(Or Why Oil and Water don’t mix, but

Sugar and Water do!)

• Homogeneous mixture - particles spread
evenly among the particles of liquid
• The dissolved particles will not come out of
solution no matter how long the covered
solution is allowed to stand.
Characteristics of Solutions,
cont.
• The solution is clear and transparent . A
beam of light will passing through the
solution cannot be seen.
– Suspended particles that are not in solution
(dust) will scatter light. Then a beam of light
will be seen passing through the liquid.
• The size of the particles in a true solution is
very small. Solution particles are
molecules, atoms, or ions.
– Therefore, filtration cannot be used to separate
the two substances making up the solution.
• Solutions have one phase.
– What are the phases of matter?
What makes up a solution?
• SOLUTE - part of solution
being dissolved; is in
smaller amount
• SOLVENT - the substance
that does the dissolving
& is in larger amount
• What is the solute for
Kool-Aid? Solvent?
Air
Soda
H2 in Pt
Humidity
Vinegar/Water
Dental Amalgam
Mothball Smell
Salt Water
12K Gold (Alloys)
• Solubility -- Amount of solute that can be
dissolved at a given temperature. This
changes due to:
– Temperature
– Pressure
– Nature of solute & solvent
• Miscibility -- Whether or not substances
will dissolve in each other
– Miscible - WILL mix/dissolve
– Immiscible - will NOT mix/dissolve
• How fast the solute
dissolves in the
solvent is dependent
on:
– Size of particles
– Temperature
– Stirring
– Amount of solute
already dissolved
• Substances with similar bonds dissolve
into each other.
– Polar & Polar
• Water and Isopropanol (Rubbing Alcohol)
– Polar & Ionic
• Water and most Salts (NaCl, CaCl2, KI, etc.)
– Nonpolar & Nonpolar
• Nail Polish and Nail Polish Remover
• Oil Paint and Terpentine
Why doesn’t oil dissolve in H2O?

• Oils are non-polar Oil -

molecules. No charge on the molecule

• Water is a polar
molecule.
• Molecules with unlike
bonds do not dissolve
into each other.
Water -
Separation of
Charge
Describe NaCl dissolving in H2O
• Water is a dipole.
• NaCl dissociates into
Na+ ions and Cl- ions.
• The - end of the H2O
molecule is attracted to
the Na+ ion in the salt
crystal and pulls it into
the water.
• The + end of the water is
attracted to the Cl- ion.
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/chem0010/unit9/9.4_solubilityionic.htm
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/chem0010/unit9/9.4_solubilityionic.htm
Concentrations of Solutions
• Unsaturated -- A solution that contains less
than the maximum amount of solute that
can be dissolved at that temperature.
• Saturated Solution -- A solution containing
the maximum amount of solute that can be
dissolved at that temperature.
Supersaturated Solutions?
• Supersaturated -- A solution that contains more
solute than would normally dissolve at that temp.
Unstable!
• How can a solution be supersaturated?
– Well, how can we dissolve MORE solute?
– Heat!
– So, heat a solution, dissolve MORE solute, then
cool it CAREFULLY.
A formerly supersaturated solution -- a single crystal of
the solute introduced will cause ALL of the excess
solute to come out of solution suddenly!
http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/2045/lectures/
Dilution and Solutions
• Dilute vs. Concentrated:
– Dilute – small amount of solute, large amount of
solvent
– Concentrated – small amount of solvent, large
amount of solute
• Molarity -- the measurement of the number of
moles of solute per liter of solvent
– M=n/V
– M -- molarity
– n -- number of moles
– V -- total volume of solution
Mixtures that are like Solutions,
but aren’t Solutions!
• Suspension
– Mixture where particles eventually settle to
the bottom
– Particles are MUCH bigger than a solution.
They may be visible
• ex. Chocolate is suspended in hot chocolate or
chocolate milk
• ex. Tiny particles of dirt (silt) are suspended in river
or pond water
Like Solutions, but not, cont.
• Colloid
– Mixture containing particles of a size between
suspension and true solution
– The particles are not actually dissolved, but
also not as large as a suspension’s particles.
– Particles remain dispersed (do not settle out),
but not dissolved:
• may appear cloudy: ex. fog, aerosols, smoke, plain
milk
• may appear as something between two phases: ex.
Jell-o
Suspension, Colloid, Solution (L to R) A Solution’s particles DON’T reflect
light - looks clear!

Notice that the particles have settled

out of the Suspension

A Colloid’s particles reflect light

http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch105-03/similar.htm
Like Solutions, but not, cont.
• Emulsions
– Colloidal dispersions of liquid in liquid
– Tiny particles of one liquid dispersed in
another liquid, but NOT dissolved.
– These are held together by an emulsifier:
• An emulsifier causes two immiscible liquids to mix
because one end is polar and one is nonpolar.
• ex. egg in mayonnaise, soap in soapy water
Soap Molecule

Soap molecules
immersed in
grease stain

Nonpolar
molecule
of grease
The End!

How many solutions do you think you

encounter on a daily basis?