Solutions Page

Solution Definitions
solution: a homogeneous mixture
-- evenly mixed at the particle level
-- e.g., salt water

alloy: a solid solution of metals

-- e.g., bronze = Cu + Sn;
brass = Cu + Zn
solvent: the substance that dissolves the solute

e.g., water e.g., salt

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soluble: “will dissolve in”

miscible: refers to two liquids that mix

evenly in all proportions
-- e.g., food coloring and water

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 Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution

1. temperature As temp. , rate

2. particle size As size ,

rate

3. mixing With more mixing,

rate

4. nature of solvent or solute We can’t control

this factor. Page
 Classes of Solutions
aqueous solution: solvent = water
water = “the universal solvent”
amalgam: solvent = mercury
e.g., dental amalgam
tincture: solvent = alcohol
e.g., tincture of iodine (for cuts)
organic solution: solvent
carbon
contains ________
Organic solvents include
benzene, toluene, hexane, etc. Page
 Non-Solution Definitions

insoluble: “will NOT dissolve in”

e.g., sand and water

immiscible: refers to two liquids that

will NOT form a solution
e.g., water and oil

suspension: appears uniform while

being stirred, but
settles over time
e.g., liquid medications
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 Molecular Polarity H
nonpolar molecules: H–C–H
-- e– are shared equally H–C–H
-- tend to be symmetric H–C–H
e.g., fats and oils H–C–H
H
polar molecules:
-- e– NOT shared equally H H
e.g., water O
“Like dissolves like.”
polar + polar = solution
nonpolar + nonpolar = solution
polar + nonpolar = suspension (won’t mix evenly)
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 Using Solubility Principles

Chemicals used by body obey solubility principles.

-- water-soluble vitamins: e.g., vitamin C
-- fat-soluble vitamins: e.g., vitamins A & D

Anabolic steroids and HGH are

fat-soluble, synthetic hormones.
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 Using Solubility Principles (cont.)

Dry cleaning employs nonpolar liquids.

-- polar liquids damage wool, silk

-- also, dry clean for stubborn stains

(ink, rust, grease)
-- tetrachloroethylene was in longtime use

Cl Cl
C=C
Cl Cl
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 emulsifying agent (emulsifier):
-- molecules w/both a polar AND a nonpolar end
-- allows polar and nonpolar substances to mix
e.g., soap eggs lecithin detergent

MODEL OF A SOAP MOLECULE

Na1+
NONPOLAR
POLAR HYDROCARBON
HEAD TAIL
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 SOLUBILITY
sudden stress CURVE
Solubility causes this
much ppt
KNO3 (s)
how much solute
dissolves in a given Solubility
KCl (s)
amt. of solvent at a (g/100 g
H2O)
given temp.
HCl (g)
Temp. (oC)
unsaturated: sol’n could hold more
solute; below the line
saturated: sol’n has “just right” amt.
of solute; on the line
supersaturated: sol’n has “too much” solute
dissolved in it; above the line Page
 Solids dissolved Gases dissolved
in liquids in liquids

Sol. [O2]
Sol.

To To
As To , As To ,
solubility ___ solubility ___

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 Using an available solubility
curve, classify as
unsaturated, saturated,
or supersaturated.

80 g NaNO3 @ 30oC
unsaturated
per 100 g H2O

45 g KCl @ 60oC
saturated
30 g KClO3 @ 30oC
supersaturated
70 g Pb(NO3)2 @ 60oC
unsaturated
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 (Unsaturated, saturated, or supersaturated?)
Per 500 g H2O,
100 g KNO3 @ 40oC

saturation point
@ 40oC for 100 g H2O
= 63 g KNO3
So saturation pt.
@ 40oC for 500 g H2O
= 5 x 63 g
= 315 g
100 g < 315 g
unsaturated
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Describe each situation below.
(A) Per 100 g H2O,
100 g NaNO3 @ 50oC.
unsaturated;
all solute dissolves;
clear sol’n.
(B) Cool sol’n (A) very
slowly to 10oC.
supersaturated;
extra solute remains
in sol’n; still clear

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 Glassware – Precision and Cost
beaker vs. volumetric flask
1000 mL + 5% 1000 mL + 0.30 mL
When filled to
1000 mL line,
how much liquid
is present?
WE DON’T KNOW.
5% of 1000 mL = 50 mL
min: 950 mL Range: min: 999.70 mL
Range:

max: 1050 mL max: 1000.30 mL

imprecise; cheap precise; expensivePage

 water in mercury in
grad. cyl. grad. cyl.

measure to measure to
bottom top

** Measure to part of meniscus w/zero slope.

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Concentration…a measure of solute-to-solvent ratio

concentrated dilute
“lots of solute” “not much solute”
“not much solvent” “watery”

Add water to dilute a sol’n;

boil water off to concentrate it. Page
 Selected units of concentration

A. mass % = mass of solute x 100

mass of sol’n

B. parts per million (ppm) = mass of solute x 106

mass of sol’n
à also, ppb and ppt
(Use 109 or 1012 here)
mol
-- commonly used for minerals or
contaminants in water supplies M L
C. molarity (M) = moles of solute
L of sol’n
-- used most often in this class Page
How many mol solute are req’d to make
1.35 L of 2.50 M sol’n? mol
mol = M L = 2.50 M (1.35 L ) M L
= 3.38 mol
A. What mass sodium hydroxide is this?
Na1+ OH1– NaOH
3.38 mol = 135 g NaOH

B. What mass magnesium phosphate is this?

Mg2+ PO43– Mg3(PO4)2
3.38 mol = 889 g Mg3(PO4)2
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Find molarity if 58.6 g barium hydroxide are
in 5.65 L sol’n. Ba 2+
OH 1–
mol
Ba(OH)2
58.6 g = 0.342 mol M L

= 0.061 M Ba(OH)2
You have 10.8 g potassium nitrate. How many mL
of sol’n will make this a 0.14 M sol’n? K1+ NO31–
KNO3
10.8 g = 0.1068 mol
(convert to mL)

= 0.763 L
= 763 mL Page
How many mol solute are req’d to make
1.75 L of 3.50 M sol’n?

A. What mass phosphoric acid is this?

 H3PO4
B. What mass calcium hydroxide is this?
Ca(OH)2

What does it mean when we say that a 100-mL sample

and a 200-mL sample of a solution of salt have the
same molarity? In what ways are the two samples
identical? In what ways are these two samples
different?
 Molarity and
m Stoichiometry m

V mol mol V
V of gases
at STP
P ML ML P
PbI2 V of sol’ns KI
1__Pb(NO3)2(aq) +2__KI (aq) à __PbI
1 2(s) + 2__KNO3(aq)

What volume of 4.0 M KI sol’n is req’d to yield 89 g PbI2?

Strategy: (1) Find mol KI needed to yield 89 g PbI2.

(2) Based on (1), find volume of 4.0 M KI sol’n.

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 1__Pb(NO3)2(aq) +2 __KI (aq) à1__PbI2(s) + __KNO
2 3(aq)

What volume of 4.0 M KI sol’n is req’d to yield 89 g PbI2?

Strategy: (1) Find mol KI needed PbI2 KI

to yield 89 g PbI2.
(2) Based on (1), find volume
of 4.0 M KI sol’n.
ML ML

89 g PbI2 = 0.39 mol KI

mol

= 0.098 L of 4.0 M KI M L
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 Cu CuSO4
How many mL of a 0.500 M
CuSO4 sol’n will react w/excess Al3+ SO42–
Al to produce 11.0 g Cu?
ML ML
3__CuSO4(aq) + __Al(s)
2 à 3
__Cu(s) 1 2(SO4)3(aq)
+ __Al

11.0 g Cu

= 0.173 mol CuSO4

mol
= 0.346 L
M L
= 346 mL of 0.500 M CuSO4 Page
.

Pb(NO3)2(aq)+2NaCl(aq)→PbCl2(s)
+2NaNO3(aq)
If we mixed 0.123 L of a 1.00 M solution of NaCl with 1.50 M solution of Pb(NO3)2, Calculate the
volume of Pb(NO3)2 solution needed to completely precipitate the
Pb2+ ions.
0.123L NaCl solution × 1.00 mol NaCl × 1mol Pb(NO3)2 = 0.0615 mol Pb(NO3)2
1L NaCl solution 2 mol NaCl

0.0615 mol Pb(NO3)2 × 1L Pb(NO3)2 = 0.041 L Pb(NO3)2

1.50 M Pb(NO3)2 NOTE: M mole/L

How many grams of calcium phosphate can be produced from the reaction of 2.50 L of 0.250 M
Calcium chloride with and excess of phosphoric acid?

3CaCl2 + 2H3PO4 ---> Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HCl

2.50L CaCl2 X 0.250 M CaCl2 X 1mol Ca3(PO4)2 X 310.0g Ca3(PO4)2

1mol 3 mol CaCl2 1mol =
64.6g Ca3(PO4)2
 Quick Check

• What volume (in L) of 0.500 M sodium sulfate will react

with 275 mL of 0.250 M barium chloride to completely
precipitate all Ba2+ in the solution?

Na2SO4(aq)+BaCl2(aq)⟶BaSO4(s)
+2NaCl(aq)