A Comparison, Motevali2017

Accepted Manuscript
A Comparison between Pollutants and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from

Operation of Different Dryers based on Energy Consumption of Power Plants
Ali Motevali, Seyed Reza Tabatabaei
PII: S0959-6526(17)30690-X
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.219
Reference: JCLP 9346
To appear in: Journal of Cleaner Production
Received Date: 15 October 2016
Revised Date: 10 January 2017
Accepted Date: 30 March 2017
Please cite this article as: Ali Motevali, Seyed Reza Tabatabaei, A Comparison between Pollutants
and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Operation of Different Dryers based on Energy Consumption
of Power Plants, Journal of Cleaner Production (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.219
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Highlight
 The lowest and highest GHG production belonged to microwave and vacuum dryer.
 Solar dryer reduced GHG production than other dryer.
 GHG emissions increased with increasing temperature and airflow velocity at dryer.
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1 A Comparison between Pollutants and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Operation of
2 Different Dryers based on Energy Consumption of Power Plants
3 Ali Motevali1**, Seyed Reza Tabatabaei1
4 1- Department of Mechanics of Biosystem Engineering, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
5 University, Sari, Iran
6 Corresponding author Email: ali.motevali62@yahoo.com
7 Abstract
8 Production and emission of greenhouse gases are an indispensable part of every agricultural
9 practice. This gains more significance for the energy-intensive process of drying. SO2, CO2 and
10 NOX emissions were analyzed during drying of dog-rose using hot-air, infrared, hybrid hot air-
11 infrared, microwave, hot air-microwave, vacuum, and hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar dryers.
12 The energy demand of these dryers was supplied from different steam, gas turbine, and combined
13 cycle power plants that use natural gas, heavy oil and gas oil as fuels. Experimental results showed
14 that greenhouse gas emissions increased when increasing temperature and airflow velocity during
15 hot-air drying. For infrared and hybrid hot air-infrared dryers, greenhouse gas emissions followed
16 a falling trend when increasing the radiation level and temperature and decreasing the airflow
17 velocity. Results from exploiting solar power in the hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar dryer
18 showed that the greenhouse gas level was lower when solar power had a larger share in supplying
19 the required drying heat. Generally, the highest CO2 emission of vacuum dryer was 33141.06 g
20 recorded at 40°C and vacuum pressure of 750 mbar in the gas turbine plant operating on gas oil.
21 Additionally, the lowest CO2 emission (38.55 g) was recorded for the microwave dryer while using
22 500W power in the steam power plant using natural gas. The highest and lowest NOX levels were
23 183.09 g (vacuum dryer) and 1.54 g (microwave dryer), respectively.
24 Keywords: Greenhouse gas, Various Dryer, Specific energy consumption
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25 Nomenclature
Tray area (m2) A

Specific heat (kJ/kg oC) Ca
Impact power Cosθ
Air specific heat at constant pressure (kJ/kg K) Cp
Energy consumption of fan (kJ) E fan
Mechanical energy consumption (kJ) EU mec
Thermal energy consumption (kJ) EU ter
Electric current (A) I
Lamp power (W) K
Nominal pump power (kW) L
Microwave output power (kW) P
Specific energy consumption (kWh/kg) SEC
Total time for drying each sample (h) t
Voltage (V) U
Velocity (m/s) v
Different pressure (mbar) ΔP
Temperature difference (°C) ΔT
Air density (kg/m3) ρa
Percentage of total efficiency ƛ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Efficiency of power plant (%) ƛ𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛
Percentage of distribution efficiency ƛ𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
26
27 Introduction
28 The Earth's atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases with precise ratios. This precise mixture
29 grants survival to the planet's creatures as any changes in these ratios would entail serious impacts
30 on the Earth's conditions (Antanasijević et al., 2014). Smokes released from burning fossil fuels
31 have given rise to a phenomenon known as the Greenhouse Effect.
32 It should be noted that this level of fossil fuel consumption (81% of total energy use) would release
33 an enormous amount of pollutants into the environment, which will give rise to three major
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34 problems driven by emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG): acid rains, ozone depletion, and climate
35 change (Mitchell, 2003; Kalogirou, 2004, IEA, 2016).
36 Studies show that the overall CO2 emissions of the world in 2013 was 32 GtCO2, which was 2.2%
37 higher than that in 2012. The share of the top ten CO2 producing countries (i.e. China, USA, India,
38 Russia, Japan, Germany, Korea, Canada, Iran, and KSA) was about 21.6 GtCO2 (Boden et al.,
39 2015). The three top CO2 producing sectors are power generation (42%), transportation (23%) and
40 industry (18%) (IEA, 2015). Studies show that the total power generation in 2015 was 23321.6
41 terawatt hours, and the highest production belonged to China (5475.7 tWh) followed by the USA
42 (4286.9 tWh), India (1193.5 tWh), Russia (1057.6 tWh) and Japan (1038.5 tWh). CO2 production
43 figures show that its production per kWh power generation was 503 g in 1990, whereas, in 2013,
44 its production dropped to 424 g per kWh (IEA, 2015).
45 The agriculture sector consumes energy in two forms: fuel and electricity. Fuel is used mainly in
46 field operations like planting, cultivating and harvesting. Electricity is the main input of processing
47 and drying operations.
48 Results of research show that drying operations of cereals on average account for about 60% of
49 the total energy demand for production (i.e. planting, growing, harvesting and processing). This is
50 a significant amount when compared to the energy demand of different agricultural practices,
51 namely, tillage (16), planting (12%), harvesting (6%) and handling (6%) (Brooker et al., 1992).
52 Reports on energy consumption in developed countries show that the energy share of drying is
53 about 10-15% in Canada, the United States, France and the UK, and 20-25 in Denmark and
54 Germany (Motevali et al., 2014). Since the drying facilities and dryers are energy-intensive in both
55 agricultural and industrial sectors, it can be concluded that a large amount of PEC belongs to the
56 drying processes of agricultural, medicinal and industrial products.
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57 Literature review indicates that extensive research has been done on production and control of
58 GHGs.
59 Singh et al. (2013) studied CO2 generation during drying of potato slices. They compared CO2
60 emissions for two energy sources of solar energy and other fuels (coal, diesel fuel, LPG, natural
61 gas, and electricity). Their results showed that replacing coal with solar energy can considerably
62 reduce CO2 emissions.
63 Another study analyzed potential CO2 production during drying of different products using solar
64 energy and other fuels in India. It was reported that a higher share of solar energy than other fuels
65 (wood, coal and natural gas) during drying of agricultural products can lead to a considerable
66 reduction of CO2 emissions in India (Kumar and Kandpal, 2005).
67 Piacentini and Mujumdar (2009) studied climate changes and drying of agricultural products.
68 Given the high energy requirements of the drying sector, the authors suggested using renewable
69 energy sources, optimizing every drying process, and adopting energy-efficient practices to reduce
70 GHG emissions.
71 Studies on energy consumption during drying of pomegranate seeds (Motevali et al., 2011a) and
72 mushroom slices (Motevali et al., 2011b) with different dryers (hot air, hot air-IR, IR, microwave,
73 vacuum, microwave-vacuum) showed that the highest energy consumption belonged to the
74 vacuum dryer and the lowest was seen in the microwave dryer. Moreover, results for drying of
75 chamomile using different dryers showed that use of solar energy can have a great share of the
76 total energy consumption during the drying process (Motevali et al., 2014). In addition, it was
77 shown that the highest and lowest energy, as well as drying and thermal efficiency values belonged
78 to the microwave and vacuum dryers, respectively.
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79 Another study used three drying techniques (hot-air flow, microwave, and hybrid microwave/hot-
80 air) to dry apple slices and analyze energy consumption results. Findings revealed that the shortest
81 drying time belonged to the hybrid microwave/hot-air dyer and the lowest energy consumption
82 was reported in the microwave dryer (Hazervazifeh et al., 2016).
83 Green peppers were dried using hybrid hot-air, microwave and IR dryers to compare the qualitative
84 parameters, drying time and energy consumption. Results showed that adding the microwave and
85 IR systems to the HA dryer can reduce drying time and energy consumption and increase quality
86 (Łechtańska et al., 2015).
87 An analysis of quality and energy consumption of paddy drying using a deep fixed-bed dryer under
88 different temperature, speed and relative humidity (RH) conditions showed that the lowest energy
89 consumption (0.37 kWh) occurred at the highest temperature and lowest speed and RH. However,
90 the highest energy consumption (1.85 kWh) was recorded under the lowest temperature and the
91 highest speed and RH (Tohidi et al., 2017).
92 In the agriculture sector, results of a study be Kazemi et al. (2016) on rapeseed production showed
93 that the energy consumption per hectare of rainfed rapeseed was 35537.81MJ/ha, and the GHG
94 emissions were 1009.91 kgCO2eq. In addition, another study reported energy consumption and
95 CO2 emissions per hectare of wheat were 36.249 MJ and 903.29 kg, respectively (Nabavi-
96 Pelesaraeia et al., 2016).
97 Sethi (2015) reported that increasing urbanization can contribute to further GHG emissions from
98 Indian power plants with different fuels, and suggested that different national sectors should work
99 together to find a unified policy in this regard.
100 Nazari et al. (2010) studied polluting emissions of Iranian power plants that use different types of
101 fuel. The total CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions were 125.34, 0.552 and 0.465 Tg, respectively.
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102 Life-cycle assessment (LCA) of two rice parboiling systems (a traditional system and a researcher-
103 developed system that had an integrated steaming and drying technology) showed that the
104 developed system can reduce environmental impacts by 80% compared to the traditional system.
105 A study on the reduction of GHG emissions using LCA in power plants operating on biomass
106 and hybrid biomass-coal fuels revealed that 10% replacement of coal with B. carinata or wheat
107 straw biofuels can reduce GHG emissions (Sebastiána et al., 2011).
108 An analysis of GHG polluting factors for power generation using 191 generators in New York
109 State and New York City showed that the GHG pollution factor for New York State can be reduced
110 by 9 to 39% and for New York City 30 to 36% from 2011 to 2025 with the help of wind turbines
111 and raises in fuel prices (Howard et al., 2017).
112 Another LCA of GHG emissions of fossil-fuel power plants with carbon capture and sequestration
113 showed that the potential global warming is reduced by MEA-based carbon capture, whereas other
114 pollution indexes (e.g. NOx and NH3) lead to further eutrophication and acidification (Odeh and
115 Cockerill, 2008).
116 Literature review shows that the drying of agricultural, food and medicinal products has huge
117 energy requirements. Study results show that the drying of agricultural and food products is a
118 highly energy-intensive, low efficiency process; however, the authors found no research about
119 GHG emissions of various dryers and their control.
120 Since most dryers are powered electrically, the power generation process in power plants is
121 studied. Besides environmental impacts of GHG emissions, there are also electromagnetic
122 radiations during the generation-to-consumption period. Given the climatic and weather conditions
123 of Iran, thermal power stations are the main source of power generation throughout the country
124 (Iran Energy Balance-Sheet, 2013). In 2013, the entire national power industry consumed 36.6 bn
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125 m3 of natural gas, 15.3 bn m3 of heavy oil, 12.2 bn liter of diesel fuel, 2.3 bn m3 of blast furnace
126 gas, and only 2.3 million m3 of coal gas. The shares of natural gas, heavy oil and other fuels were
127 25.2, 18.3 and 0.7%, respectively (Iran Energy Balance-Sheet, 2013).
128 The major power source in most dryers is electricity, therefore, the GHG production by power
129 plants can be estimated by determining the energy consumption of the drying process. In this study,
130 GHG emission is analyzed to investigate the energy consumption and GHG emissions of the
131 conventional energy production (conventional power plant for production electricity) system and
132 advanced energy production systems (advanced power plant for power generation) for various
133 dryer.
134 The aim of this study was to show the feasibility of the various widely-used dryers and their
135 potential benefits for industrial applications according to their pollution and GHG emissions. The
136 originality of the present work was the comparison between different types of dryers to assess their
137 potential GHGs emissions during the drying process.
138
139 Materials and Methods
140 To obtain a better comparison, all dryers were considered to use fossil-generated electricity as their
141 power source. Since the study dryers included thermal, convective and electromagnetic types, it
142 was essential to consider a single source for comparison. The samples of dog rose medicinal plant
143 were dried in different hot-air (HA), infrared (IR), hybrid hot-air and infrared (HA-IR), microwave
144 and hot-air (MIC-HA), vacuum, and hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar (PV-TS) dryers. Related
145 equations for calculation of energy consumption by various dryer are given in Table 1.
146
147
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148 Table 1- Formulas used for determining energy consumption of different dryers
Equation Eq. Energy consumption at Dryer Reference

Number
E.U ter  (A. . a . Ca . T).3600 (1) Energy Hot air=Eq.1 +Eq.2 (Motevali et al.,
E.U mec  P. M air .t (2) Energy IR =Eq.3 +Eq.2 2011a)
E.U ter  (A. . a . Ca . T  K . t ).3600 (3) (Motevali et al.,

Energy IR-Convective =Eq.1 +Eq.2+ Eq.3 2011a)
E.U ter  P. t. 3600 (4) (Motevali et al.,
Energy Microwave=Eq.4 2011b)
E.U ter  (A. .  a . Ca . T  P. t ).3600 (5) (Motevali et al.,
Energy Microwave-convective =Eq.5 +Eq.2 2014)
E.U ter  U . I . cos  . t. 3.6 (6) Energy Vacuum =Eq.6 +Eq.7 (Motevali et al.,
E.U mec  L. t. 3600 (7) Energy Solar =Eq.1 +Eq.2 2014)
149
150 The required energy of different dryers can be determined using Eq. 8. This (electrical) energy is
151 supplied through the distribution grid from the power plants to the consumption points. It should
152 be noted that a portion of the generated power is lost as heat in the power supply grids and
153 substations. By including the total share of losses in the power consumption, the primary energy
154 (fossil fuel) required for generating 1 kW electricity in a power plant can be obtained. The total
155 share of losses in grids and substations dropped from 15.15% in 2012 to 14.8% in 2013 of the total
156 generated and purchased energy at grid and substation levels (Iran Energy Balance-Sheet, 2013).
157 Moreover, the mean internal consumption of power plants was 3.5% at the national level (Iran
158 Energy Balance-Sheet, 2013). The total power plant generation required for dryer applications can
159 be obtained using Eq. 8.
𝑆𝐸𝐶 𝑆𝐸𝐶 (8)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = =
ƛ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ƛ𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒 + ƛ𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
160
161
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162 Since Iran has most of the natural gas, heavy oil and gas oil plants, and considering that all Iranian
163 plants are gas-turbine, steam and combined-cycle power plants, this study analyzed GHG
164 emissions from power plants while supplying power to dryers. The mean GHG emissions (CO2,
165 SO2 and NOx) of Iranian power plants (gas turbine, steam and combined-cycle) using primary fuels
166 (natural gas and heavy oil) for generating 1 kW energy are shown in Table 2 (Nazari et al., 2010).
167
168 Table 2- GHG emissions and pollutants from power plants using natural gas and heavy oil for
169 generating 1 kW (Nazari et al., 2010)
Greenhouse Gas (g/kWh) Fuel Type Power House Type

NOx SO2 CO2
2.69 0 63 Natural Gas Steam
2.52 15.28 1025 Heavy Oil
1.91 0 782 Natural Gas Gas-turbine
5.79 3.84 1048 Gas oil
2.95 0 450 Natural Gas Combine-cycle
3.78 2.32 622 Gas oil
170
171 Results and Discussion
172 Hot-Air Drying
173 Specific energy consumption analysis results (Table 3) showed that the highest and lowest energy
174 consumption belonged to 40°C, 1m/s and 60°C, 0.4m/s treatments, respectively. The required
175 specific energy consumption for drying of dog-rose samples in the convection dryer decreased
176 with increasing temperature while this parameter increased with increasing air velocity.
177
178
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179 Table 3- Specific energy consumption during the drying of dog-rose for hot air dryer
Drying Method Air Velocity (m/s) Temperatures (°C) S.E.C (kWh/kg)

40 15.87
0.4 50 13.44
60 11.87
40 19.30
Convective
0.7 50 16.64
Drying
60 14.44
40 21.57
1 50 18.72
60 16.12
180
181 Figure 1 shows CO2, SO2 and NOX emissions from different power plants using different fuels for
182 drying 1 kg dog-rose. As shown, the lowest emissions occurred at 60°C and 0.4 m/s airflow
183 velocity whereas the highest amounts were at 40°C and 1 m/s. According to Figure 1, increasing
184 airflow velocity increased SO2, CO2 and NOx emissions. However, these emissions followed a
185 falling trend at higher temperatures. This is due to the higher energy consumption during drying
186 with faster airflow, and lower energy consumption at higher temperatures. HA drying required
187 more time with lower energy and drying efficiencies (Motevali et al., 2014), and most marketed
188 agricultural products are dried using this technique. Therefore, it can be concluded that HA drying
189 has a large share of GHG emissions in the world.
190
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30000
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Co2 Production (g) 25000
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S team Power-Natural Gas S team Power-Heavy Oil Gas turbine-Natural Gas
Gas turbine-Gas Oil Combine cycle-Natural Gas Combine cycle-Gas oil
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400 B
So2 Production (g)
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191
192 Fig. 1. Effect of temperature and air velocity variations in a HA dryer on GHG emissions of
193 different power plants
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194 Infrared Dryer
195 Table 4 shows the specific energy consumption for drying of dog-rose using the infrared dryer.
196 As shown, specific energy increased with increasing air velocity and decreasing IR intensity.
197 Table 4- specific energy consumption for drying of dog-rose by infrared dryer
Drying Method Radiation Intensity (W/cm2) Air Velocity (m/s) S.E.C (kWh/kg)
0.4 7.34
49 0.7 8.37
1 10.66
0.4 8.05
IR Drying 31 0.7 9.11
1 12.49
0.4 10.55
22 0.7 12.96
1 16.07
198
199 Figure 2 shows GHG production for drying 1kg of dog-rose using an IR dryer. The highest CO2,
200 SO2 and NOx emissions were recorded for IR radiation of 0.22 W/cm2 and airflow velocity of 1
201 m/s. Their lowest emissions were also at 0.49 W/cm2 and 0.4 m/s. GHG emissions were higher at
202 faster airflows since higher airflow velocities cooled down the surface of the product thus drying
203 it at a lower temperature. This developed a lower thermal gradient inside the product leading to
204 slower moisture removal. As a result, the drying time extended and thus increased the energy
205 consumption. Moreover, higher radiation levels also increased thermal gradient, accelerated
206 moisture removal, and thus reduced energy consumption. As shown in Figure 2, the lowest CO2
207 production at all experimental levels of IR drying belonged to the steam-natural gas power plant
208 and the lowest amount to the gas turbine-heavy oil power plant. Additionally, the lowest SO2 and
209 NOx amounts belonged to the gas turbine and gas turbine-natural gas power plants, respectively,
210 whereas their highest records were for steam-heavy oil and gas turbine-gas oil plants.
211
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25000
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212
213 Fig. 2. Effect of IR radiation and airflow velocity variations in a IR dryer on GHG emissions of
214 different power plants
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215 Hybrid Hot-Air and Infrared Drying
216 Required specific energy for drying of dog-rose in a hybrid HA-IR dryer is shown in Table 5.
217 Specific energy consumption decreased with increasing IR intensity and temperature and
218 decreasing air velocity.
219 Table 5- Specific energy consumption during the drying of dog-rose by hybrid IR-hot air dryer
Drying Method Radiation Intensity (W/cm2) Temperature (°C) Air Velocity (m/s) S.E.C (kWh/kg)
0.4 6.71
49 0.7 9.05
1 10.11
0.4 8.12
Hot air -IR
31 40 0.7 9.82
Drying
1 11.12
0.4 10.95
22 0.7 13.15
1 15.04
0.4 5.84
49 0.7 7.73
1 8.80
0.4 6.76
Hot air -IR
31 50 0.7 8.33
Drying
1 9.65
0.4 7.79
22 0.7 10.31
1 11.66
0.4 4.47
49 0.7 6.71
1 8.17
0.4 5.35
Hot air -IR
31 60 0.7 7.40
Drying
1 8.74
0.4 5.86
22 0.7 7.82
1 9.22
220
221 Figure 3 shows CO2, SO2 and NOx emissions for a hybrid HA-IR dryer at 40°C. The highest
222 recorded CO2 level in the gas turbine-gas oil power plant at IR radiation of 0.22 W/cm2 and airflow
223 velocity of 1 m/s was 37.34 times lower than its lowest level in the steam-natural gas power plant
224 at 0.49 W/cm2 and 0.4 m/s. The highest SO2 level in the steam-heavy oil power plant at 0.22 W/cm2
225 and 1 m/s was 281.26 g, and its lowest level was zero in the gas power plant. The highest recorded
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226 NOx level in the gas turbine-gas oil power plant at IR radiation of 0.22 W/cm2 and airflow velocity
227 of 1 m/s was 6.81 times lower than its lowest level in the gas turbine-natural gas power plant at
228 0.49 W/cm2 and 0.4 m/s.
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300
B
So2 Production (g)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
49
49
31
31
22
22
49
31
22
W
W
W
W
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1
1
4
7
m
m
m
m
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
120
C
Nox Production (g)
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
49
49
31
31
22
22
49
31
22
W
W
W
W
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
/cm
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1
1
4
7
m
m
m
m
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s

229
230 Fig. 3. Effect of temperature and airflow velocity variations in a hybrid HA-IR dryer on GHG
231 emissions of different power plants at 40°C
16
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232 Figure 4 shows SO2, CO2 and NOX emissions at 50°C at different IR radiations and airflow
233 velocities in a hybrid HA-IR dryer. At this temperature, GHG emissions were reduced by
234 decreasing the IR radiation intensity. This is because higher IR radiation raises the product
235 temperature, leading to more evaporation. More evaporation reduces the drying time and thus
236 energy consumption and GHG emissions. In addition, increased GHG emissions is a result of
237 increasing hot airflow velocity. This is because faster airflow accelerates heat transfer from the
238 product surface that reduces its temperature. This in turn creates cooler drying conditions that
239 increase drying time and energy consumption, followed by higher GHG levels.
17
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16000
A
14000
Co2 Production (g)
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
49 49 49 31 31 31 22 22 22
W W W W W W W W W
/cm /cm /cm /cm /cm /cm /cm /cm /cm
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
0. 0. 1 0. 0. 1 0. 0. 1
4 7 m 4 7 m 4 7 m
m m /s m m /s m m /s
/s /s /s /s /s /s
250
B
So2 Production (g)
200
150
100
50
0
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
49 49 49 31 31 31 22 22 22
W W W W W W W W W
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
0. 0. 1 0. 0. 1 0. 0. 1
4 7 m 4 7 m 4 7 m
/s /s /s /s /s /s
100
C
Nox Production (g)
80
60
40
20
0
0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
49 49 49 31 31 31 22 22 22
W W W W W W W W W
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
0. 0. 1 0. 0. 1 0. 0. 1
4 7 m 4 7 m 4 7 m
/s /s /s /s /s /s

240
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243 According to Figure 5, GHG emissions in the hybrid HA-IR dryer followed a falling trend when
244 increasing IR radiation and reducing airflow velocity at a constant temperature. The highest CO2
245 level was 11726.17 g at 0.22 W/m2 and 1 m/s in the gas-turbine power plant using gas oil as fuel.
246 The lowest CO2 level was also 345.07 g at 0.49 W/m2 and 0.4 m/s in the steam power plant using
247 natural gas. The highest NOx level was 65.33 g at 0.22 W/cm2 and 1 m/s in the gas-turbine power
248 plant using gas oil. The lowest NOx level was 10.46 g at 0.49 W/cm2 and 0.4 m/s in the gas-turbine
249 power plant using natural gas. Additionally, increasing IR radiation and reducing airflow velocity
250 reduced SO2 levels.
19
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14000
Co2 Production (g) A
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
49
31
22
49
49
31
31
22
22
W
W
W
W
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
m
m
m
m
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
1
1
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
m
m
4
7
/s
/s
/s
m
m
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
200
B
So2 Production (g)
160
120
80
40
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
49
31
22
49
49
31
31
22
22
W
W
W
W
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
m
m
m
m
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
1
1
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
m
m
4
7
/s
/s
/s
m
m
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
70
C
Nox Production (g)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
49
31
22
49
49
31
31
22
22
W
W
W
W
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
/c
m
m
m
m
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
1
1
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
m
m
4
7
/s
/s
/s
m
m
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s

251
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254 From a comparison between Figures 3, 4 and 5 it can be concluded that, in all three figures,
255 increased IR radiation has a large effect on reducing SO2, CO2 and NOx levels. At the same time,
256 the level of all three gases followed a rising trend at faster airflows (Figures 3, 4 and 5). These
257 emission levels also followed a falling trend when raising the temperature. According to a
258 comparison between Figures 3, 4 and 5, the highest CO2 level was 19291.01 at 0.22 W/m2, 1 m/s
259 and 40°C in the gas-turbine power plant using gas oil fuel. The lowest CO2 level (345 g) was
260 achieved at 0.49 W/cm2, 0.4 m/s and 60°C in the steam power plant consuming natural gas. The
261 comparison of these figures shows that SO2 emissions were reduced when raising temperature
262 from 40 to 60°C. It is also concluded that the highest NOx level was 106.58 g at 0.22 W/m2, 1 m/s
263 and 40°C in the gas-turbine power plant using heavy oil fuel. The lowest NOx level (10.46 g) was
264 achieved at 0.49 W/cm2, 0.4 m/s and 60°C in the gas-turbine plant with natural gas. These are the
265 result of the increased thermal gradient in the product caused by increasing radiation and
266 temperature and decreasing the airflow velocity. The moisture removal rate, in turn, is higher at
267 these increased thermal gradients, and the specific energy for drying 1 kg of the product also
268 decreases. In conclusion, for the hybrid HA-IR dryer, it can be suggested that lower levels of
269 radiation and airflow velocity should be used to minimize GHG emissions.
270
271 Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar Dryer
272 Table 6 shows the specific energy consumption for drying of dog-rose using the hybrid
273 photovoltaic/thermal solar dryer. It could be observed that specific energy increased with
274 increasing air velocity and decreasing air temperature.
275
276
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277 Table 6- Specific energy consumption for drying of dog-rose by hybrid photovoltaic-thermal
278 solar dryer
emperatureT Air Velocity Total S.E.C S.E.C for Electricity

Drying Method
(°C) (m/s) (kWh/kg) (kWh/kg)
0.4 17.25 3.62
40 0.7 18.93 6.43
1 21.73 8.69
0.4 13.98 4.47
Convective
50 0.7 16.07 7.07
Drying
1 19.09 9.36
0.4 11.42 4.22
60 0.7 14.90 7.59
1 16.61 9.63
279
280 Since a hybrid solar dryer was used for this study, it is necessary to consider both solar and
281 electrical power shares in the drying process before analyzing the results. Table 6 shows total
282 energy consumption of the drying process along with solar and electrical power contributions.
283 Results show that, at lower temperatures, the share of the solar power required for supplying
284 thermal energy is higher, leading to less GHG emissions. Figure (6) shows that the highest CO2
285 level (11994.78 g) occurred at 60°c and 1 m/s, whereas its lowest level (279.38 g) was at 40°C and
286 0.4 m/s. In addition, SO2 increased by increasing temperature and airflow velocity and reached its
287 highest level at 60°C and 1 m/s. An analysis of NOx variations revealed that its variations have a
288 direct relationship with temperature and airflow velocity. The highest NOx level was 66.26 g
289 produced at 60°C and 1 m/s in the gas turbine power plant consuming gas oil. Its lowest level was
290 also 47.8 g using 40°C and 1 m/s in the steam power plant with natural gas. The higher GHG
291 emissions of the hybrid PV-thermal solar dryer at higher temperatures is due to the fact that
292 increasing the dryer temperature increases energy consumption in time unit. This increased energy
293 requirement is supplied from urban power grids, which in turn increases the share of electrical/grid
294 power.
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14000
A
12000
Co2 Production (g)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
40
40
40
50
50
50
60
60
60
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
,0
,0
,1
,0
,0
,1
,0
,0
,1
.4
.7
.4
.7
.4
.7
m
m
m
m
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
200
B
160
So2 Production (g)
120
80
40
0
40
40
40
50
50
50
60
60
60
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
,0
,0
,1
,0
,0
,1
,0
,0
,1
.4
.7
.4
.7
.4
.7
m
m
m
m
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
70
C
60
Nox Production (g)
50
40
30
20
10
0
40
40
40
50
50
50
60
60
60
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
°C
,0
,0
,1
,0
,0
,1
,0
,0
,1
.4
.7
.4
.7
.4
.7
m
m
m
m
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s
/s

295
296 Fig. 6. GHG emissions from different power plants while using hybrid PV-thermal solar dryer
297 for drying dog rose samples
23
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298 As shown in table 7, the specific energy consumption show increasing trends in the 100-500W
299 range and decreasing trends in the 500-1000W range.
300 Table 7- The amount of required specific energy by microwave dryer
Drying Method Microwave Power (W) S.E.C (kWh/kg)

100 0.65
200 0.59
300 0.53
400 0.51
500 0.50
Microwave Drying
600 0.55
700 0.61
800 0.65
900 0.68
1000 0.71
301
302 Figure 7 shows GHG emissions while using a microwave dryer at different radiation levels to dry
303 1 kg of dog rose. Results show that, by increasing the radiation level, the CO2 level first followed
304 a falling trend and then assumed a rising one by further increasing the radiation intensity level.
305 Accordingly, its highest level was 912.17 g at 1000W, and its lowest was 38.55 g at 500W. The
306 highest CO2 production level using the microwave dryer was 23.66 times lower than the lowest
307 level of this gas. Additionally, the lowest SO2 level was zero at all microwave power levels in the
308 natural gas power plant, whereas its highest occurred at 1000 W in the gas turbine power plant
309 with gas oil as fuel. NOx emission analyses revealed that its highest level when using the
310 microwave dryer was 5.04 g at 1000 W in the gas turbine power plant with gas oil, and its lowest
311 amount was 1.17 g at 500 W in the gas turbine power plant with natural gas. This is because energy
312 consumption at 1000 W was higher than that of other treatments, which in turn increased specific
313 energy requirement and thus GHG emissions.
314
315
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316
1000
A
900
800
Co2 Production (g)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
00
W
W
14
B
12
So2 Production (g)
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
00
W
W
6
C
5
Nox Production (g)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
00
W

317
318 Fig. 7. GHG emissions from different power plants while using microwave dryer for drying dog
319 rose samples
25
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320 Results from Table 8 show that adding microwaves to the convective dryer increases the specific
321 energy consumption compared to the microwave dryer and decreases the specific energy required
322 compared to the hot air dryer (the experiments were conducted at air velocity of 0.7 m/s).
323
324 Table 8- The amount of required specific energy for drying of dog-rose by hybrid microwave-
325 hot-air dryer (air velocity 0.7 m/s)
Drying Method Temperature (°C) Microwave Power (W) S.E.C (kWh/kg)

100 2.27
40 200 2.01
300 1.65
100 1.82
Vacuum
50 200 1.59
Drying
300 1.14
100 1.94
60 200 1.69
300 1.11
326
327 GHG variations during the drying process of dog rose samples by the hybrid MIC-HA dryer
328 (Figure 8) show that GHG emissions were reduced by increasing temperature and microwave
329 power. The highest CO2 level was 2907.54 g at 100W and 40°C, with its lowest amount being
330 85.89 at 300W and 60°C. CO2 emission variations at different treatments indicate that its highest
331 and lowest levels belonged to the gas turbine plant with gas oil and steam power plant with natural
332 gas, respectively. SO2 and NOx levels followed a falling trend by increasing the microwave power,
333 however, raising the temperature first reduced and then increased their emission levels. The highest
334 NOx level was 16.06 g at 100W and 40°C, with its lowest amount being 2.66 g at 300W and 60°C.
335 These results can be due to the simultaneous effects of both HA and microwave drying techniques.
336 The microwave dryer can develop bipolar spaces in water molecules inside the drying subject.
337 This helps the ambient hot flows to expedite moisture removal from the product. In this case, the
26
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
338 thermal gradient induced by both microwave and thermal energies increases the thermal gradient
339 between the product and its surroundings, which in turn facilitates moisture migration to the
340 surface. As a result, the drying time, energy consumption and thus GHG emissions are reduced.
27
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3500
A
3000
Co2 Production (g)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
40 40 40 50 50 50 60 60 60
°C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C
,1 ,2 ,3 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,1 ,2 ,3
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
W W W W W W W W W
45
40
B
So2 Production (g)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
40 40 40 50 50 50 60 60 60
°C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C
,1 ,2 ,3 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,1 ,2 ,3
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
W W W W W W W W W
18
C
16
Nox Production (g)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
40 40 40 50 50 50 60 60 60
°C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C
,1 ,2 ,3 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,1 ,2 ,3
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
W W W W W W W W W

341
342 Fig. 8. GHG emissions from different power plants while using hybrid MIC-HA dryer for drying
343 dog rose samples (air velocity 0.7 m/s)
28
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344 Vacuum Dryer
345 Two of the main factors influencing the drying of dog-rose in a vacuum dryer are dryer chamber
346 air pressure and temperature. As shown in Table 9, increasing air temperature causes the required
347 specific energy to decrease. Also decreasing air pressure in dryer chamber causes the required
348 specific energy to decrease.
349
350 Table 9- The amount of required specific energy for drying of dog-rose by vacuum dryer
Drying Method Absolute Pressure (mbar) Temperature (°C) S.E.C (kWh/kg)

40 25.38
25 50 20.35
60 15.99
40 25.19
250 50 20.59
Vacuum 60 15.63
Drying 40 25.84
500 50 21.10
60 16.26
40 24.72
750 50 20.26
60 16.27
351
352 Figure 9 shows SO2, CO2 and NOx emission levels for using a vacuum dryer. It also indicates that
353 their highest level was at 40°C, as they decreased by increasing the temperature during the drying
354 process. This is because increased temperature inside the vacuum dryer developed a larger thermal
355 gradient contributing to faster moisture removal that in turn reduced drying time and energy
356 consumption. This reduction in energy consumption led to less GHG emissions in three power
357 plants (gas-turbine, steam, and combined cycle) using natural gas, heavy oil and gas oil fuels. At
358 the same time, drying at high air pressures (i.e. low vacuum) increased the GHG levels.
359 Accordingly, at a fixed temperature, the lowest emissions were at the air pressure of 25 mbar
360 whereas highest GHG levels were reported at 750 mbar pressures.
29
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35000
A
30000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
40 50 60 40 50 60 40 50 60 40 50 60
°C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C
,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,7 ,7 ,7
5 5 5 50 50 50 00 00 00 50 50 50
m m m m m m m m m m m m
ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba
r r r r r r r r r r r r
600
B
500
So2 Production (g)
400
300
200
100
0
40 50 60 40 50 60 40 50 60 40 50 60
°C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C
,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,7 ,7 ,7
5 5 5 50 50 50 00 00 00 50 50 50
200
C
Nox Production (g)
160
120
80
40
0
40 50 60 40 50 60 40 50 60 40 50 60
°C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C
,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,2 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,7 ,7 ,7
5 5 5 50 50 50 00 00 00 50 50 50

361
362 Fig. 9. GHG emissions from different power plants while using vacuum dryer for drying dog-
363 rose samples
30
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364 Energy is viewed as the most important component of socioeconomic development of
365 communities. However, its generation, transmission, distribution and consumption processes are
366 always highlighted as the main sources of pollution on local, regional and global scales along other
367 factors. Compared to other fossil fuels, natural gas is a clean source with the lowest level of
368 pollution. By analyzing the results from burning natural gas and heavy oil as fuels in different
369 power plants, it was found that natural gas can considerably reduce GHG emissions from power
370 plants. In case of power plants, although the steam power plant has lower GHG emissions, it has
371 a low efficiency. Therefore, the combined cycle plant have both high efficiency and satisfactory
372 GHG emissions. Moreover, from NOx, SO2 and CO2 emission results in using different dryers, it
373 can be concluded that their highest and lowest levels belonged to the vacuum and microwave
374 dryers. The high GHG emissions in vacuum dryers are due to large energy requirements derived
375 from using both convection and conduction heat transfer methods. In the microwave dryer,
376 microwaves penetrate into the product and bipolarize its moisture content. This leads to a quick
377 raise in the temperature and faster moisture removal that reduces energy consumption. It should
378 be noted that these two dryers (microwave and vacuum) are not popular for high-capacity drying
379 applications, and are used for drying small amounts of products. A comparison between HA dryers
380 (highly applied) and other types of dryers shows that the high energy consumption and GHG
381 emissions in this dryer are a result of its low efficiency (Motevali et al., 2014). This dryer can yield
382 better efficiencies when combined with other drying techniques like microwave and infrared,
383 leading to less GHG emissions. Results from the solar and other dryers were compared, and it was
384 concluded that using solar power to supply a part of energy requirement for drying can play a
385 significant role in reducing GHG emissions. A comparison of GHG levels between HA and solar
386 dryers revealed that solar energy can significantly reduce these gases.
31
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387 It should be noted that this study analyzed energy consumption and GHG emissions from using
388 these devices. Results were also analyzed only from this perspective. It is recommended that use
389 of hybrid solar dryers should be promoted due to the various advantages of the solar power
390 including inexpensiveness, availability and, above all, lack of greenhouse gas emission.
391 For a better comparison, the highest and lowest GHG emissions of different dryers and power
392 plants are given in Table (10).
393 Table 10: The highest and lowest GHG emissions of different dryers and power plants
Power Plant Steam Gas turbine Combine cycle
MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN

Dryer
CO2 27057.32 915.48 27664.46 11363.62 16419.18 6539.17
HA SO2 403.35 0 101.37 0 61.24 0
NOX 71.01 36.62 152.84 27.75 99.78 37.64
CO2 20157.08 566.34 20609.38 7029.81 12231.91 4045.28
IR SO2 300.49 0 75.51 0 45.62 0
NOX 52.90 22.65 113.86 17.17 74.33 23.28
CO2 18867.64 345.07 19291.01 4283.29 11449.44 2464.81
HA-IR SO2 281.26 0 70.68 0 42.70 0
NOX 49.52 13.80 106.58 10.46 69.58 14.19
CO2 892.15 38.55 912.17 478.58 541.38 275.39
MIC SO2 13.30 0 3.34 0 2.02 0
NOX 2.34 1.54 5.04 1.16 3.29 1.58
CO2 2843.73 85.89 2907.54 1066.17 1725.66 613.52
MIC-HA SO2 42.39 0 10.65 0 6.43 0
NOX 7.46 3.43 16.06 2.60 10.48 3.53
CO2 11731.53 279.38 11994.78 3467.87 7119.04 1995.57
Vacuum SO2 174.88 0 43.95 0 26.55 0
NOX 31.71 10.28 66.26 8.47 11.48 43.27
CO2 31842.19 1205.29 32556.70 14960.95 19322.77 8609.24
PV-TS SO2 483.20 0 121.43 0 73.36 0
NOX 85.06 50.16 179.87 36.54 119.53 49.55
32
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394 New Proposal for Cleaner Production Techniques in Drying
395 The study results showed that the microwave dryers can have the lowest energy consumption and
396 GHG emissions. At the same time, note that the microwave energy requires electricity whose
397 production is coupled with GHG emissions. Furthermore, the current limitations in use of
398 microwaves, including non-uniform heating, texture degradation and limited wave infiltration into
399 food texture, have hampered the expansion of this technology (Zhang et al., 2006). Results from
400 the PV/T solar dryer suggest that electricity and GHG emissions are lower than those in the HA
401 dryer. It seems that reduced GHG emissions can be achieved by use of solar energy and its modern
402 technologies (e.g. solar concentrators) in dryers. Solar concentrators improve solar absorption,
403 which in turn provides higher temperatures at faster airflow speeds. Motevali (2015) developed a
404 solar dryer with a parabolic concentrator that was capable of maintaining the temperature at a fixed
405 value throughout the drying process. A cone concentrator was mounted on an indirect solar dryer
406 that raised the drying rate by 27% compared to outdoor drying (Jagannath, 2012). In another study,
407 a plate concentrator was employed for the drying of tomato samples, which was capable of raising
408 the temperature by 10oC higher than conventional dryers in a sunny day. The increased temperature
409 improved the drying rate and reduced the drying time by 27% compared to the conventional dryer
410 (Stiling et al., 2012). Two indirect solar dryers (one for the control and the other one for use of
411 concentrator) were also developed for drying tomato samples. Results of the dryer with
412 concentrator showed that the drying time was reduced by 21% (Ringeisen et al., 2014).
413 The literature review indicates that the total energy consumption of the drying process can be
414 supplied using a combination of solar energy and solar concentrators (linear and Fresnel-lens
415 concentrators). Therefore, these technologies can dry agricultural products without producing
416 GHGs and contribute to a solution for global warming.
33
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417 Conclusion
418 In this study, greenhouse gases emission results from using different dryers were analyzed, and
419 the following results were reported.
420 1- In HA drying, GHG levels decreased by increasing temperature and increased by
421 increasing airflow velocity.
422 2- In IR and HA-IR drying, increasing IR radiation from 0.22 to 0.49 W/m2 reduced GHG
423 levels. GHG levels were also lower when drying at higher temperatures as a raise in
424 temperature from 40 to 60°C led to a significant decrease in these levels. At the same
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426 3- The results showed that the microwave dryer had the lowest GHG levels, whereas its
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428 4- The PV-powered solar thermal dryer (thanks to the advantages of the solar energy)
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431 reduced due to the high share of solar energy in supplying the thermal energy.
432 5- Finally, results from the hybrid MIC-HA dryer showed that this combination led to a
433 considerably lower GHG emission than that of the HA dryer.
434
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Accepted Manuscript

A Comparison between Pollutants and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from

Ali Motevali, Seyed Reza Tabatabaei

Reference: JCLP 9346

To appear in: Journal of Cleaner Production

Received Date: 15 October 2016

Revised Date: 10 January 2017

Accepted Date: 30 March 2017

 Solar dryer reduced GHG production than other dryer.

1 A Comparison between Pollutants and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Operation of

2 Different Dryers based on Energy Consumption of Power Plants

3 Ali Motevali1**, Seyed Reza Tabatabaei1

5 University, Sari, Iran

6 Corresponding author Email: ali.motevali62@yahoo.com

23 183.09 g (vacuum dryer) and 1.54 g (microwave dryer), respectively.

24 Keywords: Greenhouse gas, Various Dryer, Specific energy consumption

Tray area (m2) A

31 have given rise to a phenomenon known as the Greenhouse Effect.

35 change (Mitchell, 2003; Kalogirou, 2004, IEA, 2016).

44 its production dropped to 424 g per kWh (IEA, 2015).

47 and drying operations.

56 drying processes of agricultural, medicinal and industrial products.

62 reduce CO2 emissions.

66 reduction of CO2 emissions in India (Kumar and Kandpal, 2005).

78 to the microwave and vacuum dryers, respectively.

82 was reported in the microwave dryer (Hazervazifeh et al., 2016).

86 (Łechtańska et al., 2015).

91 highest speed and RH (Tohidi et al., 2017).

96 Pelesaraeia et al., 2016).

99 together to find a unified policy in this regard.

111 and raises in fuel prices (Howard et al., 2017).

115 Cockerill, 2008).

119 GHG emissions of various dryers and their control.

137 potential GHGs emissions during the drying process.

139 Materials and Methods

Equation Eq. Energy consumption at Dryer Reference

E.U ter  (A. . a . Ca . T  K . t ).3600 (3) (Motevali et al.,

159 be obtained using Eq. 8.

𝑆𝐸𝐶 𝑆𝐸𝐶 (8)

169 generating 1 kW (Nazari et al., 2010)

Greenhouse Gas (g/kWh) Fuel Type Power House Type

171 Results and Discussion

172 Hot-Air Drying

Drying Method Air Velocity (m/s) Temperatures (°C) S.E.C (kWh/kg)

189 has a large share of GHG emissions in the world.

Gas turbine-Gas Oil Combine cycle-Natural Gas Combine cycle-Gas oil

Gas turbine-Gas Oil Combine cycle-Natural Gas Combine cycle-Gas oil

S team Power-Natural Gas S team Power-Heavy Oil Gas turbine-Natural Gas

Gas turbine-Gas Oil Combine cycle-Natural Gas Combine cycle-Gas oil

193 different power plants

194 Infrared Dryer

Co2 Production (g)

Gas turbine-Gas Oil Combine cycle-Natural Gas Combine cycle-Gas oil

Gas turbine-Gas Oil Combine cycle-Natural Gas Combine cycle-Gas oil

S team Power-Natural Gas S team Power-Heavy Oil Gas turbine-Natural Gas

Gas turbine-Gas Oil Combine cycle-Natural Gas Combine cycle-Gas oil

214 different power plants

215 Hybrid Hot-Air and Infrared Drying

218 decreasing air velocity.

228 0.49 W/cm2 and 0.4 m/s.

Co2 Production (g) 20000

Gas turbine-Gas Oil Combine cycle-Natural Gas Combine cycle-Gas oil

Gas turbine-Gas Oil Combine cycle-Natural Gas Combine cycle-Gas oil