Passage 3

Generally, by people’s own accounts, the public idea of women at home is that they
are dull and boring. And the stereotype of a working woman is of hard, ambitious, selfish
creatures. It is not just that you are either gentle and dull or selfish and interesting. It is that
you are either a good mother or you are an interesting woman.
Young women now seem to get a very clear picture that they have got a choice. If
they are going to do mothering well, they have got to pay for it by not being interesting
women. If you are an interesting working woman, you are a bad mother. Lyn Richards put
the blame for such notions and for resulting family tensions on the failure of people to talk
enough about them. The media, too, are guilty. There is a lot of media coverage of successful
career women and still a lot, especially in women’s magazines, on the joys of motherhood.
There’s not that much about the trouble of either role and precious little about combining the
roles. Yet half the women who are married in our society are working.
Nor is much thought given, to the task of loosening the ties entrapping men. Lyn
Richards, a working mother, grateful for the privilege of genuinely choosing and being able
to afford the role, criticizes the systematic exclusion of men from ‘child-rearing and the really
pretty fabulous aspects of having children’. She condemns as ludicrous the idea of the 9 to 5
treadmill of work as an absolute duty for men. ‘The sheer irony to me is that the women’s
movement has told women the way to be liberated is to get into the 9 to 5 tied workforce that
men have been fighting against for a century. Really 15 we should be using changes in
women’s values to shake up all the oppression and rigidity that men have been under.
Indeed, there has been a change. ‘The new thing since I married is that it’s normal for
both husband and wife to go on working when they marry. Now marriage isn’t a particularly
big deal. Very often it just legalizes something which has been going on anyway and it
certainly doesn’t change a woman’s whole basis of life, her notion of who she is. The real-life
change is having the first child and when that happens I think that probably most couples are
still reverting to 20 something like the traditional concept of marriage. But the longer people
put off having a child the more likely it is that they won’t because they have set up a viable
lifestyle. They don’t need to have kids now to have a good marriage.’ Not that motherhood
and raising families are wholly going out of fashion but rather that people are having smaller
families. Consequently, the period in a woman’s life when she is not required to devote
herself to mothering is lengthening. ‘Motherhood—the mother role—just isn’t a very good
identity base today, ’ Lyn Richards says. ‘Motherhood 25 is a short-term appointment now. It
doesn’t last long.

1. The expression combining the roles in ' precious little about combining the roles'
(line10)  in the passage means...
A. Being either  a married or a career woman
B. Working both in an office and at home
C. Serving the family and doing office work
D. Enjoying motherhood and caring for the family
E. Having a dual role of mother and career woman
2. The passage mainly deals with women's...
A. Alternative role
B. Social function
C. Natural interest
D. Fundamental duty
E. Main responsibility
3. A relevant question that can be raised out of the passage would be...
 A. What characterizes a good working woman?
B. How could men and women build eternal marriage?
C. What ways are there to keep a family harmonious?
D. Why would the role of a woman in mothering not last long?
E. What requirement should working women fulfill?
4. Lyn argues that in rearing children in a family...
A. Women's role should be more dominant
B. Both men and women are equally responsible
C. Men's role should be put into account
D. Working women share equal work distribution
E. Men's role should be excluded
5. If Lyn is correct, in the future women in families of the younger generation...
A. Have less children to care for
B. Makeup career individuals
C. Will be more prosperous
D. Are more individualistic
E. Share an equal responsibility
  We all know that mobile phones, cellphones, hand-phones whatever we want to call
them (and shouldn’t we all be calling them the same thing?) are changing our lives. But it
takes a god old-fashioned survey to wake us up to the glaring reality: they have changed who
we are. The mobile phone has indeed changed the way we behave. But perhaps we don’t
realize how much we have become its slave. Consider other elements of the Siemens 5
Mobile Survey: With the exception of Australia, in every, country surveyed the majority
polled said they would go back for their phone if they left it at home (in Australia it was a
respectable 39%). If you’ve endured the traffic in Indonesia the Philippines and India, you’ll
know what kind of sacrifice some two-thirds of those surveyed are making. I can’t think of
anything I would go back for - except my wallet, maybe, or my clothes.
     And even if we remember to bring it, we’re still not happy. Many of us get anxious if it
hasn’t rung or a text 10 message hasn’t appeared for a while (a while being about an hour).
Once again of those surveyed Indonesians (65%) and Filipinos (77%) get particularly jittery.
Australians are more laid back about this (20%), but every other user in Asia seems to be
glancing at the phone every few seconds. This statistic, I have to say is highly believable, and
the instinct highly annoying. There’s nothing worse than chatting to someone who constantly
checks his or her hand-phone.
      Then there’s the fact that mobile phones are not only enslaving the user, they’re trampling
the rights of everyone else. Around a third of folk surveyed acknowledge they get so
engrossed in mobile conversations that they’re often unaware of speaking loudly while
discussing their private lives in public. At least most of us agree on one thing: With the
exception of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, the increasing use of mobile phones has led to
a decline us courtesy and considerate behavior.
      The bottom line here is that we are more than a little bit out of control. Mobile phones are
great: but if we allow them to dominate our lives to this extent - interrupting conversations
with those around us to take a call, staring at our phones rather than relating to the world and
people around us, sending flirty text messages to random numbers - then I can only assume
that in another 10 years, society as we know it will no longer exist. All we’ll see is a blur of
digital data going out and having all the fun, socializing, falling in love, and taking sneaky
pictures of each other.

6. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about cellphones?

 A. By using cellphones people can change their lives.
B. People become upset when they forgot to bring their cellphone.
C. Cellphones have made users quite enslaved
D. The writer is not one who is enslaved by cellphones.
E. The change in people’s behavior may be caused by cellphone.
7. The main purpose of the writer is to inform the readers about ?
A. The popularity of communication technology
B. The effects of cellphones on the behaviour of users
C. The various kinds of hand-phones available in the market
D. The advantages of using cellphones in many Asian countries
E. The percentage of cellphone users in Asia
8. Cellphones have not only enslaved the users but have also?
A. Disturbed other people’s conversation in public
B. Eliminated the existence of social life
C. Made the users behave impolitely
D. Prevented people from socializing with each other
E. Caused the user to become quite considerate
9. What makes Asian users of cellphones different from Australian ones?
A. They mostly use their cellphones for chatting.
B. The number of users in Asia is greater than in Australia.
C. They become angry when nobody calls or sends messages.
D. Their cellphones ring every hour throughout the day.
E. They are much more dependent on their cellphones.
10. The phrase ‘trampling the rights of everyone else’ in lines 23-24 means?
A. Interfering with somebody else’s affairs
B. Prohibiting somebody else’s right to talk
C. Rejecting to acknowledge one’s ownership
D. Ignoring the rights of other people
E. Making use of other people’s property

Due to the cases of Salmonella food poisoning in Europe, the sale of duck eggs reached its
lowest point in the 1970s. Although it was never conclusively shown that duck eggs were to
blame, the egg-eating public stopped buying and many egg producers went bankrupt. Indeed,
there is a risk of Salmonella poisoning when ducks lay their eggs in damp conditions, such as
on the ground that is constantly wet, but the same can be said for the eggs of hens. Moreover,
commercial duck production in France and England where the outbreaks of Salmonella
poisoning took place, followed the same standards as those used in the hen industry, which
experienced no Salmonella problems. Storage of eggs, whether those of hen or duck, can also
be a factor in contamination. Studies have found that bacterial growth reaches potentially
dangerous levels at storage temperatures of 50°C or greater.
11. With which of the following sentences should the paragraph, end?
A. Yet, it has never been clear what caused Salmonella food poisoning in the 1970s.
B.  Because of this, many duck egg producers stopped their business in the 1970s.
C. As a result, eggs which are laid in damp conditions can cause Salmonella food
poisoning.
D. Consequently, it was also possible that the food poisoning was caused by the bad
storage system of eggs.
E. Therefore, wet ground and a bad storage system of eggs could be the causes of
decreased sale of duck eggs in the 1970s.
12. What is the topic of the paragraph?
A. Salmonella food poisoning as the cause of the collapse of the duck business in
Europe.
B. The increase of commercial duck egg production in Europe in 1970.
C. The effects of Salmonella food poisoning on the sale of duck eggs.
D. Ways to increase the sale of duck eggs in Europe in the 1970s.
E. Wet ground and bad storage system of eggs as the causes of Salmonella food
poisoning.

(l)___________._______________________________:_________________________
___________________
(2) Biodiesel is free of lead, contains virtually no sulfur, and produces lower quantities of
cancer-causing emissions than petrodiesel. (3) In particular, using biodiesel in school buses
makes a lot of sense. (4) Young children are more susceptible than adults to the toxic and
potentially cancer-causing emissions from petrodiesel. (5) Many teachers are also suffering
from asthma, (6) this fact has led more than 50 school boards across the nation to require
that their buses use biodiesel fuel. (7) This cleaner-burning fuel is also an attractive option in
recreation areas. (8) Yellowstone National Park was the first national park to test biodiesel
as a fuel, and the project was a such success that the National Park Service has introduced
biodiesel to 20 other parks across the country.
13. Which sentence does not belong in the paragraph?
A. Three
B. Four
C. Five
D. Six
E. Seven
14. With which of the following sentences should the ' paragraph begin?
A. Biodiesel is now compulsory for public transport across the country because it is
cleaner.
B. Biodiesel is catching on in many markets, largely because it is a cheaper-burning fuel.
C. Because it is a cheaper-burning fuel, biodiesel has become compulsory in all markets.
D. Biodiesel has replaced petrodiesel as fuel for school buses because it is cleaner.
E. As it does not produce as many pollutants, biodiesel’s popularity is decreasing.

Small genetic differences make one person different from another. Now medical researchers
have a new map to help them find these (60)_______. This is possible because some time ago
more than two hundred scientists from six nations (61)___________ the Hap Map. The name
comes from the word haplotype. A haplotype is a group of differences that are (62) _______
to come close together, in a block. These blocks (63)____________. to pass from parent to
child. The Hap Map scientists hope to identify up to six million DNA differences
(64)__________ they finish. The scientists say the findings may lead to (65)___________
genes that cause common diseases like diabetes and heart disease. (66) _________ diseases
to genes could lead to new treatments. (67)___________ people will be able to know if they
have an increased risk of disease because of their genes.
15. 60?
A. Advantages
B. Consequences
 C. Comparisons
D. Characteristics
E.  Differences
16. 61?
A. Develop
B. Developed
C. Have developed
D. Had developed
E. Were developing
17. 62?
A. Similarly
B. Comparatively
C. Likely
D. Timely
E. Accordingly
18. 63?
A. Emerge
B. Create
C. Continue
D. Appear
E. Establish
19. 64?
A. After
B. While
C. Before
D. At the time
E. Afterward
20. 65?
A. Identify
B. Identify
C. Identification
D. Identifiable
E. Identifying
21. 66?
A. Linking
B. Finding
C. Curing
D. Diagnosing
E. Knowing
22. 67?
A. However
B. As a result
C. In short
D. Moreover
E. In addition

The first ancient DNA sequences to be gathered - 3400 base pairs from a 2400-year-old
Egyptian mummy - were proof of principle. A full genome sequence would be far more
informative - perhaps explaining what killed King Tut, for instance. At present, Inuk's is the
only published ancient human genome. However, a team led by Svante Paabo and Ed Green
at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, will soon
publish the complete genome sequence combined together from several Neanderthals, from
between 38,000 and 70,000 years ago.
Neanderthals are not the only hominids whose genomes could be sequenced, says
Willerslev. Homo erectus, a species that emerged in Africa about 2 million years ago,
survived in east Asia until less than 100,000 years ago. If well-preserved bones can be found,
a genome might be possible, Willerslev says. Willerslev's laboratory has just received bones
from Spain belonging to Homo heidelbergensis, the predecessor to Neanderthals. "We are
basically starting on it right now," he says. If these genomes ever materialize - and that's a big
if- they could lead to a better understanding of how different hominid species are related, and
when and where they branched off. If the genetic information is good enough, it may tell us
something about the nature of past peoples - possibly even what they looked like. Ancient
human genomes could give us insights into the evolution of our own species, explaining
when genes involved in disease and higher cognitive skills emerged.
But DNA is not forever. As it ages, its long strands shred into ever smaller pieces.
Eventually, they become too small to reassemble, and all information is lost. "There seems to
be a time horizon of 100,000 years or so under most preservation conditions during which
intact DNA survives," Green says. Stephan Schuster at Pennsylvania State University, who
led the woolly mammoth genome project, thinks ancient genomics is already plateauing.
Large chunks of Inuk's genome couldn't be filled in because his DNA had crumbled into
small pieces. "We will face an uphill battle in trying to apply this to a large number of human
remains," he says.

23. With reference to the whole text, the writer mainly deals with the topic on ...
A. The use of ancient DNA in anthropology.
B. The past life of the Neanderthals.
C. The role of DNA in fossil studies.
D. DNA research on the Neanderthals.
E. DNA engineering in the Max Planck Institute.
24. The writer is mainly of the opinion that tracing ancient humans' life using their DNA ...
A. Is technologically possible though it has natural challenges.
B. Promises a new horizon of understanding past illnesses.
C. Is a new breakthrough in modern anthropological studies.
D. Provides a better picture of old peoples' DNA structures.
E. Requiring a longer chain of complete DNA sequences.
25. The physical look of hominid species can even be reconstructed using the DNA
technology under the condition that...
A. The DNA forms a solid fossil in a good shape.
B. The genetic information in the DNA is high-quality.
C. The DNA had not been smaller in chunks.
D. The sequence of the DNA pieces is systematic.
E. The DNA sequences can be easily reassembled.
26. Based on the text, the following would be the kind of information that could be revealed
about ancient people through modern genome analyses, EXCEPT ..
A. Typical illnesses
B. Thinking potentials
C. Evolutionary phases
D. Migratory directions
E. Nutritional patterns
27. Based on the text, soon Darwin's human evolution theory will be most likely,
empirically validated, if contemporary DNA analyses are supported by the following
factors, EXCEPT...
A. More discovery of early human remains
B. Modem genomic laboratories
C. Expertise associated with ancient DNA
D. Better management in fossil excavation
E. Availability of complete ancient human genomes
Further research, conducted by Dean Mobbs, then at Stanford University in California,
uncovered a second point of activity in the brain's limbic system - associated with dopamine
release and reward processing - which may explain the pleasure felt once you "get" the joke.
Examining one particular part of the limbic system - the ventral striatum - was especially
revealing, as its level of activity corresponded with the perceived funniness of a joke. "It's the
same region that is involved in many different types of reward, from drugs to sex and our
favorite music," says Mobbs, now at the MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in
Cambridge, UK. "Humour thus taps into basic rewards systems that are important to our
survival."
Yet humor is a far more multifaceted process than primeval pleasures like food. In
addition to the two core processes of getting the joke and feeling good about it, jokes also
activate regions of the frontal and cingulate cortex, which are linked with association
formation, learning, and decision-making. The team also found heightened activity in the
anterior cingulate cortex and the frontoinsular cortex - regions that are only present in
humans and, in a less developed form, great apes. Indeed, the fact that these regions are
involved suggests that humor is an advanced ability that may have only evolved in early
humans, says Watson, who conducted the research.
        No two brains are the same, however, and how these differences are reflected in our
sense of humor is the subject of much research. Men and women, for example, seem to
process jokes slightly differently. Although both sexes laugh at roughly the same number of
jokes, women show greater activity in the left prefrontal cortex than men. "This suggests a
greater degree of executive processing and language-based decoding," says Mobbs. As a
result, women take significantly much longer than men to decide whether they find
something funny, though that does not seem to spoil their enjoyment of the joke. Indeed,
women show a greater response in the limbic system than men, suggesting they feel a greater
sense of reward.
28. Which of the following statements in the text above contains an opinion?
A. Basic rewards systems associated with humor are vital to human continued
existence
B. The anterior cingulate cortex and the frontoinsular cortex regions belong to
humans
C. Women's limbic system reacts more responsively than men's does to a humor
stimulus
D. Different types of reward like drugs and our favorite music are linked to the
ventral striatum
E. Joke funiness relates with the amount of dopamine release and reward
processing
29. The part that comes before the text would most likely describe...
A. Mobbs' same study conducted on humans' brain limbic system sensitiveness
B. Another activity found in the brain's limbic system of Mobbs' different study
 C. Researcher's study other than Mobbs' on another activity found in the brain limbic
system
D. The importance of conducting a study on responses by humans' brain limbic
system
E. The timely reaction of humans' brain limbic system to perception on humor
30. The scientists see that the internal mechanisms in a human's brain related with
enjoyment in having good meals are..
A. More explainable than those in perceiving a joke
B. Less observable than pleasures in getting a prize
C. As quick as those in seeing funniness of ajoke
D. More complex than those in perceiving a joke
E. Less clear than those of enjoyment in winning a prize