then would kings
love?”
“And (what is more important) how should the poverty-stricken
look up through the ranks above him, and say, with hope in his eye
and assurance in his voice, ‘I am a brother?’ How else should the
stirring thought be kept alive in him that his rights will not be for ever
overlaid, his claims not be for ever incompatible with those of his
brethren? Natural affinities are ever acting, even now, in opposition
to circumstance. They will in time direct us to the due control of
circumstance. Meanwhile, let no class imagine that any other class
denies the existence of these affinities, or resists their workings.—I
will go and see how they are acting in the village.—Shall I bring you
some of Mrs. White’s snuff?”
“Why, thank you, I am not aware of any affinity between a rappee
canister and my nostrils. But the old sexton is a snuff-taker. Call
upon him by all means, and show him that you understand his
likings. He will gratify some of yours, if you find him in a talkative
mood.”

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Chemistry The Central Science 13th

Edition Brown Test Bank

10.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) Which of the following statements about gases is false?

3) Of the following, ________ has the odor of rotten eggs.

4) One significant difference between gases and liquids is that ________.

13) "Isothermal" means ________.

14) Of the following, ________ is a valid statement of Charles' law.

16) The volume of an ideal gas is zero at ________.

17) Of the following, only ________ is impossible for an ideal gas.

31) Which of the following is not part of the kinetic-molecular theory?

He, O2, CO2, N2

A) He < N2 < O2 < CO2

Cl2, O2, F2, N2

A) Cl2 < F2 < O2 < N2

10.2 Bimodal Questions

1) A gas at a pressure of 10.0 Pa exerts a force of ________ N on an area of 5.5 m 2.

to 150 °C. The ratio of final pressure to initial pressure [ ] is ________.

Cl2 (g) + CH4 (g) → HCl (g) + CH3Cl (g)

Cl2 (g) + CH4 (g) → HCl (g) + CH3Cl (g)

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)

Cl2 (g) + C2H4 (g) → C2H4Cl2 (g)

2NaN3 (s) → 2Na (s) + 3N2 (g).

2NaN3 (s) → 2Na (s) + 3N2 (g).

Ni(CO)4 (l) → Ni (s) + 4CO (g).

Mg3N2 (s) + 6H2O (l) → 3Mg(OH)2 (aq) + 2NH3 (g)

NH4NO2 (s) → N2 (g) + 2H2O (g)

2KClO3 (s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)

NaH (s) + H2O (l) → NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)

62) The root-mean-square speed of CO at 113 °C is ________ m/s.

2) A pressure of 0.500 atm is the same as a pressure of ________ of mm Hg.

CaH2 (s) + 2H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2H2 (g)

33) Given the equation:

C2H6 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g) (not balanced)

C2H6 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g) (not balanced)

Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → Zn SO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

42) The root-mean-square speed of N2 at 33.5 °C is ________ m/sec.

43) The root-mean-square speed of NO2 at 28.4 °C is ________ m/sec.

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