Professional Documents
Culture Documents
- CME –
Mohamed Siruhan
• Classification of pneumothorax
• Epidemiology
• Pathophysiology and etiology
• Clinical features
• Radiological features
• Management of spontaneous pneumothorax – case based
• Recommendations on air travel and diving.
• Practice questions
Etiological Classification of pneumothorax
• Spontaneous
• Primary: Pneumothorax occurring in persons without clinically apparent lung disease
• Secondary: Pneumothorax occurring in the setting of underlying pulmonary disease
• Traumatic
• Penetrating chest injury
• Blunt chest injury
• Iatrogenic Pneumothorax
• Transthoracic needle aspiration
• Placement of catheter in subclavian or jugular vein
• Thoracentesis and pleural biopsy
• Mechanical ventilation
Etiology - Secondary spontaneous
pneumothorax
• Airway disease • Interstitial Lung Disease
• COPD • Sarcoidosis
• Idiopathic Pulmonary fibrosis
• Cystic fibrosis • Langerhans’ cell granulomatosis
• Asthma • Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
• Infectious lung diseases • Tuberous sclerosis
• Tuberculosis • Connective Tissue disease
• Rhumatoid arthritis
• Pneumocystis • Ankylosing spondylitis
pneumonia • Polymyosistis and dermatomyositis
• Necrotizing pneumonia • Scleroderma
(anaerobic, Gram negative, • Marfan’s syndrome
staphylococcus) • Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
• Cancer
• Sarcoma
• Lung cancer
• Catamenial pneumothorax – Pneumothorax related to mensturation
• Postulated to occur in the setting of endometriosis affecting the lung.
Epidemiology of pneumothorax
Incidence(/100000) Age group predisposition Recurrence Symptoms
Male female
Primary spontaneous 18-28 1.2 – 6 Age 10 -30 years Thin 16 – 52% Symptoms
Rare in >40 years Tall less
Smoking (up to 20x)
Secondary spontaneous 6.3 2 60 – 65 years COPD (26/100000) 39 – 47% Most often
HIV ( PCP) symptomatic
Hypoxemia
Increase alveolar- Low ventilation-
Reduced FVC arterial Oxygen perfusion ration ( Hypercapnia occurs
gradient in secondary spontan.
(V/Q) and Shunting
pneumothorax)
Pathophysiology in secondary spontaneous
pneumothorax
Rupture of
Alveolar pressure > Air in the interstitium
mediastinal parietal
traverses to hilum
interstitium pressure ( and cause
pleura and
pneumothorax
Alveolar rupture) pneumomediastinum
develops
Crosses to
Air from pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
ruptured alveoli via necrosed
lung (eg. PCP)
Thoracoscopic images
Subpleural blebs
Air filled spaces between the lung
parenchyma and the visceral pleura
Subpleural bullae
Air filled spaces within the lung
parenchyma itself
Thoracoscopic images……
Blebs Bullae
• Smoking and the Increased Risk of Contracting Spontaneous
Pneumothorax Bense, M.D., FC.C.P.;* Gunar Ekiund, Ph.D., Odont. D.
and Lars-Gösta Wiman, M.D., EC.C.P1- CHEST I 92 I 6 I DECEMBER, 1987
1.Smoking and the increased risk of contracting spontaneous pneumothorax.Bense L, Eklund G, Wiman LGChest.
1987;92(6):1009.
Relative risk of spontaneous
pneumothorax for males and
females based on total population
according to daily cigarette consumption.
• CT scan
• This can be regarded as the ‘gold standard’ – able to detect
small pneumothorax, estimate size
• Identify aberrant chest drain placement.
• To determine the best treatment for persistent air leaks or to
plan a surgical intervention. (ACCP)
Size of pneumothorax
• Apex – cupola
distance(ACCP) - 2001
• a ≥ 3cms small
• a < 3cms large
• Interpleural distance at
hilum (BTS) - 2010
• b ≥ 2cms small
• b < 2cms large
Size of pneumothorax…..
THE SPANISH SOCIETY OF PULMONOLOGY AND THORACIC SURGERY (SEPAR)
Partial Complete without lung collapse Complete with total lung collapse
CASE 1
• 34yrs/Malay/Male O/E
• No known medical illness • Mildly tachypnoeic RR
• Ex-smoker 20 pack years ( 24/min
stopped 4/12, now on e- • Pulse: 78/min BP 147/85
cigarettes) mmHg SpO2 100% NP
• C/O Shortness of breath • Lungs: Reduced air entry on
and left sided pleuritic chest left side, hyperresonant on
pain x 3 days percussion.
CASE 1.. 34yrs/Male/ex-smoker
CXR – post chest tube removal D4 CXR – Post chest tube reinsertion
CASE 1.. 34yrs/Male/ex-smoker
CT – pre op
• Bed rest - There is no evidence that confining the patient to bed favors air
absorption or lung expansion (ACCP)
• Cessation of smoking.
Oxygen therapy for
spontaneous pneumothorax1.
• Group 1 – (12 males, Room air)
• Group 2 - 10 patients received Air and
oxygen(16 litres/min) alternatively
• 9- 38 hours of oxygen alternate with room air.
• FiO2 not measured but estimated to be higher
than 50 -60% and unlikely to be 100%
• Oxygen therapy resulted in a 4 fold
increase in the mean rate of
absorption(P<0.01).
• Pneumothorax < 30% ( 2.2 fold) (P<0.01).
• Pneumothorax >30% ( 5.2 fold) (P<0.01).
• Impaired venous return and reduced cardiac output results in the typical
features of hypoxemia and hemodynamic compromise
Management
• Insert Needle at 2nd intercostal space
anteriorly, at mid clavicular line,
• O/E
• Mildly tachypneoic
• HR: 90/min BP: 130/80mmHg
• SpO2: 96% (NP 3Lt)
• Lungs: Reduced air entry right
side. With hyperresonance
Managment
• Chest drain with Gumco suction
(5cmH2O)
• No evidence of Air leak on Day 4
• Persisting Pneumothorax on Day 5
• CT scan once delivery and definitive
surgical management.
Air travel advice – BTS (September 2011)1
1. Managing passengers with stable respiratory disease planning air travel: British Thoracic Society recommendations
British Thoracic Society Air Travel Working GroupSeptember 2011 Volume 66 Supplement 1
International Air Transport Association (IATA) –
2013 1
Spontaneous pneumothorax
7 days after full inflation
non-surgical means
6 days or less after full inflation ( If general condition is adequate, early transportation with ―Heimlich
Assessment by doctor with type drain and a doctor or nurse escort is acceptable
aviation medicine experience)
Lung bullae or cysts increase risk of barotrauma and are contraindications to diving.1
Previous spontaneous pneumothorax is a contraindication unless treated by bilateral surgical
thoracotomy and pleurectomy and associated with normal lung function and thoracic CT scan
performed after surgery.1
Previous traumatic pneumothorax may not be a contraindication if healed and associated with
normal lung function, including flow-volume loop and thoracic CT scan1
1.British Thoracic Society guidelines on respiratory aspects of fitness for diving British Thoracic Society Fitness to Dive
Group, a Subgroup of the British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee Thorax 2003;58:3–13
Practice question
• Q1 – 38 y/o male presented with
difficulty in breathing. 5 days duration.
Intermittent chest discomfort. No fever
or productive cough . He smokes for 10
pack years. He was seen in the local
klinik kesihatan which the attending
doctor thought was a tension
pneumothorax. Inserted a urgent needle
decompression. He was subsequently
refer to ED because of worsening SOB
with no repeated CXR.
What is your action plan
ABCDE - > oxygen - > urgent CXR, gases. -> manage as per 2
pneumothorax.
What could have occur
? Iatrogenic pneumothorax
• Question 2 – 38 year old man admitted with intermittent fever for 1
months duration & progressive worsening in effort tolerance.
• CXR showed
• Q3 – 40 year old co-pilot came to ED
complaining worsening shortness of
breath 2 days duration. Deny
symptoms of infection. (pls get a cxr
showing very small pneumothorax)