SOLUTIONS AND

SOLVATION

The Straight and Narrow Path to

Solution
 The Day of Judgement
• For You will be tested on 21 February
• It is coming, You must be prepared.
• You must know your solutions
• You must know your Molarity
• You must know your way to solve the
problems
 MIXTURES VS
COMPOUNDS
• Compounds: Chemically combined substances.
• Mixtures: Physically combined substances,
normally made up of two or more compounds.
• Heterogeneous: Different Concentrations
everywhere. It isn’t the same.
• Homogeneous: Exactly the same concentrations
everywhere. It’s all the same everywhere.
 SOLVATION
• The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent
• Solutes: The material that is present in smaller
amounts
• Solvents: The material that is present in the
largest amount, can only be one in a solution
• And the Solvent said unto the Solute, “Come and
be Dissolved by me!”
NaCl(s)  Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
 What can be Solvated
• Soluble: The material can be dissolved.
• Insoluble: The material can’t be dissolved
• Miscible: A liquid that will dissolve
• Immiscible: A liquid that will not dissolve
• Solubility: How much can dissolve under
the given conditions
• Alloy: A metal that is dissolved in another
metal.
 Polar in Polar
• And the Like Molecules shall be dissolved
by the Like Molecules, Polar unto Polar and
Nonpolar unto Nonpolar each Unto it’s own
kind
• Unlike Molecules shall not be dissolved by
Unlike Molecules, Polar SHALL NOT
dissolve Nonpolar, Oil and Water Shall Not
dissolve.
 Common Polar Solvents
• Water: H2O
• Ammonia: NH3
• Ethanol: CH3OH
 Water is Polar
• As you can see, water has a positive
side and a negative side.
 The Process
• NaCl goes down into the Water

The Water surrounds the NaCl pulling it

apart, Na to the Negative side of water
and Cl to the positive side of water and
the NaCl is no more, it has been
dissolved – it is one with the water.
Polar unto Polar.
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/molvie1.sw
f
 NonPolar in NonPolar
• The NonPolar molecules become
surrounded by the NonPolar
Molecules, LIKE UNTO LIKE,
surrounded the Nonpolar Solute is
carried away as one with the
Nonpolar Solvent.
 Common Nonpolar
Solvents
• Fats
• Oil
• Gasoline
• Covalent Compounds
 Electrolytes versus
Nonelectrolytes
• Electrolytes completely break apart
and carry an electrical current. Polar
• Nonelectrolytes don’t break apart
and don’t carry an electrical current.
NonPolar
 Like Dissolves Like
• Polar substances are dissolved by
Polar Substances
• Nonpolar substances are dissolved by
Nonpolar Substances.
• Polar does not dissolve Nonpolar.
• Nonpolar does not dissolve polar.
Nonpolar will not dissolve
in Polar
• Iodine is NonPolar, water is Polar, so
it won’t dissolve
• Iodine will dissolve in Carbon Tetra
Chloride which is NonPolar.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
• UNSATURATED: The solution can
dissolve more solute.
• SATURATED: The solution cannot
dissolve more solute.
• SUPERSATURATED: The solution
has dissolved more solute then it
should.
 UNSATURATED
• More can be added
 SATURATED
• The Solution cannot dissolve more:
 SUPERSATURATED
• The solution is holding more then it should.
• When more is added, a lot flows out.
 What a Supersaturated
Looks Like
• http://www.amazingrust.com/experi
ments/how_to/Hot-Ice.html
• http://www.wonderhowto.com/how-
to-make-sodium-acetate-hot-ice-w-
vinegar-baking-soda-274006/
 Supersaturated
Sodium Acetate
• One application
of a
supersaturated
solution is the
sodium acetate
“heat pack.”
 SUPERSATURATED
• HOW IT HAPPENS
• As a general rule: Solvents can hold a certain
amount of Solute at a certain temperature
• If the temperature is raised, more solute can be
dissolved.
• If the solution is then cooled, the solute stays
dissolved.
• The solution is holding more solute then it should.
 How solutions are
measured
• Concentration: How much solute there is
in a given amount of Solvent.
• Molarity: Moles solute/Liters solution
• Molality: Moles solute/Kilograms solvent
• Mass Percent: grams solute/grams
solution
 Concentration of
Solute
The amount of solute in a solution
is given by its concentration.

moles solute
Molarity (M) = liters of solution
 Properties of solutions
• Colligative property: A property that
changes as a result of the solution
being made
• Vapor Pressure Lowering: The vapor
pressure of the solution goes down,
the amount of substance release into
the air goes down.
 More properties of
solutions
• Boiling Point elevation: Boiling point of a solution
is higher then that of just the solvent.
• Freezing Point depression: Freezing point of a
solution is lower then that of just the solvent.
• Electrolyte: A substance in a solution that allows
the solution to transmit an electric current
 Some Definitions
A solution is a mixture
of 2 or more
substances in a single
phase.
One constituent is
usually regarded as
the SOLVENT and
the others as
SOLUTES.
 Parts of a Solution
• SOLUTE – the part
of a solution that is
being dissolved
Solut Solven Example
e t
(usually the lesser
amount) solid solid Brass
• SOLVENT – the part
of a solution that solid liquid Tea, Coffee
dissolves the solute gas solid Foam
(usually the greater
amount) liquid liquid Ammonia
• Solute + Solvent =
Solution gas liquid Carbonated
Water
gas gas Air
 IONIC COMPOUNDS
Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Many reactions involve ionic compounds,

especially reactions in water —
aqueous solutions.
KMnO4 in water K+(aq) + MnO4-(aq)
 Aqueous Solutions
How do we know ions are
present in aqueous
solutions?
The solutions conduct
electricity
They are called
ELECTROLYTES
HCl, MgCl2, and NaCl are
strong electrolytes. They
dissociate completely (or
nearly so) into ions.
 Aqueous
Solutions

Some compounds dissolve

in water but do not
conduct electricity.
They are called
nonelectrolytes.

Examples include:
sugar
ethanol
ethylene glycol
PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl2•6
H2O in enough water to make 250 mL of
solution. Calculate the Molarity.

Step 1: Calculate moles

of NiCl2•6H2O
1 mol
5.00 g • = 0.0210 mol
237.7 g
Step 2: Calculate Molarity
0.0210 mol
= 0.0841 M
0.250 L

[NiCl2•6 H2O ] = 0.0841 M

 USING MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is
required to make 250. mL of a 0.0500 M
solution?
moles = M•V
Step 1: Change mL to L.
250 mL * 1L/1000mL = 0.250 L
Step 2: Calculate.
Moles = (0.0500 mol/L) (0.250 L) = 0.0125 moles
Step 3: Convert moles to grams.
(0.0125 mol)(90.00 g/mol) = 1.13 g
 Learning Check
How many grams of NaOH are required to
prepare 400. mL of 3.0 M NaOH solution?

1) 12 g
2) 48 g
3) 300 g
Two Other Concentration
Units
MOLALITY, m
mol solute
m of solution =
kilograms solvent

% by mass

% by mass = grams solute

grams solution
 Calculating
Concentrations
Dissolve 62.1 g (1.00 mol) of ethylene glycol in 250. g
of H2O. Calculate m & % of ethylene glycol (by mass).

Calculate molality
1.00 mol glycol
conc (molality) =  4.00 molal
0.250 kg H2O
Calculate weight %
62.1 g
%glycol = x 100% = 19.9%
62.1 g + 250. g
 Learning Check
A solution contains 15 g Na2CO3 and
235 g of H2O? What is the mass % of
the solution?
1) 15% Na2CO3
2) 6.4% Na2CO3
3) 6.0% Na2CO3
 Dilutions
• Stock Solution: A solution of known
concentration, normally saturated,
used to make other solutions.
• Diluting: Adding solvent to make a
reduce the concentration of a
solution.
 Dilution Equation
• M1V1 = M2V2
• Mr Simms needs 250 mL of 0.150 M
CuCl2 Solution. He has 3.00 M Stock
Solution. How much of the stock
solution does he need to use?
 Problem Set up
• M1V1 = M2V2
• M1 = 0.150 M
• V1 = 250 mL
• M2 = 3.00 M
• V2 = X mL
 Answer
• (0.150 M)(250 mL) = (3.00 M)X
• (0.150 M)(250 mL) = X
• (3.00 M)
• X = 12.5 mL
• Explanation: I need to start with 12.5 mL
of 3.00M Stock Solution and dilute it to
250 mL by adding 237.5 mL of Water.
 Boiling Point Elevation
 DT = (# ions)(molality)Kb
 DT = Change in Temperature, not new
Temperature
• (# ions) = Number of ions, NaCl has 2, MgCl2 =
3, All Covalent compounds are 1.
• Molality = You should know this already
• Kb = a Boiling point constant for the Solvent
 Example
• What is the new boiling point for a
1.20 molal solution of NaI?
 DT = (# ions)(molality)Kb
• # ions = 2
• Molality = 1.20 molal
• Kb for water = 0.512 C/m
 Example continued
 DT = (# ions)(molality)Kb
 DT = (2)(1.20)(0.512)
 DT = 1.23 C
• Old Boiling point = 100
• New Boiling point = 101.23
 Freezing Point
Depression
• What would the new Freezing point of the
solution be?
 DT = (# ions)(molality)Kf
• Kf for water is 1.86 C/m
 DT = (2 ions)(1.2 m)(1.86 C/m)
 DT = 4.46 C
• Old Freezing point of water = 0
• New Freezing point of water = 0 – 4.46 = -4.46 C