Sketching Curves

Contents Chapter 3
3.1 Introduction .................................................................. 80
3.2 Even and Odd Functions ............................................ 80
3.3 Intercepts ....................................................................... 81
3.4 Symmetry ...................................................................... 82
3.5 Monotoncity ................................................................. 84
Chapter 1 Logic, Sets and Real Number System
3.6 Linear and Quadratic Functions ................................ 86
1.1 Logical Connectives .................................................... 1
3.7 Transformation of graphs ........................................... 90
1.2 Tautology and Contradiction .................................... 9
3.8 Further Polynomial Functions ................................... 93
1.3 Quantifiers ................................................................... 10
3.9 Functions Involving Radicals and Inverse Functions 96
1.4 Some Basic Laws of Logic .......................................... 12
3.10 Rational Functions ....................................................... 99
Exercise 1 (A) .......................................................... 14
3.11 Exponential Functions and Logarithmic
1.5 Sets ................................................................................ 17
Functions ....................................................................... 103
1.6 Algebra of Sets ............................................................. 23
3.12 Trigonometric Functions ............................................. 105
Exercise 1(B) ............................................................ 26
3.13 Absolute value functions ............................................ 111
1.7 Real Number System .................................................. 27
Exercise 3 .................................................................. 112
1.8 Inequalities ................................................................... 34
1.9 Absolute Values of Real Numbers ............................ 40
Exercise 1(C) ............................................................ 44 Chapter 4 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
4.1 Inverse Trigonometric Functions ............................... 121
Chapter 2 Relations and Functions 4.2 Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions ............ 122
2.1 Introduction .................................................................. 46 4.3 Some Important Properties ......................................... 126
2.2 Ordered Pairs ............................................................... 46 Exercise 4 .................................................................. 137
2.3 Cartesian Products ....................................................... 47
2.4 Relations ........................................................................ 48
Exercise 2(A) ............................................................ 49
Chapter 5 Trigonometric Equations
2.5 Functions ....................................................................... 51 5.1 Trigonometric Equations ............................................ 141
2.6 Visualizing Functions .................................................. 57 5.2 General Solutions of Basic Trigonometric
2.7 Properties of Functions ............................................... 58 Equations ...................................................................... 143
2.8 Functions Acting on Sets ............................................. 60 5.3 Procedure for Solving Trigonometric
Equations ...................................................................... 146
2.9 Composition ................................................................. 61
2.10 Inverse Functions ......................................................... 62 5.4 Certain Types of Equations Reducible to
Basic Trigonometric Equations .................................. 146
Exercise 2(B) ............................................................. 65
Exercise 5 .................................................................. 158
2.11 Types of Functions ....................................................... 67
2.12 Euler's Number ............................................................ 73
2.13 Trigonometric Functions ............................................. 76 Chapter 6 Properties of Triangle
Exercise 2(C) ............................................................. 79 6.1 Introduction .................................................................. 162
6.2 Sine Law ........................................................................ 162
6.3 Cosine Law ................................................................... 164
 6.4 Projection Law .............................................................. 165 Chapter 10 System of Linear Equations
6.5 Tangent law .................................................................. 166
6.6 Half-angle Formulae .................................................... 166 10.1 Introduction .................................................................. 267
6.7 Area of a Triangle ........................................................ 168 Exercise 10(A) .......................................................... 268
Exercise 6 .................................................................. 173 10.2 Cramer's Rule ............................................................... 269
Exercise 10(B) ........................................................... 273
Chapter 7 Solution of Triangles 10.3 Solution of a System of Linear Equations by
the Inverse Matrix Method ......................................... 273
7.1 Introduction .................................................................. 175
Exercise 10(C) ........................................................... 277
7.2 Oblique Triangles ......................................................... 175
Exercise 7 .................................................................. 182 10.4 Row-Equivalent Matrix Method ................................ 277
Exercise 10(D) .......................................................... 282

Chapter 8 Sequences and Series

8.1 Principle of Mathematical Induction ......................... 184 Chapter 11 Complex Numbers
Exercise 8(A) ............................................................ 189
11.1 Introduction .................................................................. 283
8.2 Sequences and Series ................................................... 190
11.2 Complex Numbers ....................................................... 284
8.3 Arithmetic Progressions .............................................. 192
11.3 Algebraic Properties of Complex Numbers ............. 285
8.4 Geometric Progressions .............................................. 197
11.4 The Imaginary Unit ..................................................... 288
8.5 Harmonic Progressions ............................................... 200
8.6 Means ............................................................................ 200 Exercise 11(A) .......................................................... 290
8.7 Properties of Progressions .......................................... 206 11.5 Conjugates .................................................................... 291
Exercise 8(B) ............................................................. 212 11.6 Absolute Value of a Complex Number ..................... 294
8.8 Infinite Geometric Series ............................................. 214 Exercise 11(B) ........................................................... 297
Exercise 8(C) ............................................................. 217 11.7 Square Root of a Complex Number ........................... 299
8.9 Certain Special Sequences ........................................... 218 11.8 Cube Roots of Unity .................................................... 301
Exercise 8(D) ............................................................ 224 Exercise 11 (C) .......................................................... 303
11.9 Trigonometric (Polar) form of a Complex
Chapter 9 Matrices and Determinants Number ......................................................................... 304
9.1 Introduction .................................................................. 227 11.10 Products and Quotients of Complex
Numbers in Trigonometric Form ............................... 307
9.2 Matrices and Operations on Matrices
(Revision) ...................................................................... 228 11.11 De Moivre's Theorem (Integral Powers) ................... 309
9.3 Transpose of a Matrix .................................................. 240 11.12 Roots of Complex Numbers ....................................... 311
Exercise 9(A) ............................................................ 241 Exercise 11(D) .......................................................... 314
9.4 Determinants ................................................................ 242
9.5 Properties of Determinants ......................................... 248
Exercise 9(B) ............................................................. 254
Chapter 12 Polynomial Functions
9.6 Inverse and Adjoint of a Matrix ................................. 257 12.1 Polynomial Functions .................................................. 317
Exercise 9(C) ............................................................. 265 12.2 Polynomial Equation ................................................... 317
12.3 Quadratic Equation ..................................................... 319
 12.4 Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation ................. 320 13.19 Equation of the Bisectors of the angles
Exercise 12(A) .......................................................... 321 between the Pair of Lines Represented by
12.5 Relation between Roots ............................................... 322 ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 ...................................................... 390
12.6 Signs of Roots ............................................................... 325 13.20 Condition that the General Equation of
Second Degree may represent a Pair of
12.7 Formation of a Quadratic Equation if the
Lines .............................................................................. 392
Roots are Given ............................................................ 326
13.21 A General Equation and its Homogeneous
Exercise 12(B) ........................................................... 328
Part ................................................................................. 394
12.8 Symmetric Functions of Roots .................................... 329
13.22 A Pair of Lines Joining the Origin to the
Exercise 12(C) ........................................................... 331 Point of Intersection of a Line and a Curve .............. 396
12.9 Condition for Having Common Roots ...................... 332 Exercise 13(D) .......................................................... 398
Exercise 12(D) .......................................................... 335

Chapter 14 Circles
Chapter 13 Coordinate Geometry 14.1 Equations of Circles ..................................................... 402
13.1 Introduction .................................................................. 337 14.2 Circles through the Intersection of Two
13.2 Equation of a Straight Line (Revision) ...................... 337 Circles or a Circle and a Line ...................................... 406
13.3 Equation of a Locus ..................................................... 343 Exercise 14 (A) ......................................................... 413
13.4 Three Standard forms of the Equation of a 14.3 A Point and a Circle ..................................................... 415
Straight Line ................................................................. 344 14.4 A Line and a Circle ...................................................... 416
13.5 First Degree Equation in x and y ............................... 349 14.5 Condition of Tangency ................................................ 416
13.6 Reduction of a First-degree Equation into 14.6 Equation of a Tangent to a Circle ............................... 417
the Three Standard Forms .......................................... 350
14.7 Equation of a Normal to a Circle ............................... 421
13.7 Collinearity ................................................................... 353
Exercise 14 (B) .......................................................... 426
13.8 Intersection of Two Straight Lines ............................. 353
13.9 Concurrent Lines .......................................................... 355
13.10 Some Important Points of Concurrencies ................. 357 Chapter 15 Limits and Continuity
13.11 Equation of any Line through the 15.1 Limits ............................................................................. 429
Intersection of Two Given Lines ................................ 361 15.2 Indeterminate Forms ................................................... 432
Exercise 13(A) .......................................................... 362 15.3 Fundamental Theorems on Limits ............................. 435
13.12 Angles between Two Lines ......................................... 363 15.4 Limits at Infinity .......................................................... 436
Exercise 13(B) ........................................................... 369 Exercise 15(A) .......................................................... 441
13.13 Two Sides of a Line ...................................................... 371 15.5 Limits of Trigonometric Functions ............................ 443
13.14 Distance of a point from a line ................................... 373 15.6 Limit of Exponential and Logarithmic
13.15 Equations of the Bisectors of the Angle Functions ....................................................................... 445
between Two Lines ...................................................... 375 Exercise 15(B) ........................................................... 449
Exercise 13(C) ........................................................... 381 15.7 One-sided Limits .......................................................... 450
13.16 Pair of Lines .................................................................. 383 15.8 Continuity ..................................................................... 452
13.17 Homogeneous Equation of Second Degree .............. 385 15.9 One-sided Continuity .................................................. 453
13.18 Angle between the Pair of Lines 15.10 Classification of Discontinuities ................................. 454
Represented by a Homogeneous Equation Exercise 15(C) ........................................................... 456
of Second Degree ......................................................... 387
Chapter 16 Differentiation 18.7 Trigonometric Substitutions ....................................... 546
Exercise 18(C) ........................................................... 549
16.1 Introduction .................................................................. 459
18.8 Integration by Parts ..................................................... 550
16.2 Derivatives .................................................................... 459
Exercise 18(D) .......................................................... 555
16.3 Geometric Interpretation of a Derivative .................. 462
18.9 Definite Integrals .......................................................... 557
16.4 Derivative as a Rate of Change .................................. 463
Exercise 18(E) ........................................................... 565
16.5 Finding Derivatives from First Principle .................. 464
18.10 Definite Integral as an Area under a Curve .............. 566
16.6 Rules (Techniques) of Differentiation ....................... 465
Exercise 18(F) ........................................................... 570
Exercise 16(A) .......................................................... 473
16.7 Implicit Differentiation ............................................... 476
Syllabus .................................................................................... 572
16.8 Inverse Functions ......................................................... 478
HSEB Model Questions 2067 ................................................. 576
16.9 Parametric Functions ................................................... 479
Appendix: Trigonometric Function ...................................... 579
16.10 Particular values of Derivatives ................................. 481
16.11 Higher Derivatives ...................................................... 482
Exercise 16(B) ........................................................... 483
16.12 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions ................... 484
16.13 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions ....................................................................... 488
Exercise 16(C) ........................................................... 490
16.14 Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions ....................................................................... 493
Exercise 16(D) .......................................................... 497

Chapter 17 Applications of Derivatives

17.1 Application of Derivatives .......................................... 499
17.2 Concavity ...................................................................... 514
Exercise 17(A) .......................................................... 519
17.4 Derivative as a Rate of Change .................................. 522
Exercise 17(B) ........................................................... 526

Chapter 18 Integration
18.1 Introduction .................................................................. 529
18.2 Antiderivatives ............................................................. 529
18.3 Table of Standard Integrals ......................................... 531
18.4 Rules of Integration ..................................................... 533
Exercise 18(A) .......................................................... 536
18.5 Methods of Integration ................................................ 539
18.6 Substitution Method .................................................... 539
Exercise 18(B) ........................................................... 544