Political Science

Sanket Jamuar
Semester V
018/2018/1949

1.International relations, the study of the relations of states with one another and with
international associations and certain subnational substances. It is identified with various other
scholastic orders, including political science, geography, history, economics, law, sociology,
psychology, and philosophy. The field of international relations arose toward the start of the
twentieth century generally in the West and specifically in the United States as that nation
filled in force and impact. While the study of international relations in the recently established
Soviet Union and later in communist China was crippled by formally forced Marxist ideology,
in the West, the field prospered as the aftereffect of various components: a developing
demand to discover not so much perilous but rather more successful methods for
directing relations between people groups, social orders, governments, and economies; a
flood of composing and exploration roused by the conviction that methodical perception and
request could disperse obliviousness and serve human improvement; and the
popularization of political issues, including international concerns. The customary view that
unfamiliar and military issues ought to remain the select safeguard of rulers and different
elites respected the conviction that such issues established a significant concern and duty,
everything being equal. This expanding popularization of international relations
strengthened that overall training ought to remember guidance for international concerns and
that information ought to be progressed in light of a legitimate concern for more noteworthy
public control and oversight of foreign and military policy.1

There was a complex expansion in the needs and needs of the different nations after
the industrial Revolution. It was considered after the industrial Revolution; relations
were an impressive improvement in transport and communication. Exchange,
travel, and exchanges between the countries turned into the thing to take care of.
technological and mechanical revolutions of the nineteenth and twentieth century
further brought the countries ever closer. Every one of these improvements made
international relations more standard, more far reaching, more significant step by step.
Their character turned out to be increasingly worldwide and expanded rather than
provincial and smaller. The industrial and technological advancements affected war
innovation. The injury of the First World War, along with the demand for majority
rule control of foreign policy,
 animated the public inclination to more readily understand foreign relations. The
issues

1
Robert Pfaltzgraff & Charles A. McClelland, International relations Encyclopedia Britannica (2019),
https://www.britannica.com/topic/international-relations/Between-the-two-world-wars (last visited Jan
9, 2021).
 of war and harmony went to the cutting edge. These improvements stood out for
people to the developing significance of international relations and gave the ground to
making international relations a scholarly discipline.2
Realism
Realism is a clear way to deal with international relations, expressing that all nations
are attempting to build their own capacity, and those nations that figure out how to
swarm power most proficiently will flourish, as they can without much of a stretch
shroud the accomplishments of less amazing nations. The theory further expresses that
a country's preeminent interest ought to act naturally safeguarding and that continually
acquiring force ought to consistently be a social, economic, and political goal. The
idea of realism suggests that looking for an ethical high ground is a goal that
legislatures can't generally accomplish and that misdirection and savagery can be
exceptionally compelling instruments for propelling public interests. With country
safeguard raised to the most noteworthy need, remaining ethically righteous according
to international associations can assume a lower priority in relation to enforcing
the international strategy that will improve the country's worldwide height. In present-
day times, realism is obvious in the international strategies of China and Russia. The
relationship between Russia and Syria is one that has caused a commotion in Europe
and around the globe; regardless of the ridiculous common battle in Syria—and the
international network's requests for intercession—Russia has kept up essential
relations with the public authority of Bashar Al-Assad to ensure Russian interests in
the district. Likewise, China proceeds with its political and economic relationship with
North Korea disregarding the last's appalling human rights record and forceful nuclear
testing.3
Neorealism
Neorealism is an outgrowth of conventional overall influence speculations
of international relations and was first expressed by Kenneth Waltz in 1975 and 1979.
It is recognized from the more seasoned theory principally by its endeavour to be all
the more expressly hypothetical, in a style much the same as economics—particularly
by
its reluctant correlations of great power politics to an oligopolistic market and
its

2
International Relations Origin and Growth - University of Political Science, University of Political
Science (2021), https://www.politicalscienceview.com/international-relations-origin-growth/ (last visited
Jan 9, 2021).
3
Key Theories of International Relations, Norwich University Online (2017),
https://online.norwich.edu/academic-programs/resources/key-theories-of-international-relations (last
visited Jan 10, 2021).
 persistently straightforward suspicions about the idea of international relations.
Neorealism is additionally named "structural realism," and a couple of neorealist
scholars now and then allude to their hypotheses just as "realists" to accentuate the
progression between their own and more established perspectives. Its essential
hypothetical case is that in international politics, war is a chance whenever.
The international framework is seen as totally and consistently anarchic. While
standards, laws and establishments, ideologies, and different elements are recognized
as affecting the conduct of individual governments, neorealists ordinarily demand that
they don't change the focal job that war plays in international politics. Nor do
changes in the qualities of administrative units—from antiquated realms to the
European Union, and everything in the middle of—effect the basic logic. The theory
implies to focus on how "international structure"— by which it implies principally the
dispersion of abilities, particularly among the main forces—shapes results. It
additionally now and again treats weapons innovation (i.e., who has nuclear weapons)
as another significant "systemic" property. It tends to be helpfully recognized from
what may be classified "classical" realists theory by a few thoughts that it features: the
case of complete and determined insurgency; governments as seeking after relative
instead of all-out increases; common choice of states or governments' supposed worry
(in different forms) for endurance as a definitive authority of insightful approach
decisions; impersonation as an enhancement to choice; the insignificance of
little states; and international law and organizations as epiphenomena of the
desires great powers. Be that as it may, the qualifications among neorealism and
realism, and even among neorealism and parts of liberal and constructivist thought, are
not really obvious.4
Liberalism
Liberalism depends on the ethical contention that guaranteeing the right of an
individual to life, freedom, and property is the most significant standard of
government. Therefore, liberals underscore the prosperity of the person as the essential
structure square of a simply political framework. A political framework described by
unchecked power, for example, a government or a dictatorship, can't ensure the life
and freedom of its citizens. Consequently, the principal worry of liberalism is to
build foundations that secure
individual opportunity by restricting and checking political power. While these
are

4
Timothy McKeown, Neorealism obo (2014),
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-
0037.xml (last visited Jan 10, 2021).
 issues of domestic politics, the domain of IR is additionally critical to liberals in light
of the fact that a state's exercises abroad can affect freedom at home. Liberals
are especially pained by militaristic foreign approaches. The essential concern is that
war expects states to develop military power. This power can be utilized for battling
foreign states, yet it can likewise be utilized to abuse its own citizens.
Therefore, political frameworks established in liberalism frequently limit military
power by such methods as guaranteeing civilian authority over the military.
Democratic harmony theory is maybe the most grounded commitment liberalism
makes to IR theory. It declares that democratic states are exceptionally far-fetched to
do battle with each other. There is a two-section clarification for this wonder. To start
with, democratic states are portrayed by inward limitations on power, as depicted
previously. Second, popular governments will, in general, see each other as real and
pleasant and in this manner have a higher limit with regards to participation with one
another than they do with non-vote-based systems. Measurable examination and
authentic contextual investigations offer solid help for the democratic harmony theory;
however, a few issues keep on being discussed. To begin with, democracy is a
generally late improvement in human history. This implies there are not many
instances of majority rule governments having the occasion to battle each other.
Second, we can't be certain whether it is really a 'democratic' harmony or
whether some different components associated with democracy are the wellspring
of harmony –, for example, power, alliances, culture, economics, etc. In spite of the
discussion, the chance of a democratic harmony continuously supplanting a
universe of steady war – as depicted by realists – is a suffering and significant feature
of liberalism.5
Neoliberalism
The most significant distinctive component of the neo-liberals is their declining trust
in human progress. In contrast to traditional liberals, the neo-liberals are far less
hopeful about progress and participation. This, in any case, doesn't imply that they are
as critical as the Realists or Neo-realists. As a classification, the term neo-liberal
alludes to post- war liberal researchers who held a significant part of the conviction of
the traditional liberals aside from maybe sharing their positive thinking. In the space of
international
strategy, a neo-liberal methodology looks to advance streamlined commerce or open

5
Jeffrey W. Meiser, Introducing Liberalism in International Relations Theory E-International Relations
(2018), https://www.e-ir.info/2018/02/18/introducing-liberalism-in-international-relations-theory/ (last
visited Jan 10, 2021).
 business sectors and Western democratic qualities and institutions. Enlivened by such
an ideology consequently a large portion of the Western liberal majority rules systems
have lifted up the United States in it require the "enlargement" of the network
of democratic and entrepreneur country states. This brand of liberalism (Neo-
liberalism) draws its philosophical strength from the conviction that all financial
and political institutions made in the repercussions of the Second World War have
stood the trial of time, which gives the establishment to contemporary political
and economic game plans. What further adds weight to such a view is the conviction
that these financial and political institutions were made and are being supported by
policy-producers who grasp neo-liberal or Realist/Neo-realist assumptions about the
world.6
Dependency Theory
The dependency hypothesis got famous during the 1960s as a reaction to research by
Raul Prebisch. Prebisch found that increments in the wealth of the richer
countries seemed, by all accounts, to be to the detriment of the poorer ones. In its
extraordinary structure, the dependency hypothesis depends on a Marxist perspective
on the world, which sees globalization regarding the spread of market free
enterprise, and the exploitation of modest labour and assets as a trade-off for the old
innovations of the created world. The predominant perspective on dependency
theorists is that there is a prevailing world entrepreneur framework that depends on a
division of labour between the rich 'centre' nations and poor 'fringe' nations. Over the
long haul, the centre nations will abuse their strength over an undeniably
marginalized fringe. The dependency hypothesis pushed an internal looking way to
deal with improvement and an expanded part for the state as far as forcing
hindrances to exchange, making internal venture troublesome, and advancing
nationalization of key enterprises.7
World system theory
The World Systems theory was the brainchild of Immanuel Wallerstein in 1974. It saw
the division of the world into three sections; the core, the semi-periphery, and
the periphery. The core meaning those nations which were financially grown, for
example,
nations of Western Europe, the United States of America, and Japan. The semi-

6
Rishabh Sharma, Liberal and Neo-Liberal Approach StuDocu (2021),
https://www.studocu.com/in/document/university-of-delhi/theories-of-international-relations-and-world-
history/lecture-notes/liberal-and-neo-liberal-approach/2688288/view (last visited Jan 11, 2021).
7
Dependency theory - economic development | Economics Online | Economics Online, Economics
Online | Economics Online (2021),
https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Dependency_theory.html (last visited Jan 11,
2021).
 periphery was in the middle of and was a large portion of the nations in Asia. The
fringe nations then again were the individuals who were resource-rich and
exceptionally immature like the nations of Latin America and Africa. It is a realist
theory as it sees the political and cultural, socio and strict parts of a nation all
controlled by the economy and it is the examination of a system since the
entirety of this is viewed as one association. The world-systems theory discusses a
captivated world and a polarizing world at the monetary reality. The World Systems
theory withdraws from all here in the idea that capitalism creates as an extensive
underlying requirement at the international level. It joins a core where the social
changes have occurred, with a periphery that is similarly a piece of the capitalist
system. The division of work was the systemic requirement as per Wallerstein which
is limited with a particular goal in mind, inside organized, controlled, brought
together, and subject to practical instruments, for example, self-sustenance through
specialization. This technique was the first that needed a political realm where
terrains were associated with the significant distance exchanging system. The
subsequent procedure was of utilitarian specialization in which each state tries to
adjust its activities to the practical necessities of its spot in the system. The technique
of practical specialization included limiting overhead expenses by surrendering
regional majestic aspirations and monetary policies and to embrace rather mercantilist
or protective policies. This brought about the gathering of capital at the core and
reliably fortifies the situation of the state in the division of work. The periphery
additionally has particular capacities despite the fact that they are the creation of crude
material and food grains anyway not at all like in the core the work
connection is generally of a reinforced sort. The semi-periphery expects the errands of
both the core
and the periphery.8

8
UKEssays. (November 2018). World Systems Theory: Analysis. Retrieved from
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/governance-i-world-systems-theory.php?vref=1
2.Introduction

The word Cold War was popularised by the journalist, Walter Lippmann, and passed
into mainstream use in 1947. It started to assume an unique meaning indicating that ties
among the East and the West, while terrible and warlike, were tense however still not gotten
to the stage of hot war. It symbolised severe rivalry on political economic lines, and also on
ideological levels but never acquired the significance of hot war or real military confrontation
between the two blocs. Calvocoressi states9 that the Cold War was not an episode like other
conflicts that had and ended, winners and losers. It meant a state of affairs.

Origin of cold war

It is a daunting job to chart the roots and progress of the Cold War. Young and Kent 10 find out
that there were countless disputes about the essence and roots of the beginning of Cold War,
that had a significant influence on the approach historians and social scientists had viewed the
purpose of the international system until 1989. The root of the Cold War continues a long-
standing historical controversy.

Traditional theories suggest that the Soviet or Soviet violence is claimed to have happened
expansionism has led in U.s counter-reactions. They assume that, in reality, the Cold War has
been a struggle for international power since Stalin and the Soviets have made collaboration
unlikely. To them, Stalin and Soviet Communism had to challenge and suppress by Western
capitalists for the good of global peace and stability and the protection of liberal democratic
ideals. More precisely, the supposedly imperialistic Soviet Union endangered the
'internal security' of the United States and Western Europe, that demanded an economic and
military reaction. This could be perceived almost as a realistic or neo-realistic
interpretation of the competition of the super-power. In that understanding, Power and
stability and also the working of capitalist and communist states and their corresponding
exterior criteria are more essential than doctrine or interior framework

In the 1960s, revisionist historians questioned the traditional viewpoint who concentrated a
little less on global state system and the fight to acquire more dominance and authority and

9
Calvocoressi, Peter, world politics:1945-2000, Pearson eduction, New Delhi, 2005, p 3
10
Young John W and John Kent, International Relations since 1945: A Global History, Oxford University Press,
London 2004, pp-19-27
mostly on the perceived criteria of International capitalism, U.S. revisionist capitalism. The
analysis centred on the foreign policy criteria of the U. S., that they perceived to be structured
to fulfil the imperialistic demands of capitalism. The Soviets thus pursued security in
the way of resistance. Development of capitalism to places which might challenge the life of
Soviet Communism. Therefore, for the revisionists, the fault for the Cold War resides with
hostile US strategies to whom the Soviets would have to react , as per this view. That is why.
Instead of Soviet expansionism causing instability for the United States, America's
contribution to the extension of capitalism has generated a kind of Soviet vulnerability.

Post-revisionist authors need to concentrate more on variables such as geopolitics,

cultural characteristics, and elite views of psychology. Administrative politics, security
criteria, misunderstandings and myths, none of them is mutually identical to each other. Geo-
politically, two of the pre-1917 changes of land-based regimes in Eurasia and the Western
Hemisphere eventually implied how these two exploitative land-based regimes will clash.

Whatever could be special regarding the roots of the Cold War. It could be Says that the Cold
War started out due to an ideological conflict, Post-World War II complexities and
irreconcilability of core objectives of saathe United States and the Soviet Union.

First Phase (1949-53)

The Cold War had its underlying foundations in World War II when the rehashed delays in
opening a second front in Europe made the Russians dubious of the Western Allies' intentions.
Those worries were uplifted when the United States ended lend‐lease help to the Soviet Union
not long after the war finished. Stalin's responsibility at Yalta to permit free elections in
Eastern Europe was immediately broken. To guarantee "friendly states" on its western
boundaries, ―the USSR upheld and introduced Communist‐dominated governments in Poland,
Bulgaria, and Rumania (Romania) in the spring and summer of 1945‖. Inside a year, as
Winston Churchill told an American crowd, an "iron curtain" had slipped across
Europe, isolating the "free" western democracy from the control of" Communist countries of
the East.11 The world was in
motion in the fallout of World War II, and political change reigned in numerous
nations.

11
The Origins of the Cold War, Cliffsnotes.com (2020), https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-
guides/history/us-history-ii/the-rise-of-the-cold-war-19451953/the-origins-of-the-cold-war (last visited
Jan 12, 2021).
Effectively wary of communism on account of George Kennan's Long Telegram, the
US government was frightened when various nations in Europe and Asia embraced
socialist governments in the last part of the 1940s. At the point when the United Kingdom
informed the United States that it could presently don't bear to battle socialist revolts in
Greece and Turkey, ―US President Harry S. Truman gave what might get known as the
Truman Doctrine: a guarantee that the United States would do whatever was essential both
financially and militarily to contain the spread of communism around the globe‖. With this
progression, the United States flagged that its part on the world stage would not close after
World War II, finishing a century and a half of independent international strategy in America.
During Truman's administration, ―the Truman Doctrine would bring about another contention
in Asia, this time in Korea, as the US government endeavoured to forestall the unification of
Korea under a socialist government. Truman's approach would keep on driving American
mediations through the 1980s.‖12

In June 1947, Secretary George C. Marshall ―proposed the expansion of huge monetary help
to the devastated countries of Europe, saying that the arrangement of the United States was
not coordinated‖ against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty,
desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world
so as to permit the existence of political and social conditions in which free institutions
can exist.‖ What the Secretary of State left inferred was that while the U.S. plan would be
available to the Soviet Union and its satellites in Eastern Europe, it underlined the unregulated
economy as the best way to monetary remaking—and the best protection against
socialism in Western Europe. Congress reacted to Marshall's proposition by approving
the European Recovery Program, otherwise called the Marshall Plan. A speculation of about
$13 billion in Europe during the following not many years brought about the
exceptionally fast and solid reproduction of a democratic Western Europe.13 The Marshall
Plan solidified the Cold War among Eastern and Western Europe as opposed to achieving a
rapprochement between the two. The Soviet Union had just marked the Truman Doctrine as
imperialistic. To check ―Russian matchless quality and impact, Britain, France, Belgium, The
Netherlands, Luxemburg, and so on marked the
Treaty of Brussels in March 1948. The signatories to the treaty communicated their
total

12
Start of the Cold War - The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, Khan Academy (2021),
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/postwar-era/a/start-of-the-cold-war-
part-
2#:~:text=Truman%20pledged%20that%20the%20United,known%20as%20the%20Truman%20Doctri
ne. (last visited Jan 12, 2021).
13
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan - Short History - Department History - Office of the
Historian, History.state.gov, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/truman (last
visited Jan 12, 2021).
dependence on the Charter of the United Nations and vowed common military, financial and
political participation. This treaty assumed an indispensable part in fortifying the solidarity
and security of Western nations.‖14

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is an intergovernmental military coalition

dependent on the North Atlantic Treaty endorsed on April 4, 1949. The organization
comprises an arrangement of aggregate guard whereby its part states consent to common
protection in light of an assault by any outside gathering. However with the death of stalin and
change of government in US halted Cold war for some time.

Second Phase (1953-56)

This period reflected a phase of cooling off owing to a shift of governance in both countries.
In 1945, at the Moscow Conference, Russia, US and the UK agreed to bring peace to the Far
East, especially Korea. At that time, the bulk of Koreans supported full freedom. As when the
negotiations were moving further to form a panel in compliance with the Moscow agreement,
the US has shown a hesitation to join a committee that fears that North Korea's communist
government could win. This presumption contributed to the referral of the issue to the United
Nations in 1950.

―Before any decision could come, North Korea declared war against South Korea by taking
armaments help from Russia and army personnel from China. With things getting out of hand,
America used this situation to gain legitimate sanctions from the UN and sent military aid to
South Korea‖. With a favourable political climate, both North Korea and South Korea signed
a peace treaty in 1953 and ended the war. ―Fearing more such actions the USA tried to reduce
the impact of Communism, by spending a huge amount of dollars in propaganda
against Communism. In the other side, Soviets was seeking to equalise themselves with
America and was testing an atom bomb. Through the ratification, of the Treaty the two
powers exerted a great their control in Korea, sparking animosity. In this process, what we're
seeing is that both forces have sought to minimise the strength of each other and have pursued
a game of strength of
revenge politics‖.

14
Mamta Aggarwal, History of The Cold War: Origin, Reasons and Other Details History Discussion -
Discuss Anything About History, https://www.historydiscussion.net/history/cold-war/history-of-the-cold-
war-origin-reasons-and-other-details/1774 (last visited Jan 12, 2021).
Third Phase (1955-57)

During third phase, ―the rivalriy between superpowers immediately spread to the remainder of
the world. The USA empowered other friendly districts in the world to frame their
own partnership, for example, CENTO in the Middle East and SEATO in South East Asia, the
point was to encompass the USSR with a military union and had brought about expanded
pressures‖.

However ―Russia in returned signed the Warsaw Pact was an aggregate safeguard treaty set
up by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern
Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
Officially known as the Treaty of Friendship‖, ―Co-activity, and Mutual Assistance, the
Warsaw Pact was made on 14 May 1955, following the increase of West Germany to
the Alliance. It supplemented the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, which was the
provincial financial organization set up by the Soviet Union in January 1949 for the
communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact epitomized what was
alluded to as the Eastern coalition, while NATO and its part nations spoke to the Western
alliance. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were philosophically restricted and, over the long
haul, developed their own protections beginning a weapons contest that kept going all
through the Cold War.‖

Fourth Phase (1957-62)

This phase is marked by Cuban missile crisis which almost culminated in 3rd world war.
During that period both superpowers tried to improve their relations.

This was quite brief, though, ―as new occurrences overshadowed their friendship. For
example, the U-2 crash happened when an American-sponsored plane crashed in the center of
Russia, that was confirmed by America. Then, the Berlin problem began when the Russia
wanted US forces to leave berlin‖, but US rejected their offer the, at the same time the
circumstances continued to
intensify – East Germany's residents were struggling under economic pressures that made life
unbearable as a consequence of thousands of them fleeing to West Germany. This led Russia
to construct a Berlin wall of 25 km in 1961 to control the movement of East Berliners to
Western Berlin.

Due to these incidents, Russia put their nuclear missiles in cuba, and all the major cities of
US
within its range.However further dialogue between both nations led to Russian Withdrawn
their missile system from cuba.

Fifth Phase (1962-1969)

This stage has seen a sharp rise in collaborative ties between the United States and the Soviet
Union. After the Cuban Missile Crisis, there had been a global awareness that called for a ban
on atomic warheads. This forced both groups to abstain from nuclear conflict and the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was ratified in 1968. Harmonious co-existence has become
the reality that attempted to push for a denuclearization agreement. As a consequence, a hot
line has been formed between the USA and Russia. The Cold War continued but , owing to
the conflict resulted by the Vietnam War and the Germany problem.

Sixth Phase (1969-1978)

This process witnessed a string of peace deals between the two super-powers that prompted
intellectuals to declare DETENTE. (The term meant 'permanent relaxation between East and
West).' It was facilitated by US President Nixon and Soviet President Brezhnev, who played a
significant role in bringing a halt to the Cold War The Agreement on Strategic Arms
Limitation (SALT) of 1972, the Helsinki Summit on Security of 1975, and the Belgrade
Conference of
1978 brought the two country closer together.

America decided to strengthen its alliance with China that led US Secretary of State Henry
Kissinger to make a discreet trip to Beijing in 1971 to discuss the possibility of peace with
China. After all, this partnership has been brief. As America decided to turn Diego Garcia to a
military facility, it raised distrust in the heads of Soviets this was seen as a bid to control their
position in the Indian Ocean.
Over the Bangladesh turmoil of 1971 and the Egypt-Israel War of 1973, the two
countries provided assistance to the opposing parties standing opposite.

Last Phase (1978-1987)

In this stage of development, some changes have been noted in the Cold War, that has led
intellectuals to allude to this phase as New Cold War. Although in 1979, US President Carter
and Soviet President Brezhnev decided to sign the SALT-II treaty intended to reduce
weapons, in 1979, new advancements had occurred that lowered the possibility of the Cold
War being mitigated. This began with new initiatives by both countries in Afghanistan. It
prompted to an immediate conflicts between the two powers in Afghanistan, by assisting and
setting up their alliances, that had an effect on the area's geopolitical situation.

Around the exact time, the new President of the United States introduced Civil Liberties and
Open Diplomacy directed at slandering Russia. Both strategies challenged the well of civilians
residing in Russia, as US organizations attempted to expose massive human rights abuses in
Communist Russia. The US Congress has not approved the SALT-II Treaty to put fuel to the
flames In 1980, United states decided to boycott the Moscow Olympics, putting an end to
their collaboration. By 1985, things had deteriorated in Afghanistan, which had caused much
shame to the Soviet Union.

Fresh treaties were made where both parties agreed to withdraw from Afghanistan and quit
supporting their proxies in Afghanistan. At the same moment,Russia-China signed a
trade agreement.

Conclusion

The cold war has divided the world into two factions, Capitalism and Communism. Due to
cold war military expenditure of various nations increased which resulted in geo-political
tension among various nations and it also led to increase in countries making their own
nuclear warheads which has serious impact on world peace.

The Cold War prompted a significant impact on International request; in light of the fact that
the post-Cold War request of bipolarity and the overall influence has finished making the US
the solitary superpower in the world and along these lines can take whatever activities she
wants without any potential repercussions this change finished a period of harmony in
the world. Moreover, towards the finish of the Cold War during the 1990s, the Soviet
Union endured an extensive monetary decrease as an immediate consequence of the Cold War
on account of immense military spending. In this way the impacts of the Cold War are
sweeping and they added to a definitive tumble down of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the
finish of bipolarity, which left the United States as the solitary authority power in the world.15

References

https://www.flowkl.com/article/history/the-causes-and-various-phases-of-cold-

war/ Peu Ghosh, International Relations, 4th Edition

15
The Cold War and its Impact-International Relations, Iamrlawcollege.com,
https://iamrlawcollege.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/POLITICAL-SC.-LECT-9.pdf (last visited Jan
12, 2021).