Chemistry

1st class
Water Resources
department
By:
Manar Banwan Hasan

Chemistry of solutions
3rd lecture

By:
Israa Murtadha Hameed
 Mixtures – A review
Mixture : is a combination of two
or more substances that don’t
combine chemically, but remain the
same individual substances; can be
separated by physical methods.

Types of Mixture
1- Heterogeneous
2- Homogenous

Homogenous mixtures
• “Homo” means the same

• Has a uniform composition all through the substance, maintain one

phase of a matter.

• Can not be separated by filtration

• Commonly referred to as solutions.

• Example; salt and water; sugar and water etc.

 Heterogeneous mixture
• “Hetero” means different

• Consist of visibly different substances or different phases (liquid, solid,

and water)

• Can be separated (filtration).

• Example; mixture of soil and sand; oil and water etc.

Classification of mixtures depending on

particle size
Depending on particle size mixtures are further classified
into
Solution, a colloid, and a suspension.
• Solutions: has a tiny particle size less than 1 nanometer (nm)
(nanometer is 10-9 meters). Solution components cannot be
separated by decantation or centrifugation. Solutions are
homogenous mixtures. Such as (NaCl in water)
• A Colloid: looks homogenous, but under microscope you can see
its not uniformly mixed, contain particles in the range of hundreds of
nm. They do not separate on standing. Different substances in a
colloid can be separated by centrifugation. Such as milk.
• Suspensions: has bigger particles than the above two mixtures.
 Solution Nomenclature
It is important when discussing solutions that one use the agreed
upon terminology that describes the constituents of a solution.

•ListedSolution
below Aare three very important definitions in solution
homogeneous
chemistry.
mixture of molecules or
ions.
• Solvent The medium in
which the molecules or
ions are dissolved.
• Solute Any substance
dissolved in a solvent.

Solution Properties
Solubility:
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of a solute that will
dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature and pressure.
● Factors affect solubility

• Temperature
• Pressure
• Shaking
• Particle size

Hint; increasing the amount of solute DOSE NOTE increase dissolving

rate.
➢ Depending on solubility
➢ According to the amount of dissolved solute, solutions can
be classified into

• 1- unsaturated
• 2- saturated
• 3- supersaturated

Solutions
1. Unsaturated
Solution that had a less than the maximum concentration of solute that can be
dissolved into the solvent.
Amount of solute less than solubility limit.
2. Saturation:
Saturation is that state of a solution where the amount of solute added to
the solvent has reached the solubility limit of that solute.
This means no more solutes can be dissolved in that solution. If more
solutes are added to this solution, it leaves the excess solutes at the bottom
of the container.
 Solutions
3. Supersaturation
• Supersaturation is the state of a solution when more solute is in
solution than the solubility would allow for due to special
circumstances.
• Amount of solute exceed the solubility level
• A sealed bottle of soda is a solution that is supersaturated with
carbon dioxide (CO2) due to the high pressure inside the bottle.
When the bottle cap is removed the pressure rapidly decreases
releasing the excess CO2 to the atmosphere.

Mole concept
•Mole: Is Avogadro number (6.022 * 10^23) of atoms, molecules,
ions or other species.
•Numerically it is the atomic, molecular, or formula weight of a
substance expressed in grams.
Israa Murtadha Hameed
 Dilute solutions
•We often prepare dilute solutions from more concentrated stock
solutions.
•Ex; we may prepare dilute HCl from concentrated (stock solution).

• We may have stock ( standard )

solution and we need to prepare
a series of dilute solutions.

Dilutions and Molarity

• The millimoles of stock solution taken for dilution will
be identical to the millimoles in the final dilute solution.
• Use this formula to make a more dilute solution from a
concentrated solution

Molarity1 x Volume1 = Molarity2 x Volume2

(Concentrated) (Dilute)
(before) = (after)
Israa Murtadha Hameed
Any Questions?