Development Frameworks and Methods

COMP – 1648

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Table of Contents
Section - A ..................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Current Issues ............................................................................................................................................... 2
Section – B..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Dynamic System Development Method ....................................................................................................... 3
Requirements Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 4
Requirements Prioritization .......................................................................................................................... 8
Section – C................................................................................................................................................... 12
LSEPI ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
Reference ....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Section - A

Introduction

T he Clean Brite Company (CBC) is UK based supplier of cleaning products for varieties of businesses
and institutions. They don’t manufacture the products themselves; they bought from different
manufacturers and then rebranded those products and sell with their name on it. CBC has
different grades of cleaning products for different sectors of businesses, such as hospitals, restaurants,
hotels, etc… Because of the functions of the businesses they supplied are different from each other,
they separate the products by each specific catalogue for each of those different sectors; that means
that the product catalogue tailored for hospitals will be not suitable for hotels. They also have a kind of
marketing model which is that they employed several teams of telesales staff for each of the different
sectors of businesses; telesales staffs are responsible for finding potential clients and receiving order.
Besides, supporting for sales and querying functions are built on centralized stock control system. CBC
was established in 1982 and they merged with SAL, Scrubaway Allbright Ltd in 2009. The purpose of this
merger is to push the business forward while reducing cost where necessary. Moreover, year 2013 is the
bad year for CBC as the Managing Director came under attack by executive board for the failure of
multimillion dollar IT project. As a result of considerations from executives, CBC hires the external
management consultant named Max Payne for the review of the company and development of IT
projects.

Current Issues
Apart from all of the success stories, CBC suffered grave downside in 2013 with the failure of multi-
million IT project going south. There are many recipes which led to this. The reasons of most failures in
IT systems are the cause of not meeting the requirements of the end-users or not satisfy the purpose of
the system being built. Next factors for failure is that they don’t know exactly what the problem is and
because of this there is no relation between organisation environment and the system developed. Many
of the IT staffs are not satisfied with the change made in 2006 by stopping all in-house development and
giving away everything to outsource companies resulting in resignation of 20% of IT employees causing
shortage of skills in support and business knowledge. The product of bad in-house development which is
mission critical to organisation is that the company cannot function effectively in research and
development sectors. A robust and flexible system with effective user-interface is required to develop
any new successful IT systems. Using many development methods like Rapid Application Development
and Structured Approach is nothing unless there are appropriate guidelines and standards for how they
should be apply. The role of the business analyst should be critical and allow full authority allowing
careful study of main problems to gain improvements in success rate of information systems.
Dynamic System Development Method
CBC is obviously the large business with many clients and manufactures to deal with as they are one of
the famous suppliers of cleaning products in UK, they definitely required to build industry leading
information systems which will not be possible unless they have suitable development method. The
management consultant for IT systems, Max Payne proposed DSDM Atern which is one of the Agile
methods being used nowadays. DSDM Atern method is the most suitable for CBC’s business
environment because of the following eight Atern principles-

The Principle 1 of the Atern said that development of the IT system should always follows the business
needs which is being the main problem in CBC that the produced system is not what the users expect.
By following this principle 1, the information system for CBC will improve.

The Principle 2 of the Atern focus on the time boxing, in another word, the delivery of the system must
be on time which plays vital role in developing successful IT systems.

The Principle 3 is related to team work. It is said exactly that the team working is key to success. Actually
the system development is not individual work. The company should form development team with good
expertise to work on IT projects.

The Principle 4 is about project quality control; developing a system without quality control is useless
and just a waste of time and money. Projects must follow certain standards and guidelines to meet
quality constraints required from management level.

The Principle 5 is for foundation of the development; projects should have rock solid grounds prior to
going up with incremental approach. Using incremental approach in developing large system can
benefits the organisation in various perspectives.

The Principle 6 is iterative approach development. One of the good things about DSDM Atern is because
of this. Unlike SSADM, the DSDM can go iteratively until the end-users sign off on every stage of
development. Users can involve earlier and they can see the status of development and make
suggestion and changes at every level before the final product.

The Principle 7 is for communication; clear communication is vital because there will be
misunderstandings when the users don’t know what the developers said or want. There should always
be clear line of communication between end-users and developers to improve the information systems.

The Principle 8 is project control; not only in IT term, but also in real-life, everything needs control.
Project need to be control to maintain the quality and confidence of users with iterative and
incremental approach using prototyping.

According to the above eight Atern Principles, when building large and complex systems, using DSDM
Atern method is the best selection among others as it will allow users to involve earlier and very flexible
due to incremental and iterative approaches which obviously allow more control and benefits over the
development of the IT systems. There are many issues which can be resolved using DSDM Atern in CBC
case-
By using DSDM Atern CBC can-

 Developed user-friendly systems because of the iterative approach allow users to involve
together with the developers at the very first stage of development.
 Understand more about current problem which allow better relationship between organisation
environment and developed system because of the Atern Principle 1 which focus on the
business needs.
 Issues like giving away the development to outsource team will not happen which against the
will of employees when the communication and collaborative effort will be use within
organisation according to DSDM Atern Method.

Judging from the above justifications and from my own understandings, I can assure that using DSDM
Atern method in large organisation like CBC is very suitable and best method to tackle the issues and
problems currently face within information system development of CBC.

Section – B

Requirements Analysis
According to CBC, a management consultant Max Payne proposed the new system for CBC called Home
Sector Order Processing System. In order to gather information and requirements from various levels of
management for Management Information System, CBC held facilitated workshop and from this
workshop, a varieties of requirements from different departments came out. There are many people
from different departments attended the workshop-

1. Roger Wilco (Operations Director) (Chair)

2. Graham Daventry (Finance)
3. Laura Bow (Central Quality Unit)
4. Elizabeth Slate (CBC General Manager)
5. Lee Everett (Former SAL General Manager)
6. Maureen Corley (Secretary to Operations Director) Secretary
7. Tex Murphy and Bernard Bernoulli – External consultants (MakeASystemWork Ltd)

In the meeting, they have been asked to list their respective requirements on a form given by TM and
BB. Among those requirements, some are not actionable and not appropriate to regard as high level
ones.
No. High Level Requirements Non Appropriate High Level Requirements

1. Reordering of cleaning products should be Monitor customer orders for marketing purposes
automatic with certain level of trigger and statistical analyses

2. Ensure that each sector can see only products Log telesales staff activity to ensure that they are
related to their industry on the website effectively used

3. Produce detailed weekly, monthly and annual Improve the quality of data used to analyse sales
sales report, and the option to differentiate
between web and telephone sales

4. Telesales staff should see the exact The website must have a search facility to find
information as a person logging into the products
system. Everyone should use the same
system

5. Can we send messages to customers Could we also have a mobile app for ordering and
informing them of order information, such as tracking?
shipping and delivery?

6. A facility to compare revenue generated by Telesales staff and web orders should both enter
different sectors data into the same system

7. The system must be able to give me an Placing order should be hassle-free with one click
overview of sales over different sectors ordering options

8. The system should do automatic marketing Links with social media for marketing purposes
that aligns with a customer’s spending

9. Customers must be able to cancel order Data integrity and security is paramount

10. Customers must be able to track and see the The system should allow for clients to rate and give
status of their order from web or via telesales feedback on products, which will be displayed
staff when a product is viewed

11. Be transparent about data collection related to

sales and customers

12. The system should be brand new, and should not

reflect the former systems of either CBC or SAL

13. Ordering and tracking orders must be easy,

whether on the website or through the telesales
staff

14. Facility for customers to easily return products that

they are unhappy with

15. Ordering and tracking should be easy

16. Making payments should be safe and secure

17. Improve the facility to track order and shipping

18. Customers should be able to setup automatic

reordering

Non Appropriate High Level Requirements

1. Monitor customer orders for marketing purposes and statistical analyses

 Monitoring customer orders for marketing purposes and statistical analyses is just for account
and reporting purposes and does not have much impact on the system and organisation.
2. Log telesales staff activity to ensure that they are effectively used
 Activity logging is only for measuring efficiency and performance of staff and does not have
important effect on the system.
3. Improve the quality of data used to analyse sales
 This requirement discussed in the workshop is too vague and doesn’t include functional aspects.
4. The website must have a search facility to find products
 That is unnecessary claim from the end user participant at the workshop. Every websites have
search facility in one way or the other. We don’t have to say specifically to include one.
5. Could we also have a mobile app for ordering and tracking?
 We could have a mobile app for telesales staff but that is not so practical because they cannot
be directly connect to the main system. There are some things to do to the facts gathered at the
customers’ sites by the telesales staff
6. Telesales staff and web orders should both enter data into the same system
 Entering data into the same system is useful to avoid duplicating and confusing with two
systems; however, this requirement is too vague or weak to regard as high level one. We can
also use two separate systems if we can control them regardless of duplication to get telesales
and web orders separated in each groups.
7. Placing order should be hassle-free with one click ordering options
 Having one click ordering options is convenient, but it cannot be said as critical requirement to
regard as high level requirement.
8. Links with social media for marketing purposes
 Linking with social media is obviously not high level requirement as it can only strengthen their
client base and does not include any real benefits for the organisation.
9. Data integrity and security is paramount
 Data integrity and data security is important. But this requirement is non-functional.
10. The system should allow for clients to rate and give feedback on products, which will be
displayed when a product is viewed
 Rating and giving feedback is not very necessary and this only falls in the category of low level.
This is not high level requirement.
11. Be transparent about data collection related to sales and customers
 Transparency in data collection is non-functional. This is not high level requirement.
 12. The system should be brand new, and should not reflect the former systems of either CBC or
SAL
 Having brand new system or not, this is non-functional. This is not high level requirement.
13. Ordering and tracking orders must be easy, whether on the website or through the telesales
staff
 Ordering and tracking of order should be easy. This is non-functional. This is not high level
requirement.
14. Facility for customers to easily return products that they are unhappy with
 Customer should be able to return the products they are unhappy with; this should be possible
for relationship and building customer base. However, this is non-function requirement. This is
not high level requirement.
15. Ordering and tracking should be easy
 Ordering and tracking of order is already include in the system and easy means what? The
requirement is too vague to be functional. This is non-functional.
16. Making payments should be safe and secure
 Everyone knows when building the e-commerce system, payments should be secure. This is
non-functional.
17. Improve the facility to track order and shipping
 This requirement is already include in the system and without this, the whole system will render
useless. This is non-functional.
18. Customers should be able to setup automatic reordering
 If we allow customers to be able to setup automatic reordering, the CBC will have certain
problems that they cannot supply the products at the time of order by customers. On the other
hand, the CBC can supply at the time of customers’ need if CBC can track the customers’ data.

High Level Requirements List

1. Reordering of cleaning products should be automatic with certain level of trigger

 CBC’s business is like two-edged sword; because they don’t manufacture the products
themselves, they have to order from respective suppliers for cleaning products and only then
they can repackage and sell to customers. So, the customer order from them and they order
from suppliers for their stocks. This is very critical because unless CBC set predefined reorder
levels and use automatic system, the business will be slow and even in some time, there will be
out-of-stock issues will arise. Therefore this is one of the high level requirements.
2. Ensure that each sector can see only products related to their industry on the website
 Unless this requirement is met, we can have confused and duplicates of products between
different sectors. This is very critical requirement.
3. Produce detailed weekly, monthly and annual sales report, and the option to differentiate
between web and telephone sales
 Report is everything. We developed this system to improve the business and the management
need to see every report produced by the system weekly, monthly and annual.
 4. Telesales staff should see the exact information as a person logging into the system. Everyone
should use the same system
 This is very important and high level requirement also, because everyone must use the same
system and the system should show same information regardless of who log on to the system;
by keeping this flow, the information on the system is consistent and the stock control is
accurate.
5. Can we send messages to customers informing them of order information, such as shipping
and delivery?
 By sending messages to customers that their orders have been confirmed and in the process of
delivery, the company can get good relationship between customers. This is high level
requirement.
6. A facility to compare revenue generated by different sectors
 Revenue is everything for business. The system should be able to compare revenue generated
by different sectors over time to time. This is high level.
7. The system must be able to give me an overview of sales over different sectors
 The management must be able to see sales overview of different sectors to calculate the profit
and loss over time to time. This is high level.
8. The system should do automatic marketing that aligns with a customer’s spending
 If the system can do auto marketing together with customer’s spending behaviour, the CBC can
get effective client base by doing marketing in the area of highest spending. This is high level.
9. Customers must be able to cancel order
 This requirement is high level because unless the customer can cancel the order which he don’t
want anymore, there will be issues between customer and the CBC and this could lead to even
devastating impact on the company.
10. Customers must be able to track and see the status of their order from web or via telesales
staff
 Tracking order is very high level because obviously the customer must know the status of their
order every steps of the way not only from the web but also from telesales staff. Telesales staff
will check the status from the web and convey the message to customer verbally.

Requirements Prioritization
MoSCoW Prioritization

MoSCoW prioritization stands for prioritization the requirements while developing the information
system. Each capitalizes words M S C W has their respective meanings. They are –

M – Must Have

S – Should Have

C – Could Have

W – Won’t Have
M – Must Have, this is the most important and must include requirement when building the information
system. The system cannot deliver unless these requirements have been met and tested.

S – Should Have, this is the second important thing but not very critical. The software can still be launch
without these requirements. However, the solution will be incomplete and will throw unexpected
exceptions when using the system.

C – Could Have, this is optional for information system usually what the customer wants but not too
important for system to run, that is, if not included, that function is not included but the system will run
perfect.

W – Won’t Have, these are the requirements from customer which are agreed with developers that will
not include in first release of system but recorded to be including as further improvements and releases.

M S C W

Ensure that each sector Reordering of cleaning A facility to compare Can we send messages
can see only products products should be revenue generated by to customers informing
related to their industry automatic with certain different sectors them of order
on the website level of trigger information, such as
shipping and delivery?

Telesales staff should Customers must be able The system must be

see the exact to track and see the able to give me an
information as a person status of their order overview of sales over
logging into the system. from web or via different sectors
Everyone should use telesales staff
the same system

Produce detailed The system should do

weekly, monthly and automatic marketing
annual sales report, and that aligns with a
the option to customer’s spending
differentiate between
web and telephone
sales

Customer must be able

to cancel order
Must Have

Ensure that each sector can see only products related to their industry on the website

This requirement is M in MoSCoW because unless this requirement has been met, we cannot launch the
system. If every sector can see every product in the system, there will be confusion and errors among
industries.

Telesales staff should see the exact information as a person logging into the system. Everyone should
use the same system

This is also M in MoSCoW because unless everyone uses the same system, if someone update the
information, the others can’t see; such kind of issues and more inconsistencies will arise. If this
requirement is not met, we cannot launch the system.

Produce detailed weekly, monthly and annual sales report, and the option to differentiate between
web and telephone sales

This requirement is also must have requirement for the system to run because, obviously the reason for
developing the system is to help business to go faster in more convenient way and to see everything in
just a few clicks away. So, reporting is everything for the system. The management wants to know about
the status of the business and the only way to do it is through the reports created by the system. So,
without this, the system cannot launch.

Customer must be able to cancel order

This requirement is M in MoSCoW because obviously there will be cancellation of order if the customers
change their mind. It’s simple as that. Without this function the system is no go.

Should Have

Reordering of cleaning products should be automatic with certain level of trigger

This requirement should have in the system as CBC will have to make reorder every time they run out of
stock in their warehouses; so that the idea of automatic reorder will make the company more benefits.

Customers must be able to track and see the status of their order from web or via telesales staff

This requirement is S in MoSCoW that it should have in system. Obviously every customers want to
know their order status; they can do that by simply log in to the system from web and see the status of
their order. If they don’t have access to Internet, they can query through telesales staff. Every e-
commerce site have this function. Without this, the system will not be 100% and can cause problems in
customer relationships.
Could Have

A facility to compare revenue generated by different sectors

This requirement is C in MoSCoW because; yeah we can make a facility to compare revenue but is that
really important? Revenue is all about how much money falls into the business which is not very
important for business operation and everyday stuffs. The system can function perfectly without this.

The system must be able to give me an overview of sales over different sectors

Sales overview is only for profit and loss and actually it is one of the reports and reporting module is
already in place and the system can run without this. So, this falls into C.

The system should do automatic marketing that aligns with a customer’s spending

This function could include in the system to benefit the marketing strategy by scouting the customer’s
spending at particular region and change the strategy accordingly and automatically. This is good idea
but not too important for the system. Thus, this falls into C.

Won’t Have

Can we send messages to customers informing them of order information, such as shipping and
delivery?

This requirement is W in MoSCoW because sending messages to customers about confirming order is
just a kind of customer service and not very critical for system to run smoothly and that’s why we can
negotiate with CBC and left out this part, at least for the time being.
Section – C

LSEPI
Data Protection Act

Data Protection Act (DPA) is an act set out by the Parliament of the United Kingdom which concerns
with protecting the personal data of living people. The Act defines eight principles with regards to data
protection.

1. Data should be processed fairly and lawfully

2. Data should only be collect for one or more specified lawful purpose and must not temper in
anyway other than that purpose
3. Data should be relevant to the purpose and should not be excessive for that purpose
4. Data should be accurate and up to date
5. Data should not be kept longer than necessary for any purposes
6. Data should be process in accordance with the individuals’ rights
7. Certain measures should be taken, either technical or organizational about unauthorized access
of personal data
8. Data should not be transferred to outside of EEA unless that country ensure an adequate level
of data protection for the processing of personal data

Data Controller

Data Controller is a person who decides the purpose for which personal data are to be processed and
how. He is also responsible for security and authorization of access to specific data which needs to be
processed. The Data Controller must also be well abide by the Data Protection Act. Any failure to abide
them will be the breach of the Act.

Why Do We Need?

According to what is said on the course work scenario, CBC needs to appoint a Data Controller to control
the personal data which need to be gather from customers and manufactures. These data can include a
lot of personal information regarding customer information, order information and also for
manufacturers that the name of the company, types of products they sell, etc... The Data Controller
must ensure that these personal data are kept safe from any exploits.

How Can Data Controller Help Overcome LSEPI?

By appointing a Data Controller, CBC can overcome some aspects of legal, social, ethical and
professional issues that may be arise within the organisation. Data Controller can keep the personal data
about customers in safe place and control the flow of information in or out of organisation which could
lead to legal, social, ethical professional issues if those data are abused by bad parties.
Two Practical Examples for Each of LSEPI

Legal

 If someone finds out about the types of products that CBC has to order from manufacturers, it
could lead to serious legal issues.
 If someone deliberately hack into and get hold of the names of every manufacturers that CBC
used to deal with, he can make this information to his advantage and for that the company will
have to face serious legal issues.

Social

 Should someone get the customer information, this could lead to social problems between CBC
and their customers.
 Should someone hack into and get hold of personal data about manufacturers’, there will be
social issues between CBC and manufacturers.

Ethical

 CBC should use their own branding and box when they repackage the cleaning products from
manufacturers because unless they doing that, they will be faced with bad ethical issues in
between and even legal actions will be taken against CBC from respective manufacturers
 Developers from CBC should developed the new information system to meet the users
requirements because of in-house developments are mission-critical. Failure to do that can be
regard to as bad ethical behaviour

Professional

 CBC can use variety of development techniques such as OOAD, RAD and SSADM however they
have no standard framework to guide them how to build the system effectively. In that case CBC
will have professional issues among developers and CBC over time to time.
 Business analysis roles must be given credibility with the organisation and problem domain must
be thoroughly explored and user requirements must be properly analysed and documented
because unless doing these things, we will looking at professional issues.
BCS Code of Conducts
The BCS (British Computer Society) set out codes of conducts for standards of professionals which
required to be regards as BCS members. The codes applies to all members regardless of their grades and
their roles in respective businesses or location of their employment. This governs by individual members
and not for the nature of business or ethics of any relevant authority.

BCS Code of Conduct include four sections namely –

1. Public Interest
2. Professional Competence and Integrity
3. Duty to Relevant Authority
4. Duty to the Profession

1. Public Interest

“You shall have due regards for public health, privacy, security and wellbeing of others and the
environment”.

Developer contracted to CBC must have ethics and ensure information security for whatever
information he or she get per requirements of the project while exercising the safety and security when
using the information system upon completion.

“You shall provide equal access to the benefits of IT and seek to promote the inclusion of all sectors
society whenever opportunities arise”.

The system developed by contracted developer from CBC must allow equal level of access to the
benefits of IT between all levels of users such as telesales staff, office staff, customers and management
etc...

2. Professional Competence and Integrity

“You shall only undertake to do work or provide a service that is within your professional
competence”.

System developer contracted to CBC must have enough knowledge required to develop the proposed
system from the CBC without exceeding the boundaries of his or her knowledge with intent to offer
what he or she does not know or have regardless of negative impacts that will have upon CBC when
using that unsafe system.

“You shall not claim any level of competence that you do not possess”.

System developer must not assure that he can do anything the CBC ask for without realising what he
actually can do with evil intent.
“You shall respect and value alternative viewpoints and, seek, accept, and, offer honest criticisms of
work”.

As the developer may have to do development shoulder to shoulder with CBC’s IT team, he must able to
accept and value the alternative viewpoints offer from the team and he must always seek good ways to
develop effective system and he must also be able to criticise upon his team about every stage of the
work done.

“You shall avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by false or malicious or
negligent action or inaction”.

Developer contracted to CBC must care for every concerns related to CBC wellbeing and must not
neglect any actions required to take to drive the system into more robust and reliable outcome because
the negligence actions from his or her will result in destruction of CBC’s reputation or employment
failure of staff who related to certain failures.

“You shall reject and will not make any offer of bribery or unethical inducement”.

The system developer may occasionally receive bribery from other competitors of CBC with intent to
disrupt the wellbeing of CBC by sabotaging the new system with the help of contracted developer from
CBC, whenever this case happens, as BCS member developer, the developer must have ethics related to
this code and not accept anything at all.

3. Duty to Relevant Authority

“You shall carry out your professional responsibilities with due care and diligence in accordance with
the Relevant Authority’s requirements whilst exercising your professional judgement at all times”.

As the developer is contracted by CBC, CBC has every rights to ask whatever they need and they also
want professional advice and judgement from whoever they contracted with. So, the developer must
respect every requirements and give his or her professional judgement on every aspects of the
requirement with care and at the same time he or she should exercise his or her skills at all times.

“You shall seek to avoid any situation that may give rise to a conflict of interest between you and your
Relevant Authority”.

In this case, the Relevant Authority is CBC and the developer must faithful to the organisation he is
contracted to and must not involve in any situation which can trigger the conflict of interest and avoid
such situations from presenting itself.

4. Duty to the Profession

“You shall accept your personal duty to uphold the reputation of the profession and not take any
action which could bring the profession into disrepute”.

As a professional, you must accept as your personal duty to hold the reputation of the profession and
you must not take any actions that incudes dishonesty, gain unfair advantage over someone or
something by using your professional capacity which could bring down the reputation of your
professional and yourself. Bottom line is you must value yourself.
References
British Computer Society (BCS), 2014. British Computer Society (BCS). [Online]
Available at: http://www.bcs.org
[Accessed 6 November 2014].

Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), 2014. Guide to data protection. [Online]

Available at: http://ico.org.uk/for_organisations/data_protection/the_guide
[Accessed 6 November 2014].