Chapter 11

Properties of Solutions
 Chapter Outline
1. Types of Solutions
2. Factors Affecting Solubility
3. Energies of Solution Formation
4. Solution Composition (concentration unit)

5. Colligative Properties
a) Vapor Pressure Lowering
b) Boiling Point Elevation
c) Freezing Point Depression

d) Osmostic Pressure
 Solutions

1. Types of Solutions

2. Factors Affecting Solubility

3. Energies of Solution Formation

 Definitions

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture

• A solute is dissolved in a solvent.

– solute is the substance being dissolved

– solvent is the liquid in which the solute is dissolved
– an aqueous solution has water as solvent
 Concept Check
Coke lists as its ingredients as: “carbonated
water, high fructose corn syrup and/or
sucrose, caramel color, phosphoric acid,
natural flavors, caffeine”.

What is the solvent?

What are the solutes?

IPC-Solutions-Borders
 Dissolution vs reaction

dry
Ni(s) + HCl(aq) NiCl2(aq) + H2(g) NiCl2(s)

• Dissolution is a physical change—you can get back the original

solute by evaporating the solvent. If you can’t, the substance
didn’t dissolve, it reacted.

IPC-Solutions-Borders
 Solubility in water

• Sparingly soluble: < 0.1 g /100 mL

• Slightly soluble: 0.1 – 1 g /100 mL
• Soluble: > 1 g /100 mL
Various Types of Solutions
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a
solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific
temperature.
– A saturated solution represents an equilibrium: the rate of dissolving is
equal to the rate of crystallization. The salt continues to dissolve, but
crystallizes at the same rate so that there “appears” to be nothing
happening.
• Table salt (NaCl): 35.7g/100 mL water (25 oC)
• Table sugar (sucrose): 211g /100 mL water (25 oC)
• Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid): 0.33g/100 mL water (25 oC)
• CO2 : 0.145 g/ 100 mL water (25 oC)
An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent
has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature
A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is
present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
 Miscible vs. Immiscible
These terms describe the ability of a liquid to
form a solution in a given solvent.

Alcohol is Oil is immiscible

miscible in in water.
water.
 Soluble vs. Insoluble
These terms describe the ability of a solid to
form a solution in a given solvent.

Salt is highly CuCl2 is CuCl2 is

Chalk is
soluble in insoluble in soluble in insoluble in
water. water. water. toluene.
 Solutions

How does a solid dissolve into a

liquid?

What ‘drives’ the dissolution

process?

What are the energetics of

dissolution?
Dissolution of NaCl in H2O

Video
 Steps in the Dissolving Process
• Steps 1 and 2 require energy, since forces must be
overcome to expand the solute and solvent.

• Step 3 usually releases energy.

• Steps 1 and 2 are endothermic, and step 3 is often

exothermic.

17
Steps in the Dissolving Process

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• Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be
soluble in each other.
– The stronger the intermolecular attractions between solute and solvent,
the more likely the solute will dissolve

– Intermolecular forces = H-bonds; dipole-dipole; dispersion

– Ions in water also have ion-dipole forces.

 Energy Changes for Solution Formation

• Separation of Solute
– must overcome intermolecular forces
or ion-ion attractions in solute
– requires energy, ENDOTHERMIC ( +
DH)
• Separation of Solvent
– must overcome intermolecular forces
of solvent particles
– requires energy, ENDOTHERMIC (+
DH)
• Interaction of Solute & Solvent
– attractive bonds form between solute
particles and solvent particles
– “Solvation” or “Hydration” (where
water = solvent)
– releases energy, EXOTHERMIC (- DH)
DHsoln = DH1 + DH2 + DH3
 Enthalpy Changes During Dissolution

DHsoln = DH1 + DH2 + DH3

The enthalpy of
solution, DHsoln, can be
either positive or
negative.

DHsoln (MgSO4)= -91.2 kJ/mol --> exothermic

DHsoln (NH4NO3)= 26.4 kJ/mol --> endothermic