summary sheet

A hydrate is no longera hydrate when mass stops decreasing

Octet rate Exceptions

AI Xe H B

EX AlH3
Negativeformal Charge on mostelectronegative

Sigma o bonds counteverysinglebondandonefromdoubleortriplebond

T1 bonds 1fromdouble2fromtriple

steric number 0 bonds t lonepairs

Stericnumbertellsushowmany orbitalsweneed
IMF Tsurfacetensionf viscosityIn

Hydrogenbonds

Musthave a lonepairand Abond

Kinetic molecular theory

PVNRT
Elasticcollisionwhenparticleshit wall
V is conserved
1Gashasparticlesinconstantrandommotion
2Thevolumeofparticles isnegligiblecomparedtototalvolume
3Particlesexert no forcesupononeanother
4 Particlecollisionsareelastic
5 KEared 1Kelvin
 Hightemplargevolume same volume
Lowtemp Hightemp
I small
T volume
a

Closeto ideal condensationpoint

attraction
Pt than idealgaslaw PT thanideal
Distillate lowerBP gaslaw
Mustslowlyincreasetemp
becauseamountofdistillate
decreases

Thin layer chromatography TLC

silipfarousseland Retention factor

polar disafeweadepf.lu
solvent
substance pastorigin
I I Dip in lesspolarsolution
If it is more mobilephase
polar it won'ttravel Morepolarlower
as far RF

column chromatography

LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE

0

Ut silicagel

Solubility Attractionbetween soluteandsolvent

Ions dissociate can'tdissolveHexane in H2O because Hzo moreattractedtoitself
 Spectrophotometry

B immonen

Mostchloridebromideandiodidesaltsare soluble in water

EXCEPT AgtHgit Pb

1st Order Half life

ln AIt Kt ten ATo t tht
k
2ndorder reaction
Kt t.to

zero order reaction

A t A o Kt

Bondenergy 0 energywhenbond
Bondenergy Lo energywhenbondbreaks

DHrxn EBE ofbondsbroken EBE of bondsformed

positive negative

Reaction Rates
Solidsand liquids are not inthereactionquotient
ONLYGASESAND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

K is so largethereactiongoesin forwarddirection goestocompletion

If you reverse thereaction take theinverse of K All apply to Q

 Soluble salts Ksp 1
Compare 5 NOT K to comparesolubility
Greaters moresoluble
Will a precipitate form
Qsp from initialconcentration
Qsp L Ksp NO PRECIPITATE
Qsp Ksp PRECIPITATE
COMMON Ion Effect
In presence of commoniconsolubilitydecreases

ionization4 as molarity Iv
ionizationtellsyouwhat of ionreacted withH2O

If youwant a biggerbufferhavehigherinitialconcentration
Equivalence point molBase MolAcid
AcidBase indicator rightafterequivalencepoint
Useindicator withpKaclosetopH at equivalencepoint

Half equivalencepoint All ofthe acid is equivalent to theconjugate base

EquivalencepointAHacidconverted to theconjugatebase
When buffering capacity is exceededrapidchange in pH
Buffercapacity
Increasingconcentration ofbuffercomponentsdoesn'tchange pH butit increases
theamount the buffer neutralize aslongas ratio is constant
pH of solutionis relative of molesof acidand conjugatebase
Diluting a buffer will not changepH
More conjugateacid thanbasegreatercapacity foraddedbasethanacid
Moreconjugatebase than acid greatercapacityforaddedacidtha
Applications of thermodynamics
D8reaction ESO
products Eso
reactants

GibbsFreeEnergy
Describeswhether a reactionisfavorableor unfavorable

SG LO thermodynamicallyfavorable DGoreaction EGO

reactants EDGopro
ducts

DGoesHo Tss

DHo Favorable
SH0 Unfavorable
DS is favorable SS Unfavorable

SG n F EEell n number of molesof electrons