pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL • 253

;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWodaf/] pRr:t/Lo ldl8of

cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL

xif{dfg dxh{g

@)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 ul7t ;/sf/sf] dGqL kl/ifb\sf] a}7sn]

@)^# h]7 @( df cfd;~rf/ hutn] ef]Ug'k/]sf] ;d:of klxrfg u/L
;dfwfgsf pkfoaf/] ;'emfj lbg pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]usf] u7g u¥of] .1
;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWodn] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, /]l8of] g]kfn, g]kfn 6]lnlehg
/ /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt -/f;;_ nfO{ hgfpF5 . ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf
ePsfn] oL ;~rf/dfWodn] ;w}F ;Qf / zlQm x'g] JolQm / ju{s} kIfdf
;dfrf/ k|jfx u/]sf 5g\ . @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ bafpg / o;sf]
zlQmnfO{ lgliqmo kfg{ oL ;~rf/dfWodn] ;Sbf] k|oTg u/]sf lyP . t;y{
lognfO{ :jfoQ agfpg ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] dx;'; cfof]un] klg u/]sf] o;sf]
k|ltj]bgaf6 yfxf x'G5 .
o; cfof]un] d'VotM uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] nf]uf] / ;DklQ 5'§ØfP/
a9fa9 ug'k{ g],{ /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ ;+;bk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g]
u/L :jfoQ agfOg'kg]{ / /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltnfO{ lghL If]qaf6 ;dfrf/

1
of] n]v sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf k|sflzt kf7s kq -dxh{g @)^#_ sf] lj:tfl/t ¿k xf] .

ldl8of cWoog #M @%#–@&% @)^%

254 • xif{dfg dxh{g

;ldlt gcfP;Dd hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg'kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof]

-clwsf/L @)^#s_ .
cfof]udf ;'?df ;ft hgf ;b:o lyP . clwjQmf /fw]Zofd clwsf/L
cWoIf /x]sf] o; cfof]udf @)^# c;f/ !( sf] dGqL kl/ifb\sf] a}7sn] kl5
5 hgf yk]sf] lyof] .2 @)^# ebf} #) df o; cfof]un] cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg
;/sf/nfO{ a'emfPsf] lyof] / To;} lbg o;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs klg ul/Psf]
lyof] . cfof]un] ;lhnf]sf nflu rf/ cf]6f ;ldlt— lgsfo / sfg"g ;ldltÙ
5fkfdfWod ;ldltÙ /]l8of], l6eL, l;g]df, s]an' ;ldlt / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/
k|ljlw ;ldlt agfO{ sfd u/]sf] lyof] . oL ;ldltn] 5'§f5'§} k|ltj]bg tof/
kf/]sf lyP . k|sflzt k|ltj]bgdf oL rf/ ;ldltsf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ;f/
dfq k/]sf] 5 . k|; ] sldzg @)!$ / zfxL k]; ]| sldzg @)#* b'js } f]
k|ltj]bgeGbf @)^# sf] of] cfof]usf] k|sflzt k|ltj]bg 5f]6f] 5 .
ldl8of cfof]u @)^# sf] k|ltj]bg a'bF fut ¿kdf 5 . cfof]usf cWoIf,
/fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf cg';f/ o;n] s] s;f] ug]{ eg]/ OlËt dfq u5{ /
;/sf/nfO{ af6f] b]vfpF5 .3 t/ a'bF fut ¿kdf cfPsf] x'bF f o;n] b]vfPsf]
af6f] Tolt :ki6 5}g .
of] n]vdf pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u @)^# n] ;/sf/L
;~rf/dfWodsf af/]df lbPsf] ;'emfjdfly l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf
nflu n]vnfO{ rf/ v08df afFl8Psf] 5 . cl3Nnf tLg v08df qmdzM
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, /]l8of] g]kfn tyf g]kfn 6]lnlehg / /f;;af/] rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 / cGtdf lgisif{ k|:t't 5 . o:t} of] n]v oL ;+:yf;DaGwL P]g,
;/sf/L gLlt, ljleGg k"jc { Woogsf] rrf{ ub}{ d'Vo ¿kdf oL ;+:yfnfO{
/fhgLlts / cfly{s x:tIf]kaf6 x6fpg ;lsg] pkfosf] kIfdf s]lGb|t 5 .

uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] lghLs/0f

uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf af/]df ldl8of cfof]u @)^# sf] k|ltj]bgdf
elgPsf] 5M

2
o; cfof]usf ;b:ox¿ lyPM lji0f' lgi7'/L, /fh]Gb| bfxfn, d'sG' bk|;fb cfrfo{, alatf a:g]t,
d'/f/Ls'df/ zdf{, /fdl/emg ofbj, k|tLs k|wfg, /3' d}gfnL, lzjnfn dNn, w|'jxl/ clwsf/L,
ljgo s;h" / afns[i0f rfkfufO{+ .
3
cfof]usf cWoIf /fw]Zofd clwsf/Låf/f @)^# sflQs @ df dfl6{g rf}tf/Ldf cfof]lht …pRr:t/Lo
ldl8of cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdfly 5nkmnÚ ljifos sfo{qmddf JoQm ljrf/ .
 pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL • 255

lghL If]qdf 5fkf dfWodsf] kof{Kt ljsf; / k|lt:kwf{ eO;s]sf] cfhsf] g]kfndf
;/sf/ cfk}Fmn] ;~rf/dfWod ;~rfng ug'{ plrt b]lvFb}g . t;y{ ;/sf/L :jfldTj
/ lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf ;a} k|sfzgnfO{ ;/sf/L :jfldTjaf6
cnu ug'{ cToGt h?/L 5 . o; k|of]hgsf lglDt uf]/vfkq nufotsf a|f08x¿ /
;+:yfgsf] ;DklQ cnu cnu 5'§ØfO{ lnnfd a9fa9 ug'{ tL 5fkf dfWodaf6
;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] cGTo ug]{ Pp6f pkfo x'g ;S5 . 5fkf dfWodsf] k'/fgf]
Oltxf; af]s]sf] uf]/vfkq k|ltsf] hgtfsf] efjgfTds kIf / cl:tTj sfod} /fVg]
u/L lglZrt ;t{ tf]sL o;sf] a|f08 laqmLljt/0f ul/g'kb{5 . o;/L laqmLljt/0f
eO;s]kl5 To:tf] vl/bstf{n] tf]lsPsf] ;t{ k"/f gu/]sf] b]lvPdf ;/sf/n] k'gM
csf]{ kIfnfO{ ;t{ tf]s]/ lbg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{ -clwsf/L @)^#sM !%–!^_ .

o; a'bF fdfk{mt cfof]un] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgaf/] tLg cf]6f ljrf/ k|:t't

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . klxnf], @)$^ kl5 g]kfndf 5fkfdfWoddf lghL If]qsf]
k|eT' j a9]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;/sf/n] 5fkf rnfpg cfjZos 5}g . bf];f| ,]
;+:yfgsf] ;DklQ / a|f08 5'§ØfP/ lnnfd a9fa9 ug'k{ 5{ . t];f| ,] !)*
jif{sf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] uf]/vfkq lgoldt k|sflzt xf];\ eg]/ o;sf]
q]mtfnfO{ ;t{ tf]Sg] / Tof] ;t{ pNnª\3g ePdf ;/sf/n] k]ml/ csf]{ kIfnfO{
a]Rg ;lsg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg ljleGg ;dodf ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg
P]g, @)!( cGtu{t ;~rflnt 5 . @)!( df of] P]gn] ;+:yfgsf] ^) k|ltzt
;]o/ ;/sf/n] /fv]/ afFsL ;j{;fwf/0f / ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ laqmL ug]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . To:t} ;~rfns ;ldltdf ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 kfFr
hgf / ;j{;fwf/0f ;]o/wgLsf] ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f lgjf{lrt rf/ hgf JolQm
x'g] Joj:yf klg To; P]gdf lyof] . t/ ;fwf/0f ;efåf/f lgjf{rg ug]{
Joj:yf geP;Dd ;j{;fwf/0faf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ rf/ hgf klg ;/sf/n]
g} lgo'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf klg of] P]gn] u/]sf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)!(s_ .
@)@* df of] P]gdf ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+zf]lwt P]gn] ;/sf/,
;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/L / ;j{;fwf/0fn] lsGg kfpg] ;]o/ clg ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
;ª\Vofdf kl/jt{g u¥of] . o; kl/jt{gcg';f/ ;+:yfgsf] ;]o/ ;/sf/n]
sDtLdf %! k|ltzt /fVg] / sd{rf/Ln] sDtLdf @% k|ltzt tyf afFsL
;j{;fwf/0fn] lsGg kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . o; P]gn] ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
;ª\VofnfO{ klg ( af6 % df emf¥of] . o;df dxfk|aGws Ps hgf,
u}/;/sf/L ;]o/ xf]N8/dWo]af6 ;fwf/0f;efåf/f lgjf{lrt Ps hgf, ;/sf/L
256 • xif{dfg dxh{g

;]o/afkt ;/sf/n] dgf]lgt u/]sf] Ps hgf, ;/sf/n] dgf]lgt u/]sf]

kqsfl/tf jf ;flxTo If]qdf k|Voft JolQm Ps hgf / ;+:yfgdf sfd ug]{
;]o/xf]N8/ sd{rf/Laf6 lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw Ps hgf ky]{ . t/ sd{rf/L /
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]o/ ga]r; ] Dd ;/sf/n] g} kfFr} hgf dgf]lgt ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf klg To; ;+zf]lwt P]gdf lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*s_ . of]
k|fjwfg oyfjt} 5 . o;} k|fjwfgsf sf/0f ;/sf/n] g} ;~rfns ;ldltsf
;a} ;b:o lgo'Qm ul//x]sf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ cfˆgf] /fhgLlts ljrf/nfO{
;dy{g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ 5fGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgaf/] ldl8of cfof]u @)^# sf] ;'emfjn] ;/sf/L
x:tIf]knfO{ /f]Sg vf]hs] f] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] 5fkf rnfpg gx'g] l;¢fGtnfO{
cfof]un] cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . t/ cfof]un] ;+:yfgsf ljleGg k|sfzg4 nfO{
6'qmf6'qmf kf/L sdhf]/ agfpg vf]hs ] f] cf/f]k uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Ln]
nufPsf 5g\ ->]i7 @)^#, uf]/vfkq @)^#s_ / cfof]un] lbPsf] o:tf]
;'emfjsf] lj/f]w:j¿k uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] o'lgog /
kqsf/n] ldn]/ cfGtl/s ¿kdf 5'§} sfo{bn agfO{ cWoog klg u/fO;s]sf]
5 . o; sfo{bnn] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ 6«:6sf] df]8ndf n}hfg ;'emfj
lbPsf] lyof] .5
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] lghLs/0fsf] d'2f gofF xf]Og . @)!$ ;fndf u7g
ul/Psf] k|; ] sldzgn] ;/sf/nfO{ uf]/vfkq aGb ug{ cfu|x u/]sf] lyof]
-rfkfufO{+ @)^)[@)!%]_ . @))& ;fnkl5sf ;/sf/n] klg uf]/vfkqsf]
b'?kof]u ul//x]sf lyP / To;}nfO{ lg?T;flxt kfg{ k|; ] sldzgn] o:Tff]
k|:tfj cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] .
@)$& df cfPsf] k|; ] gLltdf ;/sf/n] 5fkf grnfpg] ljifodf s]xL
pNn]v ePsf] 5}g ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)$([@)$&]_ . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt,
@)$( df klg of] s'/f k|:6 ¿kdf cfPsf] 5}g . o; gLltn] uf]/vfkq
;+:yfgsf] ;]o/ lghL If]qnfO{ klg afF8g\ ] / o;nfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg] dfq
eg]sf] 5 ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)^)[@)$(]_ . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt agfpg

4
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgn] b}lgs klqsfx¿ uf]/vfkq / b /fOlhª g]kfnÙ dfl;sx¿ d'gf, o'jfd~r /
dw'ks{ k|sfzg u5{ .
5
@)^# kmfu'g !* df ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{sf] sfo{bnn] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ d~qfnodf u/]sf]
cGtlq{mof sfo{qmddf uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf tTsfnLg sfo{sf/L cWoIf t]hk|sfz kl08tn] JoQm
u/]sf] wf/0ffdf cfwfl/t .
 pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL • 257

g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| sf] ;/sf/n] g/xl/ cfrfo{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf !^ ;b:oLo

sfo{bn agfPsf] lyof] .
@)%@ df g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| ;+;bLo bn, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ ljifo
;ldltsf] ;+of]hg ub}{ g/xl/ cfrfo{n] ;~rf/ If]qdf ePsf sfo{x¿sf]
d"NofÍg u/]sf lyP . pgn] @)%@ sflQs !$ df tTsfnLg ;"rgf tyf
;~rf/ dGqL lr/~hLjL jfUn]nfO{ k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf lyP . To; k|ltj]bgdf
elgPsf] lyof], æk|hftGqdf ;/sf/n] ;dfrf/ klqsfsf] k|sfzg ug'{ :jfefljs
/ ;xh b]lvFbg} . o;}n] ljutsf] g]kfnL ;/sf/n] lghL If]qdf x:tfGtl/t
ug]{ s'/fnfO{ l;4fGttM :jLsf/]sf] lyof] t/ sltko sf/0f Jojxf/df
¿kfGt/ x'g ;s]gÆ -cfrfo{ @)%^M @!%_ . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ tTsfn
;/sf/L lgoGq0faf6 d'Qm ul/g'kg]{ ;'emfj To; k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 .
o; gLltsf] sl/a b; jif{kl5 NofOPsf] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf]
bL3{sfnLg gLlt @)%( n] klg uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf af/]df @)$( sf]
gLlts} s'/fnfO{ bf]xf]¥ofPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] slxNo} klg gLltut ¿kdf
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgdflysf] k"/} lgoGq0f 5f]8g\ rfx]sf] 5}g eGg] s'/f oL
gLltaf6 :ki6 x'G5 .
gjf}F k~rjifL{o{ of]hgfdf ;/sf/n] lghLs/0f ug]{ ;/sf/L ;+:yfgsf]
;"rLdf uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ /fv]sf] lyof] -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u @)%%_ .
t/ b;f}F of]hgfdf eg] of] d'2f p7fOPsf] lyPg . x'g t ;/sf/n] ;/sf/L
;+:yfgdf ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] pRr:t/Lo ;+:yfg ;'wf/ ;ldlt @)^# u7g
u/]sf] lyof] . 8f= ef]nfgfy rfln;]sf] cWoIftfdf u7g ul/Psf] o; ;ldltn]
@)^$ ;fpg @) df ;/sf/nfO{ k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf] lyof] . o; k|ltj]bgn]
;+:yfgx¿nfO{ /fd|f,] ;Gtf]ifk|b, ;'wf/ ck]lIft, v/fa / w]/} v/fa u/L kfFr
k|sf/df juL{s/0f u/]sf] lyof] . o;df uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg v/fasf] >]0fLdf
k/]sf] lyof] / ;/sf/nfO{ uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg lghL If]qnfO{ a]Rg ;'emfj
lbOPsf] lyof] -rfln;] @)^$_ .
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgn] @)#^ ;fnb]lv ;/sf/af6 cg'bfg kfO/x]sf] 5}g
->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)%&_ . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^$
cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)^!÷^@ df uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgdf ?= !# nfv !* xhf/
gf]S;fgL ePsf] lyof] -dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no @)^$s_ . rfln;]
;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgdf uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] cj:yfaf/]df elgPsf] 5M
258 • xif{dfg dxh{g

sd{rf/L;DaGwL bfloTjsf nflu eg]/ 5'§ØfPsf] /sd Hofb} ck'u b]lvG5 . laqmL
d'gfkmf c+z /fd|f] eP tfklg sf/f]af/df sdL / pRr lz/f]ef/ vr{sf sf/0fn]
;+:yfgn] cfzfltt d'gfkmf ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . sd{rf/L s6f}tL / sf/f]af/df
j[l4 u/L, n]vfk|0ffnLnfO{ r':t /fVb} ;a} k|sf/sf bfloTjsf] lglDt kof{Kt /sd
5'§ØfpFb} ;+:yfg cl3 a9\g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;+:yfgn] xfnsf jif{x¿df s]xL d'gfkmf
u/]sf] tyf ;l~rt d'gfkmfd} /x]sf] b]lvP tfklg 7"nf] /sd sd{rf/L cjsfz
sf]ifsf] nflu Joj:yf ug{ afFsL /x]sfn] jf:tljs ¿kdf ;+:yfgsf] g]6 jy{ g}
C0ffTds x'g] cj:yfdf 5 -rfln;] @)^$M @$–@%_ .

uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/L :jo+n] klg o;sf] ;'wf/sf ljleGg df]8nsf]

vf]hL u/]sf 5g\ . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;‹–$& n] @)^# ;fpg !^
ut] …nf]stGqdf uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] dfu{lrqÚ ljifos sfo{zfnf uf]i7L klg
u/]sf] lyof] . To; lbg ;~rf/;DaGwL cg'ejL / lj1 JolQmx¿n] uf]/vfkq
;+:yfgsf] eljioaf/] cfˆgf] wf/0ff sfo{kqdfk{mt k|:t't u/]sf lyP .6
o'jfd~rsf tTsfnLg ;Dkfbs ljho rfln;]n] cfˆgf] sfo{kqdf
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ ;+;bsf] dftxtdf Nofpg'k5{ eGg] ts{ u/]sf 5g\
-rfln;] @)^#s_ . o;sf nflu ;+;bn] a8fkq kfl/t ug'k{ 5{ eGg] cfu|x
rfln;]sf] 5 . a8fkq tof/ ePkl5 ;+:yfgsf] ;]o/ ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t
sd{rf/L, lghL 5fkf ;~rf/ ;+:yf, sfuh, 5fkf;DaGwL d;nGb pBf]u,
b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfx¿ cflbnfO{ ug'{kg]{ ljrf/ rfln;]sf] 5
-rfln;] @)^#s_ .
plNnlvt sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf cfˆgf] dGtJo lbFb} g]skf Pdfn]sf k|bLk
g]kfnn] klg rfln;]sf] ljrf/k|lt ljdlt hgfPsf lyP . cfk"mnfO{
;xsf/Ls/0fsf] kIfdf pEofpFb} pgn] eg]sf lyP, æof] ;+;b\nfO{ w]/}
gaf]sfpg'xf];\ x}, s'g lbg d5{ a]sf/df, lsg af]sfO{ /xg'xG' 5 ef/L < of]
d[To'sf] d'vdf 5Æ -g]kfn @)^#M &@_ . ;+:yfgs} cfgGb/fd cfrfo{ klg
;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL ePsf] u'7Lsf] /]vb]vdf uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg rNg'kg]{
lhls/ u5{g\ -cfrfo{ @)^#_ . clxn] ;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWoddf ;~rf/
dGqLsf] g} xfnL d'xfnL 5 . rfln;]sf] cjwf/0ffcGtu{t ;+;bLo ;~rf/
;ldltcGtu{t uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ /fVbf ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;a}

6
;f] sfo{qmddf k|:t't sfo{kq / ljleGg JolQmx¿n] k|:t't u/]sf ljrf/ ;‹n] k|sfzg u/]sf]
:dfl/sfdf klg ;Ílnt 5g\ -dfy]df @)^#_ .
 pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL • 259

/fhgLlts kf6L{sf] rf;f]df of] k5{ h;n] ubf{ o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/
x'g] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
t/ o; df]8nk|lt cfnf]rgf ug]{ JolQm ;+:yfgleq g} 5g\ . uf]/vfkq
b}lgssf tTsfnLg gfoj sfo{sf/L ;Dkfbs ;Ltf/fd cu|xl/ k|Zg u5{g,\
æs] xfd|f ;+;bLo g]tfx¿df / sd{rf/L, kqsf/x¿df lgikIftf, Odfgbf/
efjgf tyf aLaL;L sd{rf/L, kqsf/x¿df ePe}mF cfTdfg'zf;g, pBdzLntf
d]xgtL k|jl[ Q 5 <Æ -cu|xl/ @)^#M @$_ .
csf]{ sfo{kqdf /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;‹–g]kfnsf sfo{sf/L cWoIf,
bLksk|sfz af:sf]6fn] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ ;xsf/Ls/0fsf] df]8ndf
n}hfg'kg]{ wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf 5g\ -af:sf]6f @)^#_ . o; df]8ndf uf]/vfkq
;+:yfgsf] ;]o/ kqsf/;DaGwL ;+:yf, ;~rf/ ;+:yf, lj1fkg Ph]G;L, ;+:yfgsf
sd{rf/L cflbdf laqmL ul/G5 . ;xsf/Ldf n}hfFbf sd{rf/Ln] klg ;]o/
lsGg] x'gfn] cfˆgf] pGgltsf nflu klg sd{rf/Ln] a9L nugzLn eP/ sfd
u5{g\ eGg] af:sf]6fsf] ts{ xf] . uf]/vfkq b}lgssf tTsfnLg ;xfos
;Dkfbs 8Da/hË 8fFuL -@)^#_ sf] wf/0ff klg af:sf]6f;Fu ldNbf]hN' bf] 5 .
To; sfo{qmddf g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf k|bLk g]kfn -@)^#_ / tTsfnLg g]kfnL
sfª\u; ]| -k|hftflGqs_ sf dLg]Gb| l/hfn -@)^#_ n] klg ;xsf/Ls/0fs}
kIfdf cfk"mnfO{ pEofPsf lyP .
t/ g]kfnsf] kl/k|I] odf ;xsf/L df]8ndf klg ;d:of b]V5g\ ;Ltf/fd
cu|xl/ . pgsf cg';f/ ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/L alnof] x'g' eg]sf] ToxfFsf]
o'lgog alnof] x'g' xf] . oL o'lgog /fhgLlts kf6L{sf ljrf/cg';f/ km/skm/s
5g\ . o;af6 pTkGg u'6aGbL, g]tflu/Lsf sf/0f ;+:yfg} 8'Ag] ;d:of 5
-cu|xl/ @)^#_ . o:t} ;d:of b]v/] uf]/vfkq b}lgssf tTsfnLg k|wfg
;Dkfbs p4j pkfWofo -@)^#_ ;+:yfgsf] k"0f{ ;/sf/Ls/0fsf] kIfdf ;d]t
k'us] f 5g\ .
;/sf/sf] lgoGq0feGbf aflx/ Nofpg' g} lghLs/0f xf] . o;sf df]8n
w]/} 5g\ . lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) n] 5 k|sf/sf lghLs/0fsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5M

!= k|lti7fgsf] ;]o/x¿ hg;fwf/0f, sd{rf/L, sfdbf/ tyf To:tf] k|lti7fgsf]

Joj:yfkg ;~rfng ug{ OR5's s'g} sDkgLnfO{ laqmL u/]/, t/ o;/L
260 • xif{dfg dxh{g

;]o/ laqmL ubf{ k|lti7fgsf] k|sl[ t tyf ljQLo cj:yf x]/L ;Dej
eP;Dd hg;fwf/0f, ===sd{rf/Lx¿sf] a9L k|of]u u/fOg]5 .
@= ;xsf/Ls/0f u/]/,
#= k|lti7fgsf] ;DklQ a]rlavg u/]/,
$= k|lti7fgsf] ;DklQ ef8fdf lbP/,
%= k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfkgdf lghL If]qnfO{ ;xeflutf u/fP/,
^= ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf >L % sf] ;/sf/n] pko'Qm b]vs ] f] cGo s'g}
dfWod ckgfP/ ->]i7 @)^$M @$)_ .

dflysf] bf];f| ] a'bF faf6 yfxf x'G5 uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Ln] ;f]rh
] :tf]
;xsf/Ls/0f jf ;+;bsf] dftxtdf /fVg] df]8ndf o; ;+:yfgnfO{ n}hfg
lghLs/0f eGg] zAbn] /f]Sb}g . oL df]8nn] ;+:yfgsf] ;]o/ ;/sf/af6
lems]/ u}/;/sf/L If]qdf a]Rg] ljrf/ af]S5g\ . t/ ldl8of cfof]u @)^# sf]
k|sflzt k|ltj]bgn] ;+:yfgsf] a|f08 / ;DklQ 5'§ØfP/ lghLs/0f ug{
;'emfj lbPsfn] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lsf] kL/ hfoh b]lvG5 . cfˆgf]
cfqmf]z kf]Vb} ljho rfln;]n] n]vs ] f 5g\M

;~rf/;+:yfs} g]t[Tj u/]sf e/df ljz]if1 7flgg] dfgl;stfaf6 d'Qm eO{ :jfoQtf
/ lghLs/0fsf af/]df hfgsf/ ljz]if1 / uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgs} sd{rf/L–kqsf/x¿sf]
;d]t /fo ;xdlt lnOg] xf] eg] pko'Qm 9fFrfsf] vf]hL c;Dej klg b]lvFb}g
-rfln;] @)^#v_ .

t/ cfof]usf] 5fkf dfWod ;ldltsf] ;'emfj k|ltj]bgdf o; ;+:yfgsf

af/]df clns lj:t[tdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . To;df elgPsf] 5M

;/sf/L 5fkf dfWodnfO{ oyf;So rfF8f] lghLs/0f / ;f] x'g g;s]df ;xsf/Ls/0f
ul/g' kb{5 . ;xsf/Ls/0f klg gePdf kqsf/x¿sf] cGtu{t /xg] u/L Ps sf]ifsf]
Joj:yf u/]/ rnfpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 -clwsf/L @)^#v_ .

o;af6 :ki6 x'G5 uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] a|f08 / ;DklQ cnUofP/ a]Rg] ljrf/
of] ;ldltn] cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg a'emfO;s]kl5 dfq cfPsf] xf] . a|f08 / ;DklQ
5'§Øfpg] of] k|:tfjsf] d'Vo cfwf/ s] xf]nf < eGg] lh1f;f :jfefljs
¿kdf p7\5 . cfof]usf ;b:o /3' d}gfnLsf cg';f/ uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf]
 pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL • 261

a|f08 / ;DklQ a]r/] cfPsf] k};fn] ;+:yfgsf ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ kfFr ;ft
jif{df kfpg] Psd'i6 /sd lbO{ …uf]N8]g Xof08;]sÚ ug{] cfof]usf] ljrf/
lyof] / o:tf] k|:tfj ul/Psf] xf] .7 o;sf] dtna lghLs/0f ul/;s]kl5
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf cgfjZos sd{rf/LnfO{ cjsfz lbFbf klg pgLx¿sf]
clxt gxf];\ eGg] rfxgf ldl8of cfof]un] lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
k|sflzt k|ltj]bgdf k|of]u ul/Psf] efiffnfO{ ulxl/P/ x]g{] xf] eg]
cfof]un] ;xsf/Ls/0f jf ;+;bLo ;~rf/ ;ldltsf] dftxtdf /fVg]eGbf
klg s'g} Jofkf/LnfO{ uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] ;DklQ / a|f08 5'§ØfP/ a]Rg
vf]hs] f] cfef; x'G5 . gq Pp6} Jofkf/LnfO{ ;]o/sf] 7"nf] lx:;f ghfcf];\
eg]/ lglZrt xbaGbL /fVg ;lsGYof] . lghL If]qsf ;~rf/dfWodsf] Wo]o
gfkmf sdfpg' x'G5 / oL kf7ssf] k};fdf eGbf w]/} lj1fkgsf] k};fdf lge{/
x'G5g\ . :jfefljs ¿kdf o:tf ;~rf/dfWodn] kf7seGbf lj1fkgbftfsf]
lxtnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf x'G5g\ . To;}n] d'Vo p2]Zo gfkmf sdfpg]
gePsf ;fjh{lgs 5fkfsf] klg cfjZostf x'G5 . k|sflzt k|ltj]bgn]
cfof]usf] 5fkfdfWod ;ldltsf] cfzonfO{ ;d]6g\ ;s]sf] 5}g . ldl8of
cfof]u @)^# sf] 5fkfdfWod ;ldltsf ;+of]hs alatf a:g]tsf cg';f/
a|f08 / ;DklQsf] s'/f ;'?d} klg p7]sf] lyof] t/ l6kf]6sf qmddf 5'6s
] fn]
k|ltj]bgdf gk/]sf] xf] . 8

uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgnfO{ ;'wf/tk{m cl3 a9fpg] xf] eg] o;sf] ;]o/

;j{;fwf/0fdf k|jflxt ug'{ g} pQd x'G5 . ;xsf/Ls/0f jf 6«i6 s'g} klg
df]8n cfk}mF df cr's pkfo xf]Og . d'Vo s'/f o;df /fhgLlts kf6L{,
;]o/wgL clg lj1fkgbftfsf] cgfjZos x:tIf]k gxf];\ eGg] g} xf] .
ldl8of cfof]un] ;/sf/n] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg rnfpg x'bF g} eGg] ;'emfj lbP
klg of] nfu" x'g] ;Defjgf sd 5 . @)$( / @)%( sf] gLltn] eg]emF}
;j{;fwf/0f / sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]o/ lbg grfxg] ;/sf/;Fu w]/} cfzf ug{
;lsFbg} . klxnf] s'/f, ;/sf/n] uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg grnfpg] s'/f gLltd}
cfpg' k¥of] / bf];f| ,] ;/sf/n] klg To; gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ k¥of] .
clg dfq uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkg r':t aG5 / o;sf k|sfzgsf]
k|efjsfl/tfdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;S5 .

7
d}gfnL;Fu @)^# c;f]h !! df ul/Psf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t .
8
a:g]t;Fu @)^% j}zfv * df ul/Psf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t .
262 • xif{dfg dxh{g

/]l8of] / l6eLsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf

@)^# sf] ldl8of cfof]un] /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|;f/0fsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ eg]sf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo oL
;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWoddf cgfjZos /fhgLlts / cfly{s k|efjnfO{ x6fpg'
xf] . o;af/] cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdf elgPsf] 5M

nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] l;4fGtcg'¿k g} ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f

;]jfsf ¿kdf /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ n}hfg ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f
;]jf;DaGwL 5'§} sfg"gsf] Joj:yf u/L ;f]xLcg'¿k :jtGq af]8{ u7g ug]{, of]Uo /
;Ifd JolQmsf] lgo'lQm ug{] To:tf] af]8{ ;+;b\k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] / ;+;bLo ;'gjfO
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;/sf/åf/f af]8{ u7gsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / cfly{s ;|f]t–
;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttf h:tf Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ -clwsf/L @)^#sM #&–#* _ .

x'g t ;/sf/L ljB'tLo dfWodnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fdf n}hfg'kg]{

dfu of]eGbf cufl8 klg ePsf] lyof] . @)%( df ef/tbQ sf]O/fnfsf]
;+of]hsTjdf ag]sf] ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L ;~rfng
ug]a{ f/] ;'emfj sfo{bnn] /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ klAns ;le{;
a|f8] sfl:6ª\ -;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f_ df kl/jt{g ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj
lbPsf] lyof] . o;f] ubf{ nfUg] vr{ clg ;~rfng :jtGq / :jfoQ tj/n]
ug]{ Joj:yf ;/sf/n] ldnfpg'kg]{ wf/0ff To; sfo{bnn] /fv]sf] lyof]
-sf]O/fnf @)%(_ . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf af/]df ldl8of cfof]u @)^#
sf] k|sflzt k|ltj]bgn] eg]sf] d'Vo s'/f oxL g} xf] . o;nfO{ Jojxf/df
ptfg{ ufx|f] 5 .
clxn] lghL If]qaf6 klg l6eL / /]l8of] ;'? eO;s]sf 5g\ . lghL
If]qsf] k|;f/0feGbf leGg p2]Zo /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] lng
cfjZos 5 . ;/sf/n] s]sf nflu k|;f/0f ;+:yf rnfpg] < o;sf] p2]Zo
s] xf] < /fHosf] bfloTj k"/f ug{] ls d'gfkmf sdfpg] < o; ljifodf k|:6
x'g ef]nf rfln;]sf] cWoIftfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] pRr:t/Lo
;+:yfg ;'wf/ ;ldlt @)^# n] ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] -rfln;]
@)^$_ . o; ;ldltsf] ;'emfj g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] nflu lyof] h'g /]l8of]
g]kfnsf] xsdf klg nfu" x'G5 . /]l8of] g]kfnnfO{ :jfoQ agfpg] pkfosf]
vf]hLsf ¿kdf /]l8of] g]kfnsf] ;'wf/ / ;'b9[ Ls/0f of]hgf @)$! ;fn
 pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL • 263

j}zfv÷h]7df nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . ;'?df of] of]hgf th'd { f ubf{ /]l8of]
g]kfndf ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ef/ sd ug]{ p2]Zo dfq lyof] -e§ @)^!M
!@@_ .
o;} of]hgfsf cfwf/df ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfosf ;"rgfTds sfo{qmd
/ /]l8of] g]kfn aflx/af6 cfPsf sfo{qmddf z'Ns lng yfn]sf] xf] ->L %
sf] ;/sf/ @)$!_ . clxn] klg /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf aflx/af6
sfo{qmd lbg]n] k};f kfpg'sf] ;§f ltg{'k5{ . oL k|;f/0fn] gful/snfO{
cfjZos sfo{qmd lbg'eGbf klg gfkmf sdfpg a9L Wofg lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
cjZo o;af6 p7]sf] k};faf6 oL k|;f/0f rnfpg ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .
t/ k};f sdfpg'eGbf klg oL k|;f/0fsf] bfloTj gful/snfO{ ;';l" rt ug'{
xf] . o;} sf/0f ldl8of cfof]u @)^# n] ;/sf/nfO{ oL k|;f/0fsf] nflu
cfly{s ;|ft] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;'emfj klg lbPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f
eg]sf] /fHosf] bfloTj xf] eGg] cjwf/0ff cfof]un] /fv]sf] kfOG5 .
ldl8of cfof]usf] ck|sflzt k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf]
gLltlgdf{0fsf nflu ;+;bn] agfpg] af]8d { f ( b]lv !! ;b:osf] Joj:yf ug{
k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;b:onfO{ ;+;bsf] ;xdltdf k|wfgdGqLn] lgo'Qm
ug]{ 5 . kfFr jif{sf] sfof{jlw ePsf] o; af]8n { ] ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkgsf
nflu sfo{sf/L k|dv ' tyf cGo sd{rf/L lgo'Qm ug]{ / jflif{s ah]6 to ug]{
Joj:yf o; k|ltj]bgn] u/]sf] 5 . o; af]8n { ] ;+:yfsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg
;+;bdf k|:t't ug]5 { -clwsf/L @)^#v_ .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf ljleGg df]8n 5g\ . cfof]un] lbPsf] ;'emfj
s]xL xb;Dd a]nfotsf] la|l6; a|f8] sfl:6ª\ skf]/{ ;] g -aLaL;L_ ;Fu ldN5 .
aLaL;L ;+;bsf] dftxtdf 5 . o;sf Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;+;bn] ;g\
!(@^ df a8fkq tof/ u/]sf] lyof] -:Sofg]n ;g\ !(()_ . clGtd k6s b;
jif{sf nflu ;g\ @))^ df gofF a8fkq 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] h;n] !@
;b:oLo aLaL;L 6«i6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;eGbf cufl8 o;nfO{ af]8{
ckm ueg{;{ elgGYof] . aLaL;L o; 6«i6k|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5 . o; 6«i6sf
;b:o k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df a]nfotsf dxf/fgLåf/f lgo'Qm ul/G5g\ .
o;} 6«i6n] aLaL;Lsf sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ lgo'Qm u5{ . To;}n]
aLaL;Ldf ;/sf/sf] x:tIf]k x'bF g} elgG5 .
af]8{ ckm ueg;{sf] lgo'lQmsf] cem kf/bzL{ ljlw blIf0f clk|msfdf 5 .
oxfF ;'?df af]8–{ ;b:o kbsf nflu ;+;bLo ;ldltn] lj1fkg u5{ . ;dfhsf
264 • xif{dfg dxh{g

ljleGg ;‹;+:yfn] To;kl5 ;b:osf] gfd k7fpF5g\ . ;ldltn] tL gfdaf6

s]xLnfO{ 5fG5 . 5flgPsf JolQmnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'gj' fO{sf qmddf cGtjf{tf{
lnOG5 / pko'Qm JolQmnfO{ 5flgG5 . o;sf] hfgsf/L ;a}nfO{ lbOG5 /
;+;baf6 kfl/t ePkl5 /fi6«kltn] af]8{ ckm ueg{;n { fO{ lgo'Qm u5{ -a';O] s
;g\ @))%_ .
s:tf JolQmnfO{ af]8d { f n}hfg gldNg] eGg]df klg lgod 5 blIf0f
clk|msfdf . /fhgLlts kf6L{;uF ;DalGwt ;+:yfsf kbdf /x]sf, ;/sf/L
;+:yfdf sfo{/t clg k|;f/0f dfWodaf6 cfly{s nfe ul//x]sf] JolQmnfO{
af]8d { f lgo'Qm ul/Fbg} . o:tf ljleGg df]8n 5g\ h;sf af/]df lj:t[tdf
cWoog x'g cfjZos 5 . t/ o:tf af]8{ / ;/sf/n] x:tIf]k ug]{ gug]{ s'/f
JolQmsf] Jojxf/, /fhgLlts Joj:yfn] lgwf{/0f u5{ .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fnfO{ Jofkfl/s k|efjaf6 arfpg cfjZos 5 .
To;}n] o;sf] cfly{s kIfdf w]/} dxŒj lbg] ul/G5 . klAns kkf]h { Og
a|f8] sfl:6ªM kml08ª\ km/ b aLaL;L gfds k':tsdf lqml:6og sf]af]N6n]
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f / Jofkfl/s k|;f/0fsf] cfly{s ;|f]tsf af/]df
n]vs ] f 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f rnfpg] d'Vo pkfodf
/]l8of], l6eL /fv]afkt z'Ns / ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg xf] eg] Jofkfl/s ldl8of
lj1fkg, Kf|fof]hg, ;A;lqmK;g, k] k/ Eo" h:tf cg]s pkfo 5g\ -sf]af]N6
/ c¿ ;g\ !(((_ . ;g\ @))% df k|sflzt ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f;DaGwL
/fd|f k|of;af/]sf] k':ts klAns ;le{; a|f8] sfl:6ª\M c a]:6 k|flS6;];\
;f];a{ s ' df o:tf k|;f/0fnfO{ tLg cfly{s df]8ndf afFl8Psf] 5 . oL ;/sf/L
cg'bfg, nfO;]G; df]8n / ldl>t df]8n x'g\ -aghL{ / ;]gl] e/Tg] ;g\
@))%_ .
c:6«l] nofdf o:tf] k|;f/0f d'Vo ¿kdf ;/sf/L cg'bfgaf6 rN5 .
a]nfot / hfkfgdf eg] /]l8of] / l6eL /fv]afkt ltg'k{ g]{ nfO;]G; z'Nsaf6}
o:tf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f rn]sf 5g\ . Sofgf8f / blIf0f clk|msfdf
ldl>t df]8naf6 rn]sf 5g\ -aghL{ / ;]gl] e/Tg] ;g\ @))%_ . Sofgf8fnL
cEof;n] ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg / lj1fkgsf] af6f] /f]hs ] f] 5 . blIf0f clk|msfdf
eg] nfO;]G; lkm, lj1fkg / k|fof]hg ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f rnfpg]
pkfosf ¿kdf :yflkt 5g\ -aghL{ / ;]gl] e/Tg] ;g\ @))%_ .
ck|sflzt k|ltj]bgdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fsf] cfo ;|ft] sf ¿kdf
&) k|ltzt cfDbfgL ;/sf/L cg'bfg, @% k|ltzt cfDbfgL lj1fkg tyf
 pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL • 265

k|fof]hg clg afFsL kfFr k|ltzt cGo ;|ft] af6 x'g] u/L Joj:yf ldnfpg
l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} oL ;+:yfsf] k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{ ;/sf/n] nufgL
ug'k{ g]{ / cfjZos /sd h'6fpg ;/sf/n] bz{s tyf >f]tfdf ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|;f/0f ;]jf z'Ns nufpg ;Sg]5 elgPsf] 5 -clwsf/L @)^#v_ .
x'g t g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;'? x'ge ' Gbf cl3 g} ;/sf/n] g]kfndf 6]lnlehg
;'? ubf{ nufgL u/] klg x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g] ljrf/ hgtfn] JoQm u/]sf lyP
-a]Njf;] ;g\ !(*%M !*_ . t/ ;/sf/n] x:tIf]k ug{ slxNo} 5f]8g] . To;}n]
x:tIf]knfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf cg'bfgnfO{ ;s];Dd sd ug{
cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0fn] ;/sf/;Fu ;Lw} k};f gdflusg
o;sf nflu Pp6f 5'§} lgsfosf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . ldl8of cfof]u
@)^# n] eg]emF} kRrL; k|ltzt cfDbfgL lj1fkg / k|fof]hgaf6 klg
Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
x'g t c¿ b]zdf u/]emF} hgtfaf6} ljB't, kfgL s/df ldnfP/ klg
k|;f/0fsf] s/ lng ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ lgoldt ¿kdf ;|ft] h'6Y\ of] klg .
t/ of] k|lqmof em~eml6nf] 5 . l6eLsf] xsdf g]l6eL d]6f« n ] fO{ Jofkfl/s
agfO{ g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0f agfpg ;lsg] 7fpF 5 . o;
ljifodf lj:t[tdf cWoog ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0f x'bF d
} f x:tIf]k x'bF } gx'g] eg] xf]Og . of] ;/sf/sf]
k|ltj4tf / gful/ssf] lgu/fgLdf e/ k5{ . aLaL;Ldf klg ;/sf/n]
x:tIf]k ub}{ gu/]sf] sxfF xf] / < ;g\ !(%^ df :j]h gx/, ;g\ !(*@ sf]
kmsNof08 o'4, ;g\ !(*% df cfo/Nof08 lna/];g cfdL{sf] ljifodf
;/sf/n] x:tIf]k u/]sf] lyof] -g]lu|g ;g\ !(($_ .
;g\ !(*% df OlhK6sf /fi6«klt gfl;/n] :j]h gx/nfO{ /fli6«os/0f
u/]sf lyP .9 o;sf] lj/f]wdf a]nfotsf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL PGyf]gL
O8]gn] ;}lgs k|of]u ug{ vf]Hbf k|ltkIfn] pgsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf lyP .
O8]gn] To; a]nf k|ltkIfsf g]tf xu u]6; \ s]nnfO{ aLaL;Ldf af]Ng glbg
aLaL;LnfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf lyP t/ aLaL;Ln] dfg]g . To; a]nf ;/sf/ /
aLaL;Lsf] s6' ;DaGw lyof] -g]lu|g ;g\ !(($M !)*–!)(_ .
;g\ !(*@ df kmsNof08 6fk'nfO{ ch]l{ G6gfn] cfˆgf] cwLgdf lnPkl5
a]nfot / ch]l{ G6gfaLr kmsNof08 o'4 ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(*@ d]df

9
OlhK6df /x]sf] :j]h gx/df ;g\ !(%^ df a]nfot / k|mfG;sf] nufgL lyof] .
266 • xif{dfg dxh{g

aLaL;L l6eLsf] sfo{qmd Go"hgfO6 / Kofgf]/fdfn] o; o'4sf af/] ;fdu|L

k|;f/0f u/]sf lyP h;df kmsNof08 ljjfbsf] Oltxf; / d'2fnfO{ ljj]rgfTds
tl/sfn] k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . tL sfo{qmdn] a]nfotsf] ;fy glbPsf]
cf/f]k a]nfotsL tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL dfu{/6] Yofr/n] nufPsL lyOg\
-af/g]6 / s/L ;g\ !(($_ . To;kl5 aLaL;Ln] a]nfots} kIf lnPsf] lyof]
-g]lu|g ;g\ !(($M !!!_ .
;g\ !(*% cu:6 & df aLaL;Lsf] sfo{qmd l/on nfOE;\df cfo/Nof08
lna/];g cfdL{sf g]tf l/rf8{ Sofslulgh / cfo/Nof08sf csf{ g]tf u|u] f]l/
SofDka]nsf af/]df ;fdu|L lyof] . k|wfgdGqL Yofr/n] lj/f]w u/]kl5 o;sf]
k|;f/0f ;g\ !(*% cS6f]a/ !^ df dfq x'g ;s]sf] lyof] -ljNaL ;g\
@))^_ .
;g\ !(*$ b]lv ;g\ !(($ bzsdf ;/sf/ / Jofkfl/s k|ltåGåLaf6
aLaL;Lk|lt u/]sf] Jojxf/sf] rrf{ :6]eg af/g]6 / PG8«Ø' s/Ln] cfˆgf]
k':tsdf u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf cg';f/ aLaL;Ldf To; a]nf tLg tl/sfn]
x:tIf]k ug]{ jftfj/0f aGg] u/]sf] lyof] !_ nfO;]G; lkm lgwf{/0f ug]{ jf
gug],{ @_ cfˆgf] ljrf/ ldNg] JolQmnfO{ af]8{ ckm ueg;{df lgo'Qm ug]{ /
#_ aLaL;Lsf] a8fkq gjLs/0f ug]{ jf gug]{ -af/g]6 / s/L ;g\ !(($_ .
a]nfotdf k|hftGq w]/} jif{ rln;s]sfn] dfq w]/} x:tIf]k gePsf] xf] .
olb oxL ;+/rgf c¿ b]zdf ePsf] eP of]eGbf a9L x:tIf]k x'GYof] eg]/
cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . k]ml/ g]kfndf ;/sf/L k|;f/0fnfO{ sfuhdf ;fj{hlgs
;]jf k|;f/0fsf ¿kdf kl/0ft u/] klg /fhgLlts x:tIf]k x'bF g} eGg ufx|f] 5 .
d'Vo s'/f /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf xf] h'g g]kfnL /fhgLlts kf6L{df sd} b]Vg
kfOPsf] 5 . o;eGbf cl3 klg oL ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ ;fj{hlgs k|;f/0fdf
abNg ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj cfPs} x'g\ . t/ ltgsf] sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]g .
k]ml/ @)$( sf] ;~rf/ gLlt / @)%( sf] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf]
bL3{sfnLg gLltn] /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ cly{s ¿kdf :jfoQ
agfpg] clg oL ;+:yfnfO{ /fli6«o k|;f/0f agfpg] dfq eg]sf] 5 . oL gLltn]
oL ;~rf/ ;+:yfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|;f/0fdf abNg] eg]sf] 5}g . To;}n]
ha;Dd ;/sf/n] k|;f/0f rnfpg]÷grnfpg] ljifodf 6'Ëf] nfUb}g ta;Dd
o:tf sfof{Gjog ug]{ txsf] clwsf/ gkfPsf ;'emfj bn -ldl8of cfof]u
@)^# / c¿ sfo{bn_ af6 cfPsf ;'emfjn] Tolt dxŒj /fVb}gg\ . o;
ljifodf ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bnsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
 pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL • 267

/f;;k|ltsf] c:jfefljs df}gtf

/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt -/f;;_ af/] o; cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg df}g 5 . o;n]
æ/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf lghL If]q ;Ifd eO{ csf]{
;+/rgf lgdf{0f geP;Dd /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltnfO{ hgtfk|lt a9L lhDd]jf/
/ pQ/bfoL agfpFb} n}hfg'kg]Æ{ dfq eg]sf] 5 -clwsf/L @)^#M #*_ .
x'g t klxnf] g]kfnL ;dfrf/ ;+:yf— g]kfn ;+jfb ;ldlt @)!^ k'; !
df lghL If]qaf6} ;'? ePsf] lyof] . bf];f| ] ;+:yf— ;u/dfyf ;+jfb ;ldlt
@)!& j}zfv #) df ;'? ePsf] lyof] . oL b'j} kqsf/sf] cu|;/tfdf u7g
ul/Psf lyP . oL ;ldltx¿ cfly{s ¿kdf sdhf]/ lyP . To; a]nf
;/sf/n] logLx¿nfO{ dfl;s tLg ;o ?lkofF cg'bfg lbGYof] . @)!& k';
! df /fhf dx]Gb|n] zf;g cfˆgf] xftdf lnPkl5 @)!* kmfu'g & ut] oL
b'j} ;dfrf/ ;ldltnfO{ ufe]/ ;/sf/ lgolGqt /fli6«o ;+jfb ;ldlt agfOPsf]
lyof] . o; ;ldltsf] c:yfoL ;ldltdf k'/fgf ;ldltaf6 b'O{ hgf /
;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 Ps hgf ;b:o lyP . @)@* ;fndf o;sf] gfd /fli6«o
;dfrf/ ;ldlt -/f;;_ df kl/jt{g ul/Psf] lyof] -a:g]t @)^$_ .
/f;;sf] k|sl[ t k"/} ;/sf/L 5 h'g @)!$ ;fndf u7g ul/Psf] klxnf]
k|]; sldzgsf] ;'emfjeGbf pN6f] 5 . To; sldzgn] g]kfndf lghL
If]qaf6 ;+jfb ;ldlt rnfpg ufx|f] x'g] lgisif{ lgsfNb} cw{;/sf/L ;+jfb
;ldlt :yfkgf ul/g'kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . o; cw{;/sf/L ;ldltdf
;/sf/n] kfFr jif{sf nflu nufgL ug'{kg]{ t/ o;sf] sfdsf/jfxLdf
x:tIf]k ug{ gkfpg] k|:tfj o; sldzgn] u/]sf] lyof] -rfkfufO{+
@)^)[@)!%]_ . To; sldzgsf] k|ltj]bgdf elgPsf] 5M

Ps ;'Jojl:yt 9Ën] /fli6«o ;+jfb ;ldlt v8f ug]{, tTsfn} cfjZos kg{hfg]
k"FhLsf] cefjafx]s, jif]{+gL 3f6f kg]{ :ki6 x'gfn] klg hgtf tk{maf6 o; lbzfdf
sf/afxL x'g ufx|f] 5 -rfkfufO{+ @)^)[@)!%]M ##!_ .

/f;;sf] af/]df k|ltj]bg cufl8 eG5M

===cw{;/sf/L :t/df ;+jfb ;ldltsf] k|f/De ul/of];\ . ;+jfb ;ldltnfO{ cfˆgf]

lqmofsnfkdf ;Dk"0f{tM :jtGq /fVgsf nflu ;/sf/n] o;sf] k|zf;g, b}lgs sfo{
cflbdf laNs'n} x:tIf]k ug'{ x'Fb}g -rfkfufO{+ @)^)[@)!%]M ##@_ .
268 • xif{dfg dxh{g

lj= ;+= @)!$ sf] sldzgn] tLg ;/sf/L / rf/ u}/;/sf/L JolQm ;b:o
ePsf] 8fO/]S6/sf] Ps af]8s { f] Joj:yf x'gk' g]{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . t/
u}/;/sf/L JolQmx¿ ?= !))) sf] ;]o/ lsg]sf] ;]o/wgLsf] r'gfjaf6
5flgg'kg]{ Joj:yf lyof] -rfkfufO{+ @)^)[@)!%]_ .
/f;; P]g @)!( n] klg u}/;/sf/L JolQmnfO{ /f;;sf] ;~rfnsx¿sf]
af]8d
{ f x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . /fli6«o ;+jfb ;ldlt P]g @)!( n] ?= !)
sf] %) xhf/ cf]6f ;]o/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg P]g
@)!( h:t} /f;;sf] ;]o/ ;/sf/n] ^) k|ltzt /fVg] / c¿ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
laqmL ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . olt dfq xf]Og o; P]gn] ;/sf/sf]
tk{maf6 rf/ hgf / ;]o/ xf]N8/sf] tk{maf6 tLg hgf u/L ;ft ;b:oLo
;~rfnssf] af]8{ u7g u/]sf] lyof] . t/ ;j{;fwf/0fn] lsGg'kg]{ ;]o/dWo]
%) xhf/ laqmL geP;Dd ;/sf/n] g} af]8s { f ;a} ;b:o dgf]lgt ug]{
Joj:yf klg P]gdf ul/Psf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)!(v_ .
@)@* ;fndf o; P]gsf] ;+zf]wg x'bF f ;/sf/n] %! k|ltzt, sd{rf/Ln]
@% k|ltzt / ;j{;fwf/0fn] afFsL k|ltzt ;]o/ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lyof] . clg ;~rfns af]8s { f] ;b:osf] ;ª\Vof kfFrdf emfl/Psf] lyof] .
u}/;/sf/L If]qdf ;]o/ ga]r; ] Dd ;/sf/n] g} af]8s { f ;a}nfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{
Joj:yf o; ;+zf]wgdf ul/Psf] lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)@*v_ . of]
clxn] klg nfu" 5 .
@)#* df u7g ul/Psf] zfxL k|; ] sldzgn] klg /f;;df ePsf]
;/sf/L x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]w u/]sf] lyof] . /f;;sf] Psflwsf/nfO{ tf]8g\ o;
k|;
] sldzgn] /f;;sf] ljsNkdf csf]{ ;dfrf/ ;ldlt cfjZos b]vs ] f]
lyof] ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)#*_ .
x'g t /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt, @)$( df lghL If]qdf /f;;sf] ;]o/
k|jflxt ug]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 ->L % sf] ;/sf/ @)^)[@)$(]_ . oxL s'/f
;"rgf / ;~rf/ If]qsf] bL3{sfnLg gLltdf klg bf]xf]¥ofOPsf] 5 ->L % sf]
;/sf/ @)%(_ . To;}n] ldl8of cfof]u @)^# n] sd;]sd lghL If]qdf
;]o/ k|jflxt ug{ ;'emfj lbg ;SYof] . /f;;af/] o; cfof]usf ;ldltsf
ck|sflzt k|ltj]bgdf s]xL pNn]v 5}g . Tof] k9\bf nfU5, cfof]usf ;ldltx¿n]
/f;;sf] cl:tTjnfO{ g} :jLsf/ u/]sf 5}gg\ . cfof]usf cWoIf /fw]Zofd
clwsf/Lsf cg';f/ cfof]un] ;'?df ;/sf/n] ;dfrf/ ;ldlt rnfpg' xFb' g}
eGg] c8fg lnPsf] lyof] . t/ g]kfndf lghL If]qaf6 ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf
 pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL • 269

;dfrf/ ;ldlt rln/x]sf] / of] gfkmfd'vL Joj;fo x'g g;s]sfn] ;/sf/n]

x:tIf]k gul/sg rnfOof];\ elgPsf] xf] .10 cfof]usf] 5fkfdfWod ;ldltsf
;+of]hs alatf a:g]tsf cg';f/ /f;;af/] Tolt w]/} ax; g} ePsf] lyPg .11
;dfrf/ ;ldlt eg]sf] hgtf;Fu ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf ;Dks{ u/fpg] dfWod
gePsfn] o;af/]df Tolt 5nkmn gul/Psf] xf] eGg] egfO cfof]usf ;b:o
/3' d}gfnLsf] 5 .12
/f;;nfO{ k'g;{/+ rgf ug]{ pkfo gePsf] eg] xf]Og . ;+;f/df ;/sf/L /
u}/;/sf/L b'j} vfn] :jfldTjdf ;dfrf/ ;ldlt rln/x]sf] kfOG5 . /f;;nfO{
k'g;+/{ rgf ubf{ b'O{ cf]6f pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 . klxnf], ;/sf/n] ;Dk"0f{
cg'bfg lbg] t/ x:tIf]k gug]{ . o;sf] kl/sNkgf @)!$ sf] k|; ] sldzgn]
kfFr jif{sf nflu u/]sf] lyof] . @)!* df /f;; ;'? ePb]lv @)^$ r}t;Ddsf]
cj:yf;Dddf /f;; ;/sf/s} cg'bfgdf rln/x]sf] 5 . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]
jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^$ sf cg';f/ @)^@÷^# df o;n] ;/sf/af6 @ s/f]8
$@ nfv @% xhf/ cg'bfg kfPsf] lyof] -dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no
@)^$v_ . of] cg'bfg g} o;sf] d'Vo cfly{s ;|ft] xf] . Jojxf/n] of] df]8n
g]kfndf sfd nfUb}g eGg] k|dfl0ft eO;s]sf] 5 . olb ;/sf/sf] x:tIf]k
/f]Sg] s]xL pkfo vf]Hg ;lsof] eg] o;sf] af/]df klg ;f]Rg ;lsG5 .
bf];f| ] pkfo, ef/tLo ;dfrf/ ;ldlt— k|;] 6«:6 ckm Ol08ofsf] h:tf]
xf] . o; 6«:6df ef/tsf 7"nf klqsfsf] ;]o/ 5 / o;df ;/sf/sf] x:tIf]k
x'g] u'~hfo; 5}g . of] ;xsf/Lsf] df]8ndf rN5 . o:tf] df]8ndf /f;;nfO{
klg n}hfg ;s] ljb]zsf ;dfrf/ ;ldltn] e}mF o;n] klg cem /fd|/L sfd
ug{ ;SYof] .
ca /f;;nfO{ ;xsf/Ls/0f ug{ cfjZos 5 -jGt ;g\ @))^_ . o;sf]
dtna ;/sf/n] ca /f;;af6 xft lems]/ 5fkf clg k|;f/0fsf
;~rf/dfWodsf ;+:yf cflbnfO{ ;]o/ a]Rg cfjZos 5 . tyflk clxn]s ] f]
cj:yfdf of] Tolt ;lhnf] eg] 5}g . lghL ;~rf/dfWodn] /f;;sf] ;dfrf/
/ kmf]6f]sf] k|of]u sd ul//x]sf 5g\ . o; sfo{sf nflu pgLx¿sf cfˆg}
;+jfbbftf 5g\ -v/]n ;g\ !(((_ .
10
cfof]usf cWoIf /fw]Zofd clwsf/Ln] @)^# sflQs @ df dfl6{g rf}tf/Ldf cfof]lht …pRr:t/Lo
ldl8of cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgdfly 5nkmnÚ ljifos sfo{qmddf JoQm ljrf/df cfwfl/t .
11
alatf a:g]t;Fu @)^% j}zfv * df ul/Psf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t .
12
/3' d}gfnL;Fu @)^# c;f]h !! df ul/Psf] s'/fsfgLdf cfwfl/t .
270 • xif{dfg dxh{g

t/ ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] sfd ;dfrf/ / kmf]6f] dfq a]Rg] xf]Og . ljZjd}

;dfrf/ / ;"rgf a]Rg] /f]o6;{sf] kfFr k|ltzteGbf sd cfDbfgL ljleGg
;~rf/dfWodnfO{ lnlvt, >Jo b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] laqmLaf6 p7\5 . ljleGg
;+:yfnfO{ cfly{s, Jofkfl/s ;"rgf a]r/] g} /f]o6;{n] c¿ cfDbfgL u5{
-jf]O8–Aof/]6 ;g\ @))!_ . g]kfndf clxn] cfly{s, Jofkfl/s ;"rgf kfpg
;lsg] ;"rgf a}s+ 5}g / /f;;nfO{ ;"rgf a}s
+ sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ cfjZos
5 . /f;;nfO{ ;"rgf a+s} sf ¿kdf lj:tf/ ug{ ejg agfOPsf] klg lyof] .
t/ Tof] ejg lgwf{l/t p2]Zo ljk/Lt clxn] ef8fdf lbOPsf] 5 .
;dfrf/ dfq a]r/] afFRg ;Sg] cj:yf ca /f;;sf] 5}g . ;dfrf/
;ldltsf lj1 cf]lne/ jf]O8–Aof/]6n] ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] sfd / :j¿kcg';f/
k'/fgf] df]8n / gofF df]8ndf ljeflht u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ k'/fgf]
df]8nsf ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] d'Vo u'0fdf Ps jf b'O{ efiffdf dfq ;Lldt
x'g,] ;/sf/L cg'bfgdf e/ kg]{ cflb x'g\ . gofF df]8n
] sf] ;dfrf/ ;ldlt
;/sf/L cg'bfgdf sd e/ k5{g,\ ljleGg efiffdf ;"rgf / ;dfrf/ a]R5g\,
u|fxssf cfjZostfcg';f/ ljlzi6 ljifodf ;]jf lbg] u5{g\ .

lgisif{
g]kfndf ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj eO;s]sf] 5 . o; r'gfjsf nflu ljleGg
kf6L{n] 3f]if0ffkq tof/ u/]sf lyP . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_, g]skf -Pdfn]_ /
g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf k|; ] :jtGqtfaf/] s'/f p7fOPsf] 5 . oBlk
g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| n] dfq :ki6 ¿kdf ;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWodsf] rrf{ u/]sf]
5 . g]kfnL sfª\u; ] kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf æ;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ lgikIf
/ :jfoQ ul/g] 5Æ elgPsf] 5 -g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| @)^$M @^_ . t/ g]skf
-Pdfn]_ n] eg] k|; ] dflysf] ;a} k|sf/sf x:tIf]knfO{ lgif]w ug]{ eg]sf] 5
-g]skf Pdfn] @)^$_ . g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] klg cfˆgf] 3f]if0ffkqdf
k];
| nfO{ :jtGq / lgikIf /fVg] eg]sf] 5 -g]skf dfcf]jfbL @)^$_ . o;sf]
dtna oL kf6L{n] ;/sf/n] ;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWod rnfpg gx'g] s'/f
;}4flGts ¿kdf dfg]sf] b]lvG5 . x'g t o:tf k|ltj4tf @)$*, @)%! /
@)%^ sf] r'gfjdf klg ljleGg /fhgLlts kf6L{n] JoQm u/]sf lyP . t/
Jojxf/df Tof] b]lvPg .
dGqL kl/ifb\sf] @)^# dª\l;/ @( sf] a}7ssf] lg0f{oaf6 ab|Laxfb'/
sfsL{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWodx¿sf] k'g;{/+ rgf / :jfoQtf
 pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL • 271

;DaGwdf cWoog ug{ pRr:t/Lo sfo{bn;d]t u7g ul/Psf] lyof]

-uf]/vfkq @)^#v_ . To; sfo{bnsf] sfof{bz ] d} ldl8of cfof]u @)^# sf]
;'emfj / o;cl3 lbOPsf ljleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf] l;kmfl/; klg
cWoog ug]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .13 o; sfo{bnn] cWoog u/]/ k|ltj]bg;d]t
a'emfO;s] klg To;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5}g .
ldl8of cfof]u @)^# sf cWoIf clwsf/Ln] k|sflzt k|ltj]bgsf] e"ldsfdf
ljleGg ;Ldfsf sf/0f k|ltj]bgdf …;'wf/Ú sf] 7fpF /x]sf] :jLsf/]sf 5g\ .14
x'g t /f;;afx]s c¿ ;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ o; cfof]un] tTsfn
;/sf/sf] lgoGq0faf6 lemSg] ;' e mfj lbPsf] 5 . t} k lg ;/sf/L
;~rf/dfWod;DaGwL o; cfof]usf] ;'emfjnfO{ x'ax' nfu" ug{ ldNb}g .
@)^# sf] ldl8of cfof]un] k|ltj]bg a'emfO;s]kl5sf b'O{ ;~rf/ dGqL
lbn]Gb|k;
| fb a8' / s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fn] oL ;~rf/ ;+:yfnfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{stf{
egf{ ug]{ cv8f agfpg 5f]8s ] f 5}gg\ -5nkmn @)^#, b sf7df8f}F kf]i6 ;g\
@))&_ . ca klg ;/sf/n] ;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWod rnfO/fVg] xf] eg]
gful/sn] oL ;~rf/ ;+:yfdfly ljZjf; ug{ 5f]8g\ ] 5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;"rL
cu|xl/, ;Ltf/fd . @)^# . g xfF;sf] rfn g s'v'/fsf] rfn . k|ultM rf}yf]
clwj]zg :dfl/sf . k'is/ dfy]df, ;+=, k[= @#–@$ . sf7df8f}FM uf]/vfkq
;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;‹–$& .
clwsf/L, /fw]Zofd . @)^#s . pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u k|ltj]bg, @)^# .
sf7df8f}MF pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] ;lrjfno .
clwsf/L, /fw]Zofd . @)^#v . pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u k|ltj]bg, @)^# .
ck|sflzt, pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] ;lrjfno, sf7df8f}F .
cfrfo{, cfgGb/fd . @)^# . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfng u'7L -6«:6_ dfk{mt ug]{
ls < k|ultM rf}yf] clwj]zg :dfl/sf . k'is/ dfy]df, ;+=, k[= @%–@^ .
sf7df8f}FM uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;‹–$& .

13
@)^# kmfu'g !* df ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{sf] sfo{bnn] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ d~qfnodf u/]sf]
cGtlq{mof sfo{qmddf afFl8Psf] sfo{bnsf] sfof{bz
] df pNn]v ePcg';f/ .
14
clwsf/Lsf cg';f/ ldl8of cfof]u @)^# n] ;Lldt ;dosf sf/0f ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu k|of{Kt ljdz{
ug{ kfPsf] lyPg / b]z ;ª\qmd0f cj:yfdf ePsfn] cfof]usf] ;'emfjdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 .
272 • xif{dfg dxh{g

cfrfo{, g/xl/ . @)%^ . ;"rgf / ;~rf/ ;DaGwL sfª\u; ]| sf] gLlt . gofF g]kfnsf]
k|:tfjgf, k[= @!#–@@@ . sf7df8f}FM ;+jT;/ k|sfzg .
pkfWofo, p4j . @)^# . ;/sf/Ls/0fM uf]/vfkqsf] lauF|bf] :jf:Yosf] pkrf/ .
k|ultM rf}yf] clwj]zg :dfl/sf . k'is/ dfy]df, ;+=, k[= !#–!$ . sf7df8f}FM
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;‹–$& .
sf]O/fnf, e/tbQ, ljhos'df/ kf08] / b'uf{gfy zdf{ . @)^)[@)%(] . ljB'tLo
;~rf/dfWodnfO{ Jojl:yt / ljsl;t u/L ;~rfng ug]{af/]sf ;'emfjx¿,
@)^) . k|sfzgsf] lbUbz{g . xl/x/ lj/xL, ;+=, k[=%$*–%%( . sf7df8f}FM
k|;
] sfplG;n g]kfn .
uf]/vfkq . @)^#s . ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] ;'emfjn] uf]/vfkqnfO{ uDeL/
c;/ . ( c;f]h, k[= @ .
uf]/vfkq . @)^#v . ;/sf/L ;~rf/dfWodsf] k'g;{/+ rgfaf/] cWoog ug{ pRr:t/Lo
sfo{bn u7g ul/g] . @ k';, k[= !÷# .
rfkfufO{+, s[i0fk|;fb -cWoIf_ . @)^)[@)!%] . k|]; sld;gsf] k|ltj]bg–@)!% .
k|sfzgsf] lbUbz{g . xl/x/ lj/xL, ;+=, k[= @^^–#*# . sf7df8f}MF k|;
] sfplG;n
g]kfn .
rfln;], ef]nfgfy, ;+of]hs . @)^$ . pRr:t/Lo ;+:yfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt
@)^# sf] k|ltj]bg . ck|sflzt, Available at http://www.privat.gov.np/
pdf/main_report.pdf.
Rffln;], ljho . @)^#s . uf]/vfkqsf] efjL sfo{lbzf . k|ultM rf}yf] clwj]zg
:dfl/sf . k'is/ dfy]df, ;+=, k[= ^#–^& . sf7df8f}MF uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg sd{rf/L
;‹–$& .
rfln;], ljho . @)^#v . ldl8of cfof]usf] …lj/f]wfef;Ú k|ltj]bgaf/] . uf]/vfkq,
( c;f]h, k[=$ .
5nkmn . @)^# . ;~rf/df nHhf:kb elt{ . ! c;f]h, k[= !÷* .
8fFuL, 8Da/hË . @)^# . ;xsf/Ls/0f cyf{t\ ;fd"lxs lghLs/0f . k|ultM rf}yf]
clwj]zg :dfl/sf . k'is/ dfy]df, ;+=, k[= #%–$) . sf7df8f}FM uf]/vfkq
;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;‹–$& .
g]skf -Pdfn]_ . @)^$ . g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] 3f]if0ffkqM ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg r}t
@*, @)^$ . sf7df8f}FM s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt .
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ . @)^$ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu g]kfn sDo'lgi6
kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] k|ltj4tf–kq . sf7df8f}FM s]Gb|Lo k|rf/ k|;f/ ;ldlt .
g]kfn, k|bLk . @)^# . uf]/vfkqnfO{ ;8]un]sf] k4ltaf6 d'lQm ug'{k5{ . k|ultM
rf}yf] clwj]zg :dfl/sf . k'is/ dfy]df, ;+=, k[= &!–&@ . sf7df8f}MF uf]/vfkq
;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;‹–$& .
 pRr:t/Lo ldl8of cfof]u @)^#M Ps l6Kk0fL • 273

g]kfnL sfª\u|]; . @)^$ . g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] 3f]if0ff–kqM ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rg–

@)^$ . sf7df8f}FM s]Gb|Lo k|rf/–k|;f/ ;ldlt .
a:g]t, >L/fdl;+x . @)^$ . ;dfrf/ ;ldlt . kqsfl/tfsf] cfofd, k[=@@(–
@%! . sf7df8f}FM k}/jL a's xfp; .
af:sf]6f, bLksk|sfz . @)^# . nf]stflGqs kl/k|]Iodf uf]/vfkqsf] dfu{lrq .
k|ultM rf}yf] clwj]zg :dfl/sf . k'is/ dfy]df, ;+=, k[= ^*–^( . sf7df8f}FM
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;‹–$& .
e§, sf]dn . @)^! . /]l8of] g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;qmd . /]l8of] g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs
Oltxf; . k|To"if jGt, z]v/ k/fh'nL, b]j/fh x'dfufO{+, s[i0f clwsf/L /
sf]dn e§, ;+=, k[= !!@–!#( . sf7df8f}FM dfl6{g rf}tf/L .
dxh{g, xif{dfg . @)^# . Jojxf/df ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u -kf7skq_ . sflGtk'/,
# c;f]h, k[= ^ .
dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no . @)^$s . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]
rjfnL;f}F jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^$, k[= #@@–#@$ . Available at http://www.
oagnep.gov.np/AG-Report-2064/Part %20III/17-Suchan-Sanchar.pdf
dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no . @)^$v . /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]
rjfnL;f}F jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^$ . k[=##(–#$! . Available at http://www.
oagnep.gov.np/AG-Report-2064/Part%20III/17-Suchan-Sanchar.pdf
dfy]df, k'is/, ;+= . @)^# . k|ultM rf}yf] clwj]zg :dfl/sf . sf7df8f}FM uf]/vfkq
;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;‹–@)$& .
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . @)%% . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg / lghLs/0f . gjf}F of]hgf,
k[= !^^–!&% . sf7df8f}FM /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
l/hfn, ldg]Gb| . @)^# . ;xsf/Ls/0f g} pko'Qm x'G5 . k|ultM rf}yf] clwj]zg
:dfl/sf . k'is/ dfy]df, ;+=, k[= &@–&# . sf7df8f}MF uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg sd{rf/L
;‹–$& .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)!(s . uf]/vfkq s/kf]/z ] g P]g, @)!( . g]kfn uh]6, #) r}t .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)!(v . /fli6«o ;+jfb ;ldlt P]g, @)!( . g]kfn uh]6, @( dfu .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)@*s . uf]/vfkq s/kf]/]zg -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g @)@* .
g]kfn /fhkq, @) r}t .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)@*v . /fli6«o ;+jfb ;ldlt -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g @)@* .
g]kfn /fhkq, @) r}t .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)#* . >L % dxf/fhflw/fh jL/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jsf
h'gfkmdf zfxL k|;] cfof]un] r9fPsf] k|ltj]bg @)#* . sf7df8f}FM zfxL
k|]; cfof]u .
274 • xif{dfg dxh{g

>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)$! . /]l8of] g]kfnsf] ;'wf/ / ;'b[9Ls/0f of]hgf @)$! .
sf7df8f}FM ;~rf/ dGqfno / k|;f/ ljefu -/]l8of] g]kfn_ .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)$([@)$&] . >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] k|]; gLlt, @)$& .
k|sfzgsf] lbUbz{g, k[= *&–(! . sf7df8f}FM k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)%& . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt -d:of}bf_ .
sf7df8f}FM ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)%( . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ If]qsf] bL3{sfnLg gLlt @)%( .
sf7df8f}FM ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno .
>L % sf] ;/sf/ . @)^)[@)$(] . /fli6«o ;~rf/ gLlt, @)$( . k|sfzgsf]
lbUbz{g . xl/x/ lj/xL, ;+=, k[= #*$–%@# . sf7df8f}FM k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn
>]i7, s[[i0f . @)^# . ldl8of cfof]u, uf]/vfkq / Xofs'nf] . uf]/vfkq, !( c;f]h,
k[= $ .
>]i7, 1fgaxfb'/ . @)^$ . lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) . P]g ;ª\ux| , k[= @#(–@$% .
sf7df8f}FM k}/jL k|sfzg .

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276 • xif{dfg dxh{g

rf}tf/L k':ts z[ª\vnf

nf–– #!
==== t]n a'xf/Ln] xf]Og 5f]/fn] lsg]/ NofPsf 5g\ . cf1fsf/L a'xf/L÷>LdtL
>Ldfg\n] h'g t]n NofpF5g\ To;}df vfgf ksfpFl5g\ . t}klg ufnL vflG5g\ .
=== 6]lnlehgsf] kbf{df bz{sn] d"ntM kxf8L d"nsf gfsdf k"mnL
nufPsf / ltAatL d"nsf ;fgf cfFvf ePsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ g]kfnL dlxnfsf]
¿kdf lrGg] ub{5g\ .
g]kfnL 6]lnlehgdf dlxnfnfO{ s;/L k|:t't ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 eGg]
;Gbe{df w]/d} Wo] oL b'O{ k|ltlglw pbfx/0f x'g\ . n}lËs b[li6sf]0fn] 6]lnlehgsf
k|:t'ltnfO{ x]l/Fbf ltgdf b]lvPsf q'l6nfO{ klxNofpg' cfjZos 5 . To:tf
q'l6sf sf/stTjx¿ s] s] x'g\ / ltgnfO{ ;Rofpg s] s:tf k|of;x¿ ul/g'
kb{5 eGg]tk{m of] k':ts sfFrsf] kbf{M g]kfnL 6]lnlehgdf dlxnf s]lGb|t 5 .
ljutsf cGo cWoogsf] t'ngfdf 6]lnlehgdf dlxnfsf] 5ljnfO{
s]xL a]Un}, s]xL ;/n, / ldlxg 9Ën] o;df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . 6]lnlehg
sfo{qmd tyf lj1fkgx¿df dlxnfsf] k|:t'ltnfO{ s]Gb|efudf /fvL n]lvPsf]
hDdf rf/ v08sf] o; k':tssf cGo v08x¿df g]kfndf 6]lnlehg
:yfkgf tyf o;;DaGwL ljutdf ePsf cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld, 6]lnlehgdf
dlxnf ;xeflutf / 6]lnlehgdf dlxnfsf ;jfn;DaGwL gLlt lgb]{lzsfaf/]
rrf{ 5 . of] k':ts 6]lnlehgk|]dL bz{s, dlxnf clwsf/jfbL, ;~rf/sdL{
/ kqsfl/tfsf ljBfyL{sf nflu pkof]uL 5 .