Student Activity Sheet

Name: JAYZL L. CASTAÑEDA

Lesson Title: Factors affecting solubility Score:

and rate of solution
References
Learning Objectives
Chemistry the Practical Science by P.
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to: Kelter M. Mosher, and A. Scott (2009)

1. Enumerate the factors affecting solubility and the rate Chemistry the Molecular Nature of Matter
of solution by Jespersen, Brady, and Hyslop (2012)
2. Explain the effect of pressure on the solubility of gas Chemistry: The Central Science by Brown,
3. Explain the effect of temperature on the solubility of LeMay, and Bursten
solids and gas
Forgotten Chemistry (2006)
Johanna Holm

Review/Lesson Preview
1. When are we going to use the units ppm and ppb?

2. Calculate the number of grams of precipitate formed when 25.0 mL of 1.25M sodium carbonate solution is mixed with
32.5mL of 1.50M aluminum chloride solution.

Concept Notes
MAIN FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOLUBILITY

1. Nature of solute and solvent – The amount of solute that dissolves depends on what type of solute it is.
Example, while 1 gram of lead (II) chloride can be dissolved in 100 grams of water at room temperature, 200
grams of zinc chloride can be dissolved. This means that a greater amount of zinc chloride can be dissolved in
the same amount of water than lead (II) chloride.

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Pairs of liquids that mix in all proportions is said to be miscible whereas those that do not dissolve
significally in one another is said to be immiscible.

Factors affecting the degree to which solute will dissolve in solvent

 Stronger the attractions between solute and solvent the greater the solubility
o polar liquids tend to dissolve readily in polar substances
o non polar liquids tend to be insoluble in polar liquids
 Substances with similar IMF tend to be soluble in one another. “Likes dissolve likes”
 Number of carbon atoms in an alcohol affects its solubility in water (as the length of carbon chains
increases, the polar OH group becomes smaller part of the molecule, and the molecule becomes more
like hydrocarbon. The solubility of the alcohol decreases correspondingly)
2. Temperature - generally, an increased in the temperature of the solution increases the solubility of a solid
solute. For example, a greater amount of sugar will dissolved in warm water than in cold water. A few solid
solutes however, are less soluble in warmer solution. For all gases, solubility decreases as the temperature of
the solution rises. An example of this is Soda. The solubility of the carbon dioxide gas decreases when a soda
is warm making the soda flat.

3. Pressure - Pressure has no practically effect on solid and liquid but has profound effect on the solubility of
gases. According to Henry’s law, the solubility of a gas in a liquid at a given temperature is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution:

Solubility = k.p ; c = kP

Where:
c is the molar solubility of the gas
P is the partial pressure of the gas over the solution (in atm)
k is the Henry’s law constant. The value of k depends only on temperature and the identity of the gas.

The constant k in this expression is characteristic of a specific gas, and P is the partial pressure of the gas over
the solution. Doubling the partial pressure doubles the solubility, tripling the partial pressure triples the
solubility, and so forth. Henry’slaw constants are usually given in units of and measurements are reported at
25°C. Note that at a gas partial pressure P of 1 atm the Henry’s-law constant k is numerically equal to the
solubility of the gas in moles per liter.

Rate of solution – is a measure how fast a substance dissolves.

Factors Affecting the rate of solution

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Due to greater surface that is exposed to the solvent, small

a. Particle Size particles will dissolve more readily than larger ones. Thus
the rate of solution of small particle is faster than for large
particles.

b. Agitation or Stirring Stirring distributes the dissolved solute readily through

the solution, and more solvent is brought into contact with
the solid causing the solid to dissolve more rapidly.

Increasing the temperature will always cause a solute to

c. Increase in temperature dissolve more rapidly. At higher temperature; all
particles.

When the solute and solvent are fixed mixed, the rate of
dissolving is at its maximum. The rate of dissolving
decreases greatly as the concentration of the solution
d. Concentration of solution increases and the solution becomes nearly more saturated
with the solute.
Concentration of a solution expresses the amount of
dissolve solute in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
A dilute solution is a solution that contains a relatively
small amount of dissolved solute.
A concentrated solution contains a relatively large amount
of dissolve solute.

Developmental Activities

Read and study the example below:

Sample exercise 1

Predict whether each of the following substances is more likely to dissolve in carbon tetrachloride CCl 4, which is nonpolar, or in
water, which is polar: C7H16, Na2SO4, HCl, I2.

Solution: The concept of being applied here is that polar and ionic solutes tend to be soluble in polar solvents whereas nonpolar
ones tend to be soluble in nonpolar solvents. Thus the first step toward answering the question is to label each solute as being ionic
or molecular and those that are molecular as polar or nonpolar.

Because C 7H16 is a hydrocarbon, we recognize it as a nonpolar. Na 2SO4, a compound containing a metal and
nonmetals,is ionic; HCl, is a diatomic molecules containing two nonmetals that differ in electronegativity, is polar; and I 2, a
diatomic molecule with atoms of equal electronegativity, is nonpolar. We could therefore predict that C 7H16 and I2 would be more
soluble in the nonpolar CCl4 than in polar H2O. in contrast water would be the better solvent for Na2SO4 and HCl.

ACTIVITY 1

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1. Which of the following is most likely to be miscible with water? Explain

C4H8O2 --------- Dioxine
CH3Cl ----------- Methyl Chloride
C4H10S ----------- Butyl mercaptan

Answer : Dioxine (because of ability to form hydrogen bonds with water)

Correct answers will be flashed or shown on the board

2.

Read and study the example below

Sample exercise 2

The Henry’s-law constant of methyl bromide a gas used as a soil fumigating agent, is at 25°C. What is the solubility (in mol/L) of
methyl bromide in water at 25°C and a partial pressure of 125 mm Hg?

Strategy: According to Henry’s law, the solubility of a gas in water equals

Solution:

The solubility of methyl bromide in water at a partial pressure of 125mmHg is 0.0261M.

Activity 2

Direction: Answer the problem below by writing the given, the required, and the solution with the correct answer units. Correct
answers will be flashed/shown on the board.

1. Calculate the concentration of CO2 in a soft drink that is bottled with partial pressure of CO2 of 4.0 atm over the liquid at
25oC. The Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water at this temperature is 3.1 x10-2 mol/L.atm.

ANSWER KEY
Solution:
2. Henry’s law, can be applied in a straightforward fashion:
C = k.P
= 3.1 x 10 -2 mol/L. atm (4.0 atm)
=0.12mol/L = 012M

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Sample Exercise 3:

Study figure 9.1 below and answer the following questions

Figure 9.1

1. What mass of solute will dissolve in 100g of water at the following temperature?
a. KNO3 at 70oC =_______130g___________
b. NaCl at 100oC = ________40g_________
c. NH4Cl at 90oC =_________70g_________
d. Which of the above three substances is most soluble in water at 15oC =________NH4Cl_________

Activity 3
Direction: Answer the following based on figure 1. Correct answers will be flashed on the board.

1. At 30oC approximately 10g of KClO3 will dissolve in 100g of water. If the temperature is increased to 80oC,
approximately 30 more grams of KClO3 will dissolve.
At 40o approximately 60g of KNO3 will dissolved in 100g of water. If the temperature is decreased to 10oC, approximately 15
grams of KNO3 will precipitate out(Undissolve)
Allotted time: 3 minutes

Facilitator will instruct the students to answer the following. Correct answers will be flashed/ shown on the board.

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Direction: Answer the following questions below. Write the answer of the correct answer on the space provided before the
number.

____________1. Which will dissolve more rapidly?

a) Sugar cubes in cold water
b) Sugar cubes in hot water
c) Powdered sugar in cold water
d) Powdered sugar in hot water

____________2. Which will dissolve most slowly?

a) Large salt crystals in stirred water
b) Large salt crystal in unstirred water
c) Small salt crystals in unstirred water
d) Small salt crystals in stirred water

____________3. Which of the following will increase the solubility of most solid solutes?
a) Decreasing the temperature
b) Decreasing the amount of solvent at constant temperature
c) Increasing the amount of solute at constant temperature
d) Increasing the temperature

_____________4. What is a dilute solution?

a) Solution that contains large amount of solute
b) Solution that contains relatively small amount of solute
c) Maximum amount of solute dissolve in a given amount of solvent

______________5. What is a concentrated solution?

a) Solution that contains large solute
b) Solution that contains relatively small amount of solute
c) Maximum amount of solute dissolve in a given amount of solvent

______________6. Which of the following will dissolve the table salt easily?
a) Unstirred water
b) Boiling water
c) Cold water Answer Key
d) Stirred water 1. d,powdered sugar in hot water
2. b, large salt crystal in unstirred water
Independent Practice 3. d, increasing the temperature
1. The maximum amount of solute 4. b, solution that contains relatively small amount of solute
that can be dissolved into water 5. a, solution that contains large solute
at every temperature between 6. b, boiling water
0oC and 100oC is shown on the
curve.
a. What will happen if more solute is added than can be dissolved?
b. How can you change the temperature to dissolve the extra solute?
c. Is there another way to dissolve the extra solute?

Figure 9.2

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Solubility Curves

180
Solubility (g/100ml)

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Temperature (deg C)

potassium iodide calcium hydroxide

2. Find the SOLUBILITY of each substance at the following temperatures:

SUBSTANCE 10o C 80o C 55o C 25o C 100o C

Potassium iodide

Calcium
hydroxide

3. Fill in the box with I or D. where I = Increase and D =decrease

Change Rate of Solution

1. Diluted solution I
2. Decrease temperature D
3. Concentrated solution D
4. Stirring I

Closure Activity
1. Explain why carbonated beverages must be stored in sealed containers.

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2. Once the beverages opened, why does it maintain some carbonation when refrigerated?

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