Introduction to Astronomy

小王子 Tools for Mondern Astronomy 1

Saint-Exupery

“Les grandes personnes aiment les chiffres.”

Grown-ups like the numbers.

大人們就愛數目字
 Introduction to Astronomy

Tools for Mondern Astronomy 1

* How Big in the sky ? -----Measuring Angle

* Where in the sky ? ----Coordinate Systems

.Horizontal Coordinates
.Equatorial Coordinates
.Airmass
.Hour Angle
 Introduction to Astronomy

Tools for Mondern Astronomy 1

* How Far ? --- Measuring Distance (Dinstance Units)

* How Heavy ? ---Measuring the Weight (Weight Units)

* How Bright ? ----Tools for Measuring Brightness

Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Angle
Unit of Angle= Degree

Degree=360 °

pic of circle = 360 degree

Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Angle
Unit of Angle= Radian

Radian=2p

pic of circle = 360 degree

2p

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Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Unit of Angle (Radian)
Angle
Radian is cool


l=2×r×  degree
360
l=r× radian

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Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Angle
Angular Separation / Angular Distance
Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Angle
Angular Separation / Aungular Distance
Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Angle
Angular Size (Diameter)

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Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Angle Angular Size (Diameter)

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 Angle

But !!
Degree is too big for Astronomy

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Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Angle
You think,
1 degree is
small....

pic of circle = 360 degree

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Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
1 degree is too big
Angle
Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
1 degree is too big
Angle

show image
of 1 degree
diameter
using
subaru ?
 Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
1 degree is too big
Angle
°o o o o o

arcminute '

arcsecond
 Tools for Modern Astronomy 1

Angle
Angle Unit

1 degree = 1° = 1/360 of a circle

1 arcminute = 1' = 1/60 of a degree

1 arcsecond = 1" = 1/60 of an arcminute = 1/3600 of a degree

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 Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Angular Size of Famous Objects
Angle
Sun 31.6' – 32.7' Uranus 3" – 4"
Moon 29.3' – 34.1' Neptune 2"
Venus 10" – 66" Pluto 0.1"
Jupiter 30" – 49" Betelgeuse 0.049" – 0.060"
Saturn 15" – 20" Alpha Cen 0.007"
Mars 4" – 25" Sirius 0.007"
Mercury 5" – 13"

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 Angle

How to know the real size from angular size?

Angular Size ---------> Real Size

Angular Size ---------> Real Size
Which is bigger ?
Angular Size ---------> Real Size
Which is bigger ?
Angular Size ---------> Real Size
Angle
How to know the real size from angular size?

Exact Way

d=2Dtan /2
Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Angle
How to know the real size from angular size?
Arc
D Approx

DD
d d=D×2× =D
360
D
Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Angle
How to know the real size from angular size?
Small Angle
Formula

~ d≈D
 Small Angle Formula
e.g. Moon
angular size (δ)~ 0.5 degree (30 arcmin) ~ 0.0087266 radian
Distance (D) ~ 400000km

d=2Dtan /2
d=2x (400000km) x tan(0.5/2) = 3490.68km
~ d≈D
d=Dδ
d=400000km x 0.0087266 = 3490.64km
 How Far ?

Distance
Typical Day-to-Day Unit of Distance
* m, km
* feet, yard, mile

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 Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Distance Unit
Typical Day-to-Day Unit of Distance
is Too Small for Astronomy
Diameter of Earth ~ 12700 km
Distance to the Moon ~ 380000 km
Distance to the Sun ~ 150000000 km
Distance to Mars ~ 60000000 - 400000000km
Distance to the Cen Alpha ~ 41300000000000
km
Distance to the center of Milky Way ~ 235000000000000000 km
Distance to the Andromeda Galaxy ~ 23600000000000000000 km

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Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Distance Unit
AU (Astronomical Unit)
1 AU = 149597870.691 km

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 Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Distance Unit
AU (Astronomical Unit )
1 AU = 149597870.691 km

Diameter of Earth ~ 0.000085 AU

Distance to the Moon ~ 0.0026 AU
Distance to the Sun ~ 1 AU
Distance to Mars ~ 0.4 - 2.7 AU
Distance to the Cen Alpha ~ 275000 AU
Distance to the center of Milky Way ~ 1500000000 AU
Distance to the Andromeda Galaxy ~ 157000000000 AU

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Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Distance Unit
Light Year (ly)
1 ly ~ 63241 AU

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 Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Distance Unit
Light Year ( ly )
1 ly ~ 63241 AU

Diameter of Earth ~ 0.000000001 ly

Distance to the Moon ~ 0.000000041 ly
Distance to the Sun ~ 0.000016 ly
Distance to Mars ~ 0.0000063 - 0.000042694 ly
Distance to the Cen Alpha ~ 4.37 ly
Distance to the center of Milky Way ~ 24841 ly
Distance to the Andromeda Galaxy ~ 2500000 ly

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Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Distance Unit
Parsec (pc)

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 Nearby Stars Moves
Distance Unit
Parsec (pc)

Parallax movie
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Distance
Parsec (pc)
1 pc ~ 3.26 ly

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Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Distance
Parsec (pc)
1 pc ~ 3.26 ly

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 Distance
Parsec (pc)
1 pc ~ 3.26 ly
2” 1”

1 parsec (pc)

D= 1/ θ D= 1/ 1” = 1 pc
D= 1/ 2” = 0.5 pc
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 Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Distance Unit
Parsec (pc)
1 pc ~ 3.26 ly

Diameter of Earth ~ 0.0000000003 pc

Distance to the Moon ~ 0.000000013 pc
Distance to the Sun ~ 0.000005 pc
Distance to Mars ~ 0.0000021 - 0.000014 pc
Distance to the Cen Alpha ~ 1.4 pc
Distance to the center of Milky Way ~ 8000 pc
Distance to the Andromeda Galaxy ~ 830000 pc

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 Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Distance Unit
Redshift (z)
z ~ 4000000000 pc = 4000 Mpc
Hubble
law Ho = Hubble constant
v cz
d= = v= recessional velocity
Ho Ho d=distance to the object
z=redshift

More distant galaxies are moving away from us much more rapidly.

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 Tools for Modern Astronomy 1
Distance Measure
Redshift (z)
z ~ 4000 Mpc

Diameter of Earth ~
Distance to the Moon ~
Distance to the Sun ~
Distance to Mars ~
Distance to the Cen Alpha ~
Distance to the center of Milky Way ~ z = 0.000002
Distance to the Andromeda Galaxy ~ z = 0.0002