Jhon Paul Gervacio “Types of Synchronization”

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1.Synchronization

Synchronization of data is the process of establishing consistency among data from a source to a
target data storage and vice versa and the continuous harmonization of the data over time. The
consistency among data can help receiver to have good and functionable kind of communication.
Synchronization is an essential requirement for high speed signal transmissions and even a minor
deviation in clock signals can cause the data loss. It is also important because it checks for the differences
between two data containers in order to avoid the unneeded transfer of data that already resides in both
data sources. Therefore, synchronization schemes typically update both data sources by transferring only
additions, changes, and deletions.

2. Carrier synchronization
Carrier synchronization talks and mean of the receiver upon transmission, who’s that receiver
synchronize the transmitted signal. In digital data communication there is a hierarchy of synchronization
problems to be considered. First, assuming that a carrier-type system is involved, there is the problem of
carrier synchronization which concerns the generation of a reference carrier with a phase closely
matching that of the data signal. This reference carrier is used at the data receiver to perform a coherent
demodulation operation, creating a baseband data signal. Next comes the problem of synchronizing a
receiver clock with the baseband data-symbol sequence. This is commonly called bit synchronization,
even when the symbol alphabet happens not to be binary. Receiver needs estimate and compensate for
frequency and phase differences between a received signal’s carrier wave and the receiver’s local
oscillator for the purpose of coherent demodulation, no matter it is analog or digital communication
systems.

3.Symbol/bit synchronization
In digital systems, the output of the receiving filter must be sampled at the symbol rate and at the
precise sampling time instants. Hence, we require a clock signal. The process of extracting such a clock
signal at the receiver is called symbol/bit synchronization. The operation and performance of various
receiver functions can be quite sensitive to knowledge of the timing of the received data symbols. Thus,
the ability to accurately estimate this parameter and continuously update the estimate, we need to perform
symbol/bit synchronization, with little knowledge of other parameters is critical to successful operation of
an autonomous receiver.

4. Frame synchronization

In frame-based digital systems, receiver also needs to estimate the starting/stopping time of a data
frame. The process of extracting such a clock signal is called frame synchronization. Bit and Frame
synchronization techniques are used in order to ensure that signals transmitted from one participant of the
communication can be correctly decoded by the receiver. To achieve this goal, certain timing information
must be passed to the receiver such as where communication units begin and end
5. Phase-locked Loop

PLL is often used in carrier synchronization and symbol synchronization. It blocks the feedback
control system that automatically adjusts the phase of a locally generated signal to match the phase of an
input signal. PLLs operate by producing an oscillator frequency to match the frequency of an input signal.
In this locked condition, any slight change in the input signal first appears as a change in phase between
the input signal and the oscillator frequency. This phase shift then acts as an error signal to change the
frequency of the local PLL oscillator to match the input signal. The locking-onto-a-phase relationship
between the input signal and the local oscillator accounts for the name phase-locked loop. PLLs are often
used in high-speed communication applications. In reality PLL relates the data communication with a
real-time send to the receiver.

6.Voltage-controlled oscillator
Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) adjust the oscillator frequency based on this phase difference
to eliminate the phase difference. At steady state, the output frequency will be exactly the same with the
input frequency. VCOs are used in function generators, phase-locked loops including frequency
synthesizers used in communication equipment and the production of electronic music, to generate
variable tones in synthesizers. High-frequency VCOs are usually used in phase-locked loops for radio
receivers. Phase noise is the most important specification in this application. Audio-frequency VCOs are
used in analog music synthesizers.

7. Digital Phase-locked Loop (DPLL)

DPLL
Input Digital Digital LP
PD

Digital VCO

output
图 9-6 DPLL 的组成

From the graph above we can state the digital phase-locked loop, a sender send a message (as
input) it will pass the digital phase difference, then pass to digital lock loop and digital voltage-controlled
oscillator then the receiver will receive the message(output). Digital Phase-locked Loop means of the
signal with small phase difference. Digital PLL has the character of narrowband filtering which can
eliminate the noise introduced by modulation and reduce the additive noise. Memory PLL can sustain the
coherence state for enough time. CMOS-based integrated PLL has several advantages such as ease of
modification, reliable and low power consumption, therefore are widely used in coherence system.
8. Pilot-tone insertion method

To extract the carrier, we can use the pilot-tone insertion method. It can send a carrier component
at specific spectral-line along with the signal component. Since the inserted carrier component has high
frequency stability, it is called pilot. A pilot signal is a signal, usually a single frequency, transmitted over
a communications system for supervisory, control, equalization, continuity, synchronization, or reference
purposes. This method usually use the transmission signal of FM Radio, AM Radio, Television
Video Recording and Cable.

9. Direct extraction method

Direct extraction method, from the word itself can directly extract the synchronization
information from the received signal component. Most digital transmission systems are self-timed in that
they extract the clock from the incoming data stream. This avoids the need for a separate timing channel,
as used in most computers for example, and makes it easier over the longer transmission distances
involved, to maintain the crucial phase relationship between the data and the clock at the point of decision
making.

10.Nonlinear-transformation-based method
The non-linear transformation based method used of the formula:
1 1 1 1
s2 ( t )= α + f m ( t ) + α cos 2 ωc t+ f m ( t )cos 2 ωc t
2 2 2 2
This method from the word itself solve the non-linear transformation of data, this can be don of a
non-linear based formula. Synchronization method and apparatus for synchronizing a receiver, such as a
radiotelephone operable in a cellular communication system with a transmitter. Synchronization signals
are transmitted as parts of a control signal to the receiver. Such synchronization signals are of high
margins and also permit synchronization of the radiotelephone responsive to a reduced number of
calculations. The time for such synchronization is reduced by use of nonlinear transformation metrics,
such as logarithmic metrics, which reduce the impact of a noise or error component within the control
signal.

11.Symbol Synchronization

In a digital communication system, the output of the receiving filter must be sampled periodically
at the symbol rate and at the precise sampling time instance. To perform this periodic sampling, we need
a clock signal at the receiver and this process of extracting such a clock signal is called symbol
synchronization or timing recovery One method is for the transmitter to simultaneously transmit the clock
frequency along with the information signal. The receive can simply employ a narrowband filter or phase
lock loop to extract it. This method requires extra power and bandwidth and hence, but frequently used in
telephone transmission systems.

12.Early-Late Gate Synchronization

Early-late gate synchronizer used for increasing the amount of detected energy, when tracking a
time pulse sequence. It contains all the functions necessary for a complete, first-order, closed-loop
synchronizer. The synchronizer includes a phase detector, an up-down counter loop filter, and a digitally
controlled oscillator (DCO). The phase detector is a balanced early/late gate, dual integrator design. The
output of the phase detector is the difference, or phase error, between the data clock and the input
data stream. The phase error (θe) output from the phase detector is accumulated in an up-down counter,
which increments and decrements according to the sign and magnitude of the phase error.

13.Frame Synchronization

Due to the symmetry, the values of the correlation function at the early samples  and the late
samples are equal. Thus, the proper sampling time is the midpoint between framing bit synchronization.
A common practice in telecommunications, for example in T-carrier, is to insert, in a dedicated time slot
within the frame, a noninformation bit or framing bit that is used for synchronization of the incoming data
with the receiver. In a bit stream, framing bits indicate the beginning or end of a frame. They occur at
specified positions in the frame, do not carry information, and are usually repetitive.

14.Start-stop Method

A Start-stop Method is widely used in teleprinter. To be examined, it consists only of a small bits
for start and for the stop. A synchronization method and an associated circuit which is applicable to start-
stop digital circuits particularly high-speed scalers/counters and devices requiring the application of
control pulses for presetting, loading, clearing, etc., is discussed. The method developed for
synchronization is especially useful when the control pulse must be timed to a particular region within a
cycle of the input clocking waveform even though the synchronism between the tart trigger and clocking
signal is arbitrary.

15.Bunched frame alignment signal

Bunched frame alignment signal whose elements occupy consecutive digit time-slots. This
method inserts synchronous code at a particular place in each frame. The code should have a sharp self-
correlation function. The detector should be simple to implement. This uses a multiple frame alignment
signal like for frame Synchronization in which the signal elements occur in, or occupy, consecutive digit
positions.

16.Barker Code
 A Barker code resembles a discrete version of a continuous chirp, another low-autocorrelation
signal used in other pulse compression radars. The positive and negative amplitudes of the pulses forming
the Barker codes imply the use of biphase modulation or binary phase-shift keying; that is, the change of
phase in the carrier wave is 180 degrees. Similar to the Barker codes are the complementary sequences,
which cancel sidelobes exactly when summed; the even-length Barker code pairs are also complementary
pairs. There is a simple constructive method to create arbitrarily long complementary sequences.

17.Distributed frame alignment signal

A distributed frame-alignment signal is when a frame-alignment signal in which the signal elements
occupy digit positions that are not consecutive. In the transmission of data frames, a distinctive sequence
of bits used to accomplish frame alignment. Note: A frame alignment signal may also contain additional
bits for status, control, and error detection

18-19 Probability of missing synchronization and Probability of false synchronization

Due to noise and interference, some mistakes of code element in frame synchronization may be
induced, thus causing missing synchronization phenomenon, that is, the identifier misses the sent frame
synchronization codes [3]. The code elements in information code element may be the same with ones in
identified frame synchronization codes, and then the identifier will treat them as the same elements
mistakenly, thus causing false synchronization phenomenon. The probability of missing synchronization
and false synchron1zation, and frame synchronization time are the main factors to influence the
performance of the synchronization. Probability of missing synchronization happens when, affected by
noise, and the detector may not be able to detect the synchronous code. Then, probability of false
synchronization is when data code can be arbitrary and it may be the same with synchronous code. You
can expect this probability is when you commit an error upon of transmitting the data.
20.Average Build Time
This performance of frame synchronization is important as generally, timing is a challenging an
important issue in building distributed systems. In some cases, it may be sufficient to know the order in
which events occur. This is referred to as logical time of building an average time. In other cases, it is
necessary that two computing devices be synchronized with respect to physical time.