VGB PowerTech 6 l 2013 Fouling and ash deposition caused by biomass co-combustion
Fouling tendency and ash deposition
evaluation in large-scale
pulverised fuel power plants
Jana Kalivodova, Michiel Carbo, Aaron D. Fuller, Jörg Maier, Eva Miller,
Emmanouil Karampinis, Silvia Lattanzi and Patrick Savat
Kurzfassung
Untersuchung zur Verschmutzungsneigung
und Ascheablagerung in kommerziellen
Kraftwerksstaubfeuerungen
Bei der Strom- und Wärmeerzeugung können
die Potenziale von Biomasse als erneuerbare
Energiequelle und damit zur Verringerung
von Treibhausgasemissionen genutzt werden.
Durch den Einsatz von Biomasse ändern sich
jedoch die Verbrennungsbedingungen und das
Ascheverhalten, d.h. die Mitverbrennung kann
zu verstärkter Verschmutzung und Ablagerun-
gen auf den Wärmetauscherflächen führen.
Im Rahmen des EU-DEBCO-Projects (Demons­
tration of large-scale biomass co-firing and
supply chain integration) wurde eine Stu-
die durchgeführt, um die Kesselleistung in
drei kommerziellen Demonstrationsanla-
gen zu untersuchen und die Ascheablage-
rung, Verschmutzung und das Ausbrand-
verhalten bei der Verbrennung unterschied-
licher Biomassefraktionen zu beobachten.
Kurzfristige Tests wurden mithilfe der mo-
bilen Analysesonde von ECN durchgeführt.
Die Ergebnisse haben gezeigt, dass dieses Ver-
fahren wertvolle Informationen im Hinblick auf
Verschmutzung und Ascheablagerung liefern
kann. l ing are expected to favour technical bot-
Authors
Jana Kalivodova
Michiel Carbo
The Energy Research Center
of the Netherlands (ECN)
Biomass Coal and Environmental Research
Heat and Power Generation
Petten/The Netherlands
Aaron D. Fuller
Jörg Maier
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Eva Miller
Institute of Combustion and
Power Plant Technology
Universität Stuttgart
Stuttgart/Germany
Emmanouil Karampinis
Chemical Process and Energy Resources
Institute/Centre for Research & Technology
Hellas, Ptolemais/Greece
Silvia Lattanzi
Enel Engineering and Innovation/
Technical Area Research
Pisa/Italy
Patrick Savat
Laborelec Belgium
Linkebeek/Belgium
Introduction
Fossil fuels are our main sources of energy,
unfortunately fossil fuels are also the pri-
mary culprit behind climate change. To
limit the average rise in global tempera-
ture, the emissions from coal-fired power
generation will need to be reduced by
around 90 % until 2050 [1]. One possibil-
ity of CO2 emission reduction is the imple-
mentation of high-efficiency, low-emission
technology. Another attractive option is
the use of biomass. Biomass for heat and
power holds a large potential as a source
of renewable energy and greenhouse gas
emission reductions. Replacing coal with
biomass can also support and stimulate
the domestic biomass industry and sup-
ply chain [2]. At present, biomass co-firing
has been tested worldwide in demonstra-
tion projects in coal-fired power plants [3].
Full-scale application of biomass co-firing
depends strongly on the boiler perfor-
mance in terms of its availability and the
impact it has on steam parameters.
At high co-firing levels, slagging and foul-
tlenecks [4, 5]. Biomass-derived ashes
contain substantial amounts of potassium
and chlorine that can result in fouling, for-
mation of the ash deposits on heat trans-
fer surfaces, and subsequent corrosion
problems. Furthermore in most industrial
situations, the inefficiency of heat transfer
resulting from fouling has a direct link to
excess fuel consumption.
The objective of this study was to focus
on the monitoring of boiler performance
according to the variations of operational
parameters related to different fuel input
quality (ratio of biomass/coal), boiler load,
etc. The boiler performance was monitored
in three demonstration plants in order to
assess ash deposition, fouling, and burn-
out under co-firing operating condition at
different biomass shares.
Experimental setup and methods
Four joint large-scale short-term meas-
urement campaigns (JMC) were carried
out within the DEBCO (Demonstration of
large-scale biomass co-firing and supply
chain integration) project. The study was
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focused on monitoring the boiler perfor-
mance according to the variations of op-
erational parameters related to different
fuel input quality (ratio of biomass/coal),
boiler load, etc. Three demonstration
plants were monitored in the short term
in order to assess the boiler performance
and mainly the ash deposition, and fouling
issues under the co-firing operating condi-
tion at different biomass shares.
The first campaign was carried out in the
Rodenhuize power plant (Belgium) in Oc-
tober 2009 and the second measurement
campaign took place in the Kardia power
plant (Greece) in October 2010, followed
by the campaign in the Fusina power plant
(Italy).
Measurements of the ash deposition and
fouling propensities of the ash in the boiler
have been investigated employing ECN’s
mobile diagnostic probe. These measure-
ment activities were focused on ash deposit
formation on the superheater tubes of the
boilers at a high share of co-firing different
types of biomass. Usually, sampling loca-
tions for the mobile diagnostic probe were
selected in the vicinity of the heat exchang-
ers. The ash deposit formation, chemical
composition of particulate matter, flue gas
temperature, and online fouling data in-
side the boiler were monitored.
Mobile industrial deposition probe
The mobile diagnostic probe was primar-
ily developed to investigate the fouling be-
haviour of fly ash in the high temperature
region of an industrial pulverised fuel-fired
boiler. Next to deposit sampling, its influ-
ence on heat transfer from flue gas to boiler
tubes can be investigated in real time.
To withstand the regime of the high-tem-
perature region of a boiler, the probe con-
sists of a water-cooled lance, manufactured
from high-grade stainless steel, in which
several instruments are positioned. These
instruments are air-cooled, thus enabling
independent selection of the lance tem-
perature level at which the measurements
will be performed. A photograph of the
work end of the probe is given in F i g u r e
1. The biggest advantage of the mentioned
deposition probe is the compact size and
simplicity. The following measuring instru-
ments are located in the probe:
51
 Fouling and ash deposition caused by biomass co-combustion 
a)
Ash sampling inlet
Thermocouple
Heat flux sensor
Deposition coupon
Fig. 1. M
 obile diagnostic probe – a) the work-end of the probe; b) sampling locations
in the boilers of the DEBCO Rodenhuize demonstration plant.
–– deposition coupon, consisting of a tem-
perature controlled tube-shaped piece
on which fly ash deposits,
–– heat flux/surface temperature sensors,
and
–– thermocouple.
The deposition coupon is detachable; and
after embedding/preparation further in-
vestigations can be made be means of
SEM/EDX analysis. The tube material can
be chosen freely, thus simulating various
stages of the boiler. Materials used so far
include SS310/316 and several Inconel
high alloys.
The fourfold of heat flux/surface tempera-
ture sensors is placed just before the dep-
osition substrate. The heat flux/surface
temperature sensors can measure on-line,
in all four axial directions, the heat transfer
to the simulated boiler tube. These sensors
are also used to control very precisely the
local tube wall temperature, which can be
varied between 300 and 750 °C. The flue
gas temperature can be measured inde-
pendently by a retractable thermocouple
placed close to the deposition coupon. The
furnace/boiler fly ash samples can be col-
lected from the flue gas flow by means of
a quenched, isokinetic dust sampling sys-
tem. To prevent condensation in the sam-
pling tube the temperature of the flue gas
sample is kept above the condensation tem-
perature at all times.
As mentioned earlier, the main goal was to
investigate the influence of the fuel com-
position on ash deposit formation onto a
simulated superheater tube with variable
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surface temperature. For this project, the
two materials for deposition coupons have
been selected; stainless steel grade 310 –
code B and high nickel alloy 617 – code D.
Fouling propensity
In order to relate the heat-flux data in a
more independent manner with the fuel
properties or the particular combustion
conditions, the so-called fouling factor
Rf can be calculated from the raw on-line
data, which quantify the ash deposit heat
transfer resistance:
52
b)
1 1 Tg – Tc1
Tg – Tc0
Rf = –– – –– = –––––– – ––––––  (1)
R1 R0 HF1 HF0
where:
Rf = fouling factor, (K · m2)/W,
R1 = ash deposits heat transfer resist-
ance after time t = t1, W/(K · m2),
R0 = initial heat transfer resistance (of
the tube or ash deposits) after t =
t0 = 0, W/(K · m2),
Tg = flue gas temperature, K,
Tc = coolant medium temperature in-
side the probe, K,
HF1 = heat flux to the sensor after time t
= t1, W/m2,
HF0 = initial heat flux to the sensor t = t0
= 0, W/m2.
Next to the physical deposit samples, data
on its influence on the heat transfer have
been processed and a fouling factor for
each experiment has been calculated [6].
The point at which the temperature of the
deposition substrate stabilised was taken
as the beginning of the heat flux measure-
ment. The heat flux decreases after a cer-
tain period. When sufficient ash has been
deposited, positive Rf values are found.
Sampling locations in the boiler
Test were usually carried out at one loca-
tion of the boiler, only in the Fusina power
plant the measurements were performed
at two locations. The probe accesses the
boiler horizontally. The probe was inserted
into the boiler perpendicularly to the flow
and to the penetration depth of 1500 mm.
More details are given further below.
Chemical analyses of the
deposited ash samples
After visual observation, photographic re-
cord and thickness measurement were per-
formed. The deposited ash on each depo-
sition coupon was fixed with epoxy resin.
Subsequently the samples were cross-sec-
tioned and subjected to metallographic
preparation. Samples were prepared in a
water-free environment to prevent any dis-
solution, recrystallisation, or removal of
water soluble salts. A JEOL FEG-SEM with
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VGB PowerTech 6 l 2013
a coupled EDX system was used to study
composition and structure of the depos-
ited ash on the coupon. Each cross section
of the coupons was thoroughly inspected
all around the circumference. The fly ash
has been usually impacted on two sides
(the wind – W and the lee side – L) of the
substrate. Next to the morphology, also the
elemental composition (EDX) of each side
of the deposit was analysed.
Results and discussion
Chemical characteristics of
DEBCO project fuels
Particularly the quantity and quality of
biomass ash depends on largely differ-
ent factors. The kind of biomass fuel, its
physical characteristics (e.g. particle di-
mensions, bulk and energy densities, gross
and net calorific value, moisture content),
and chemical composition (e.g. presence
of macro and micro elements) influence
the whole process of biomass utilisation.
Several types of pulverised fuels were com-
busted in demonstration plants during the
short-term joint measurement campaigns:
–– wood and hard coal – Rodenhuize power
plant,
–– cynara and lignite – Kardia power plant,
and
–– hard coal and RDF – Fusina power plant.
Prior to the tests in the boilers, the existing
ash indices, used for the evaluation of slag-
ging and fouling tendencies of coals, were
applied on chemical composition of project
fuels. Clearly the indication based on the
slag viscosity index is not in line with the
observation that was obtained during the
measurements on site. Although several
attempts in the development of the ash
indices for biomass ashes have been un-
dertaken, current indices are not sufficient
and further development is needed.
Mechanisms of deposit formation
Ash particle inertial impaction is the domi-
nant process in high-temperature slag for-
mation and for larger ash particles. The
rate of deposition by impaction is a func-
tion of the particle flux and of the deposi-
tion efficiency, which, in turn, is depend-
ent on the degree of fusion of the particles
and/or the deposit surface. The condensa-
tion of volatile inorganic species, in vapour
or fume form in the flue gases, on cooled
surfaces is the principal driving mecha-
nism for convective pass fouling, and this
is of particular importance for biomass ma-
terials due to the relatively high levels of
volatile species in these fuels [7].
The ash content of tested biomass fuels var-
ies in a broad range from around 1.3 wt%
(d.b.) for Rodenhuize woody biomass up
to 20.0 wt% (d.b.) for RDF (refuse derived
fuel). There are generally two sources for
inorganic ash forming matter in biomass
 VGB PowerTech 6 l 2013
0.0190
0.0140
Fouling factor Rf in K*m2/W
0.0090
0.0040
-0.0010
14:24 14:52
Fig. 2. Online heat flux measurement translated in fouling factor; comparison 100 % wood and
50/50 wood/coal scenario.
fuels. On the one hand, ash forming ele-
ments originate from the plant itself, as
they are part of the structure of the fibres
(e.g. Si, Ca) or they are macro or micro
plant nutrients (e.g. K, P, S, Zn). On the
other hand, inorganic matter in biomass
fuels can also come from contamination
with soil, sand or stones. The ash content
of the fuel is essential for the choice of ap-
propriate combustion and gas-cleaning
technologies.
Major (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Si, Ti) and
minor (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo,
Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V, Zn) elements form, to-
gether with Cl and S, the ash components.
These elements are of relevance for ash
melting, deposit formation, fly ash, and
aerosol emissions as well as corrosion (to-
gether with S and Cl) and utilisation/dis-
posal of the ashes.
High alkali (potassium) and Si content
typically gives low ash melting tempera-
tures while Mg and Ca increase ash melting
temperature. Si in combination with K and
Na can lead to the formation of low-melt-
ing silicates in fly ash particles. Moreover,
low melting mixtures of alkali and heavy
metal chlorides can also cause corrosion
by sulphation reactions [8]. The smaller
the amounts of K and Na in the fuel, the
better the performance of the ash melting
VGB PowerTech - Autorenexemplar - © 2013
behaviours.
Minor ash-forming elements occurring in
various biomass fuels are Fe, Al, Mn, and
heavy metals. After the combustion of bio-
mass fuels the majority of the heavy metals
are bound in the ash. The heavy metal con-
centrations in biomass ashes are of consid-
erable importance for sustainable ash utili-
sation. The ecologically-relevant elements
are primarily Cd and, to a smaller extent,
Zn. Ashes from straw, cereals, grass, and
olive residues contain significantly lower
amounts of heavy metals than wood and
bark ashes. This can be explained by the
long rotation period of wood, which en-
Fouling and ash deposition caused by biomass co-combustion
Wood 100% Wood/coal, 50/50 %
15:21 15:50 16:19 16:48 17:16 17:45
Time in hh:mm
hances accumulation, higher deposition
rates in forest, and lower pH of the forest
soils that increase the solubility of most
heavy metals.
During the combustion process, sulphur
contained in solid biofuel forms mainly
gaseous SO2 (to a certain extent also SO3)
and alkali as well as earth-alkali sulphates.
Due to the subsequent cooling of flue gas in
the boiler section of the combustion plant,
SOx forms sulphates and condenses on
the heat exchanger surfaces or forms fine
fly ash particles, or reacts directly with fly
ash particles deposited on heat exchanger
surfaces (sulphation). The efficiency of
sulphur fixation in the ash depends on the
concentration of alkali and earth-alkali
metals (especially Ca) in the fuel (fuels
like wood and lignite can contain high Ca
amounts and therefore can cause a high S
fixation).
100 % wood and 50 % wood/
50 % coal, prior to boiler retrofit –
Rodenhuize, Belgium 2009
The ash deposition and fouling tendency
under different biomass co-firing condi-
tions has been studied at the Rodenhuize
power plant. During the JMC in 2009 two
firing scenarios were applied: the high
share co-firing of wood with coal (50/
50 wt.%) and 100 % wood combustion. In
addition, natural gas has been also co-com-
busted. During the course of the measure-
ment campaign a set of several deposition
samples were collected together with the
samples of raw ash and fly ash.
The fouling propensity of studied samples
from RH campaign is dependent on fuel
composition (ash content) as well as the
surface temperature of the simulated SH
tube. The worst fouling propensities were
observed for a sample exposed during
(wood and coal) co-firing, at surface tem-
perature of 500 °C, followed by a sample
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also from co-firing conditions (wood and
coal) at a surface temperature of 570 °C
and a sample from wood combustion at a
sample surface temperature of 500 °C. The
least problematic deposit conditions with
respect to fouling propensities of the ash
were during wood combustion and a de-
posit surface temperature of 570 °C (F i g -
u r e 2).
Clearly, at least two main deposition mech-
anisms can be distinguish on the deposition
coupon. The impaction is the prevailing
deposition on the wind side of the deposit
while mainly condensation on the lea side
of the deposit was observed.
Even though that no significant build-up
of the deposit has been observed, the foul-
ing-related compounds (KCl, K2SO4) were
identified. Those components could con-
tribute to increase the sticking probability
of the deposit by the formation of the low
melting compounds. The bulk of the ash
consists of the elements Si, Ca, Mg, and
Al during the co-firing scenario. A higher
concentration of potassium, sulphur, and
chlorine can be observed in deposited ash
when 100 % wood was fired. Although
phosphorus is a non-volatile element and
under combustion conditions it is for a
greater part collected in the bottom ash,
phosphorus was also detected in all stud-
ied fly ash deposits. It has been observed
that this element is clearly present in the
sub-micron particles, primarily associated
with calcium.
F i g u r e 3 shows mapping images of the
B18 (50/50, wood/coal) substrate, ob-
tained by energy dispersive X-ray spec-
trometry (EDX). The distribution of the
elements indicates presence of alumina sil-
icates accompanied by potassium, sodium,
and magnesium. Close to the metal inter-
face sulphur is incorporated in the surface
of existing larger agglomerates. These ag-
glomerates contain besides calcium also
magnesium. It is also clear that potassium,
although also present in the earlier men-
tioned “free” fine particulate, is for a large
part also present in the alumina silicate
matrix. In this sample, the concentration
of chlorine remained below the detection
limit.
10 % cynara/ 90 % lignite –
Kardia, Greece 2011
During the measurement campaign in the
Kardia boiler the ash deposit formation and
fouling propensities of the deposits were
studied under two combustion scenarios:
100 % lignite and a co-firing scenario with
approximately 10 % of the biomass cynara
(thermal share). During the visual inspec-
tion of the deposition samples, no signifi-
cant differences between various firing
scenarios have been observed.
Particle sampling in the boiler was per-
formed using a water-cooled mobile di-
53
 Fouling and ash deposition caused by biomass co-combustion  VGB PowerTech 6 l 2013

B18 raw ash

80
70
60
50
w/w d.a.b. in %

40
30
20
10
0
SiO2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
CaO
MgO
Na2O
K 2O
P 2O 5
SO3
Cl
MnO
ZnO
PbO

Fig. 3. SEM/EDX mapping of deposited ash on substrate B18; 50/50 wood/coal; the raw ash SEM/EDX analysis.

agnostic probe at the superheater level of The results of the chemical composition of the finer particles also included iron oxides
42 m. Deposit samples at the same level the deposited ashes collected during both and sulphates. Chlorine was not detected
were also collected with a residence time of combustion scenarios are given in F i g - in the deposits in significant quantities;
4 to 6 hours. As regards particle sampling, u r e 6 . Large particles in the deposits were however, a high concentration of sulphur
co-firing appeared to lower the loss-on- found to be composed mostly by calcium in the deposits, as a result of calcium au-
ignition, thus indicating better combustion oxide, silicates (including potassium sili- to-capture was found. It should be noted
conditions. cates during co-firing), and CaSO4, while that during firing of lignite, black, unburnt
For both lignite-fired operation and co-
firing, the deposit probes indicated a high
tendency for deposit formation and foul- Lignite Cynara/lignite, 10/90 % T gas 800
ing, as a result of the high ash content of lig- 0.009
nite. However, sintering was not observed 700
and conventional cleaning methods, e.g.,
0.007
soot-blowing, are expected to be sufficient 600
for the removal of deposits. The deposits
were mostly on the leeward side and were 0.005 500
Fouling factor Rf in K*m2/w
VGB PowerTech - Autorenexemplar - © 2013

formed by a fine powdery ash layer.

400
T gas in °C

Overall it can be concluded that under 0.003

100 % lignite and 10/90 cynara lignite 300
scenario, no significant changes in foul- 0.001
ing characteristics have been observed. 200
The comparison of the online heat flux
measurement translated to fouling factor -0.001
100
is given in F i g u r e 4. Furthermore depos-
its, the reference case 100 % lignite as well -0.003 0
as 10/90 cynara/lignite collected during 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
combustion are shown in F i g u r e 5. The Time in min
surface temperature during the test was
500 ˚C. The deposit is composed of rela- Fig. 4. Online heat flux measurement translated in fouling factor; comparison 100 % lignite and
tively coarse particles. 10/90 cynara/lignite scenario.

54 >>> VGB DIGITAL <<<

 VGB PowerTech 6 l 2013
Lignite
Fig. 5. S
 EM/EDX images of deposited ash on substrate B27 – lignite;
substrate B28- 10/90 cynara/lignite combustion scenario.
70
B27 s
60
50
40
w/w d.a.b. in %
30
20
10
0
AI2O3
SiO2
K 2O
Na2O
CaO
Fig. 6. M
 ajor elements concentration; deposited ash substrate B27 – lignite;
substrate B28- 10/90 cynara/lignite combustion scenario.
carbon particles were found in the water-
cooled probe deposits.
Sulphur was identified not only in the ash
layer, but also in the oxide layer of the dep-
osition substrate. It is known that sulphur
containing salts in the form of fuel ash, at-
tack the protective oxide film of the heat
exchanging material, resulting in a severe
chemical damage.
5 % RDF/95 % coal –
Fusina, Italy 2011
The fouling- and ash deposition-related
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tests have been performed at two boiler
levels of unit 4 of the Fusina power plant
when RDF was co-fired with coal. ECN has
been involved in the tests related to the
boiler performance in terms of ash forma-
tion, slagging, and fouling behaviour of the
deposited ashes on heat exchanging areas.
The ash deposition in the boiler employing
was measured with ECN’s mobile deposi-
tion probe in the superheater area of the
boiler (at 5th floor – 38 m and 7th floor –
42 m). Besides particulate sampling, flue
gas temperature measurements, deposit
build up as well as the influence of the de-
Fouling and ash deposition caused by biomass co-combustion
Cynara/lignite
B28 s
MgO
Fe203
P 2O 5
S03
CI
posit on the heat transfer were monitored
in real time by means of heat flux sensors.
The surface temperature of the deposition
coupon simulating SH conditions was set at
500 °C, 570 °C, 630 °C, and 700 °C. The two
lower temperatures correspond to steam
conditions in the current installations. The
temperature 630 °C has been selected as a
reference case for a new advanced instal-
lation and the highest probe surface tem-
perature has simulated uncooled surfaces.
An example of the obtained deposit during
the co-firing scenario RDF/coal (5/95) at
two boiler levels is shown in F i g u r e 7.
a)
Fig 7. a) deposition test- 42 m; b) deposition test – 38 m; coal/RDF (95/5) scenario.
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The fouling propensity of studied samples
from the Fusina campaign are dependent
apart from the fuel/ash chemical compo-
sition on the surface temperature of the
simulated SH tube and the flue gas tem-
perature. The worst fouling propensities
were observed for a sample exposed at
38 m of the boiler and at the highest sur-
face temperature. Obviously the ash de-
posit collected at 38 m (higher flue gas
temperature – Figure 7b)) has been built
up relatively fast and it has been severely
sintered. While the ash deposits collected
on probe during deposition/fouling tests
at 42 m are powdery, relatively thin and
might be easily removed from the SH sur-
faces by conventional cleaning.
A significant deposit formation and fouling
have been observed at deposition substrate
at a surface temperature of 500 ˚C (F i g -
u r e 8 ).
The filter ash deposits were composed of
relatively big particles, containing signifi-
cant amounts of unburnt carbon, alumino-
silicates, calcium, and iron. During the first
day of the measurement campaign (coal
combustion) only the particulate matter
in the flue gas has been sampled and ana-
lysed. There were no significant differences
in chemical composition of collected ashes
between 100 % coal combustion and 95/5
(coal/RDF) firing scenario observed.
Also during the deposition test with co-
firing of RDF, at various substrate surface
temperature no significant changes in the
chemical composition can be presented.
The collected ash particles were spherical
with homogenous composition, containing
mainly alumina silicates with Ca, Fe, P, and
potassium.
Conclusions
Co-firing biomass with coal in large pul-
verised coal-fired (PF) boilers is an attrac-
tive option to increase biomass utilisation
and reduce CO2 emissions. Nevertheless at
high co-firing shares, slagging and fouling
are expected to be the major technical bot-
tlenecks.
In this paper, fouling and the ash deposit
formation in pulverised fuel boilers of the
Rodenhuize, Kardia, and Fusina power
plants were studied. It must be noted that
b)
55
 Fouling and ash deposition caused by biomass co-combustion  VGB PowerTech 6 l 2013

Acknowledgments
B30 - 500C D9 - 630C B22 - 570C
0.017
Tflue gas = 750 to 800 °C The research leading to these results has
received funding from the Seventh Frame-
work Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under
0.012 grant agreement number 218968. The
authors acknowledge the DEBCO (http://
Fouling factor Rf in K*m2/W

www.debco.eu) project partners, person-

0.007
0.002
-0.003
0 20
Fig. 8. Online heat flux measurement translated in fouling factor 5/95 RDF/coal;
comparison substrate surface temperature 500, 570 and 630 ˚C.
100 % biomass combustion has been suc-
cessfully demonstrated in the Rodenhuize
power plant and no significant increase
of fouling and deposit formation was ob-
served. The ash deposit can be eliminated
by optimised cleaning. Fouling propensi-
ties related to surface temperature and
fuel can be ranked in the following order:
bio/coal at 500 ˚C > bio/coal at 570 ˚C
> 100 % bio 500 ˚C > 100 % bio at 570 ˚C.
The ash deposits in the convective pass col-
lected during the join measurement cam-
paigns can be identified as loose to bound.
40 60 80 100 120
Time in min
There was not a deposit of the slag char-
acter observed. A good conformity of the
results from short-term large-scale tests us-
ing the mobile diagnostic probe has been
achieved. This characterisation methodol-
ogy next to the lab-scale tests can provide
valuable information related to the ash de-
posit formation and fouling prediction in
the large-scale power plant boilers.
nel in The Energy Research Centre of the
Netherlands; Peter Heere, Dennis Slort, and
Ruud Wilbering for their collaboration and
support.
References
[1] http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/
ghgemissions/gases/co2.html
[2] McCormick, K, and Kåberger, T.: Biomass and
Bioenergy, Volume 31, Issue 7, July 2007,
Pages 443–452.
[3] Dai, J., Sokhansanj, S., Grace, J.R., Bi, X.,
Lim, C.J. and Melin, S.: Overview and some
issues related to co-firing biomass and coal,
Can. J. Chem. Eng. 86 (2008) 367–386.
[4] Kostakis, G.: Journal of Hazardous Materi-
als, Volume 185, Issues 2–3, 30 January
2011, Pages 1012-1018.
[5] Jenkins, B.M., Baxter, L.L., Miles, T.R. Jr.,
and Miles, T.R.: Fuel Processing Technology,
Volume 54, Issues 1–3, March 1998, Pages
17-46.
[6] Dyjakon, A., Cieplik, M., Kalivodova, J., and
Kamp, W.: (2009), 17th EBCE, Hamburg
[7] http://www.ieabcc.nl/workshops/task32_
Glasgow_ws_ash/04_Livingston.pdf
[8] Obernberger, I., Brunner, T., and Bärnthaler,
G.: (2006). Chemical properties of solid bio-
fuels – significance and impact. Biomass and
Bioenergy. 30, 973-982. l

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