Chemistry Reviewer

Solubility Product Constants, Ksp

 Solubility product constants are used to describe saturated solutions of ionic compounds of relatively low
solubility.
 A saturated solution is in a state of dynamic equilibrium between the dissolved, dissociated, ionic
compound and the undissolved solid.

The solubility product constant Ksp, is the equilibrium constant for a solid substance dissolving in an aqueous
solution.
This is shown below:

Calculating the Solubility of an Ionic Compound in Pure Water from its Ksp
Example: Estimate the solubility of Ag2CrO4 in pure water if the solubility product constant for silver chromate
is 1.1 x 10-12.
 Write the equation and the equilibrium expression.
Ag2CrO4(s) --> 2 Ag+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Ksp = [Ag+]2[CrO42-]

 Make an "ICE" chart.

Let "x" be the number of moles of silver chromate that dissolves in every liter of solution (its solubility).
CrO42-(aq) CrO42-(aq)
Ag2CrO4(s)
Initial Concentration 0 0
Change in Concentration +2x +x
Equilibrium Concentration 2x x

 Substitute the equilibrium amounts and the Ksp into the equilibrium expression and solve for x.
1.1 x 10-12 = [2x]2[x]
x = 6.50 x 10-5 M
Galvanic Cell
 A galvanic cell or voltaic cell, named after the scientists Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta, respectively,
is an electrochemical cell in which an electric current is generated from spontaneous redox reactions.
 An electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of spontaneous redox reactions into electrical
energy is known as a galvanic cell or a voltaic cell.
 An electrochemical cell that makes use of chemical reactions to generate electrical energy.
Parts of Galvanic Cell
 Anode – Oxidation occurs at this electrode.
 Cathode – Reduction occurs at this electrode.
 Salt bridge – Contains electrolytes which are required to complete the circuit in a galvanic cell.
 Half-cells – reduction and oxidation reactions are separated into compartments.
 External circuit – Conducts the flow of electrons between electrodes
 Load – A part of the circuit utilizes the electron to flow to perform its function.
Leclanché cell/ dry cell
 The Leclanché cell is a battery invented and patented by the French scientist Georges Leclanché in 1866.
A dry cell is a type of electric battery, commonly used for portable electrical devices. It was developed in 1886
by the German scientist Carl Gassner, after development of wet zinc-carbon batteries by Georges Leclanché in
1866.
 The modern version was developed by Japanese Yai Sakizo in 1887.
 A standard dry cell comprises a zinc anode, usually in the form of a cylindrical pot, with a carbon cathode
in the form of a central rod. The electrolyte is ammonium chloride in the form of a paste next to the zinc
anode.
Uses of Dry Cell
 Electronic Equipment
Dry cell batteries appear as the most commonly used battery type for powering electronic devices.