Chapter 13: Solutions

13.1 Types of Solutions

Mixture Solution
• A blend of 2 or more kinds • Solutions: homogeneous
of matter, each of which mixtures of 2 or more
retain its own identity & substances in a single
properties. phase.
 Components of Solutions
• Solute – the substance being
dissolved (the lemonade mix)
• Solvent – the substance doing the
dissolving (the water)
• Soluble – when a substance is able
to be dissolved into another
substance (lemonade mix into water)
• Insoluble – when a substance is
unable to be dissolved into another
substance (oil and water)
 Types of Solutions
1. Solid Solutions- most
common are ALLOYS (a mix of 2 or
more metals)

2. Gaseous Solutions – all

mixtures of gases are solutions
because they can all diffuse
through each other. Ex: air
3. Liquid Solutions - both
solvent and solute are liquids. We
use the terms miscible and
immiscible
4. Aqueous Solutions – when
water is the solvent in the soln.
 Suspensions & Colloids
• Suspension: the particles in a solvent are so large that they
settle out unless the mixture is constantly stirred/agitated.

• Colloid: particles that are in between the size in solutions and

suspensions. (colloidal dispersions)
 Tyndall Effect
• Tyndall Effect- Light is dispersed by a colloidal
particles in a transparent medium.
 Solutes: Electrolytes vs.
Nonelectrolytes
• Substances which dissolve in
H2O are classified by what
they make: Ions or
molecules.
• Electrolytes: form ions in
water and conducts currents.
http://www.flixya.com/video/498469/How_To_Charge_An_IPod_Using_Electrolytes_And_An_On

• Nonelectrolytes: form
molecules in water and does
NOT conduct electricity.
 13.2 The Solution Process
• The rate at which a solid solute dissolves in a
solutions depends on 3 factors:
– Surface area - increase SA, increase rate of
dissolving. (what dissolves faster, a block of NaCl or small flakes
of NaCl?)
– Stirring – by stirring, you sweep away already
dissolved parts and expose new SA.
– Temperature – higher the temperature the more
kinetic energy, the faster the particles are moving,
the faster the solid will dissolve.
 Solubility
• Solution Equilibrium- when dissolution and
crystallization of a solution occur at the same
time.
 Saturated vs. Unsaturated Soln.s
• Saturated Soln- a soln that
contains the maximum amount of
dissolved soulute.

• Unsaturated soln- a soln that

contains less solute than a
saturated soln contains.
 Supersaturation!
• Supersaturated soln- a solution that contains
MORE dissolved solute than a saturated solution
under the same conditions.
• As the soln cools, the extra solute remains in soln
and creates the supersaturated state.
• To encourage crystallization, uses a “seed” crystal.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7iNG1tTVeyA

• Solubility values- the amount of substance

required to forms a saturated soln with a specific
amount of solvent at a specified temp.
 Solute-Solvent Interactions
• “Like dissolves like” is the key to understanding
theses interactions. Translation: polar compounds
interact with other polar compounds, & non-polar with
non-polar.
• Dissolving ionic compound in aqueous solns- is
called hydration. H2O is polar and will interact
with ionic compounds.
• Ionics do not dissolve in non-polar solns.
 Effects of pressure on Solubility
• Pressure does not effect solubility rates of
solid and liquid solns. However, it does effect
Gas solns.
• Increasing the pressure increases the
solubility, and increases vaporization as per Le
Châtelier’s principle.
 Henry’s Law
• “The solubility of a gas in a
liquid is directly proportional
to the partial pressure of that
gas on the surface of the
liquid.”

• Effervescence- the rapid

escape of a gas from the liquid
solvent.
 Heats of Solution
• “The formation of a solution is accompanied by an
energy change.”
• Exothermic- when there is a net loss (or release) of
energy/heat in the system
• Endothermic- when there is a net gain (or absorption)
of energy/heat to the system.
• Heat of Solution – the net amount of energy
absorbed or released when a specific amount of
solute dissolves is a solvent.
 13.3 Concentrations of Solutions
• Concentration- the measure of the amount of
solute in a given amount of solvent or soln.

• Dilute: “small” amount of solute in solvent.

• Concentrated: “large” amount of solute in
solvent.
 Molarity
– Molarity- # of moles of solute in ONE liter of
solvent. Units: (mol/L)
• Formula:
Molarity = Moles of solute ÷ liters of soln.

Ex: What is the molarity of a soln. of 0.1019 mols of

H2SO4 with enough water to make 0.100 L of soln.?
 Molality
• Molality- concentration of a soln expressed in
moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Molality = moles of solute ÷ Kg of solvent

Ex: Chlorine is often added to water in swimming pools

and to drinking water to keep the water free and
clear of living organisms. What is the molality of
0.227 mols of Cl2 and 5000g H2O?