ELEMENTS AND

PRINCIPLES OF
ART

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Elements of Art: VISUAL

• LINE
• SHAPE AND FORM
• SPACE
• COLOR
• TEXTURE
 LINE

• Refers to a point moving at an identifiable path.

• It has length, direction, and width.

By: Keth Haring – www.googleimages.com

• Different images of lines
a. Horizontal and vertical lines
• Refers to the orientation of the line.
• Horizontal associated with calm or rest.
• Vertical lines elevation or height.
• Together, these lines communicate stability and firm
ness.
b. Diagonal and crooked lines
– Diagonal lines convey movement and
instability.
– Crooked or jagged lines are reminiscent of
violence, conflict or struggle.

c. Curved lines
– These lines bend or coil. They allude
to softness, grace, flexibility, or even
sensuality.
THE RAFT OF MEDUSA by THEODORE GERICAULT
 SHAPE AND FORM

They define the space occupied by the object

of art.
SHAPE – refers to two dimensions:
height and width while

FORM refers to three dimensions:

height, width, and depth.
 2 categories
• GEOMETRIC
– These shapes find origin in mathematical propositions.
Its translation and use are often man-made. Such
shapes are: squares, triangles, cubes, circles, spheres, and
cones, among others.

Piet Mondain, Composition with Color Planes and Gray Lines”

 2 categories
• ORGANIC
– Are those readily occurring in nature, often ir
regular and assymetrical.

By: Louis Comfort Tiffany

 SPACE
• Related to shape and form. Usually
inferred from a sense of depth.

“CLOUD GATE” ANISH KAPOOR

 COLOR
• One of the elements that enhances
the appeal of an artwork.
 THE COLOR WHEEL
• The color wheel is a chart representing the
relationships between colors.
• Based on a circle showing the colors of the
spectrum originally fashioned by
Sir Isaac Newton in 1666, the color wheel he
created serves many purposes today.
 PRIMARY COLORS
YELLOW

BLUE RED
SECONDARY COLORS

ORANGE

GREEN
TERTIARY COLORS

www.googleimages.com
A. HUE
• Dimension of color gives its name.
• It can be subdivided into:
• Primary colors : red, yellow, blue
• Secondary colors : green, orange, violet
• Tertiary colors : six in total, these hues are achieved when
primary and secondary colors are mixed.
B. VALUE

• This refers to the brightness or darkness of color.

• Used by artists to create the illusion of depth and solidity, a
particular mood, communicate a feeling or in establishing
a scene (ex. day and night)
• Light colors – taken as the source
of light in the composition
• Dark colors – the lack or even
absence of light
• Tint – this is a lighter color than
the normal (e.g., pink for red)
• Shade – this is a darker color
than the normal value
(e.g., maroon for red)
C. INTENSITY
• The color’s brightness or dullness.
• Identified as the strength of color whether it is vivid or
muted.
• To achieve a specific intensity of a color, one may add
either gray or its complementary color.
• Bright or warm colors
• Color schemes
– A guide for selecting not only wall
paint but also furniture and decor.

• Color harmonies
– refers to the property that certain
aesthetically pleasing color combina
tions have.
• MONOCHROMATIC HARMONIES
– Use the variations of a hue. An example is
Claud Monet’s “ Houses of Parliament”
• COMPLEMENTARY HARMONIES
– Involve two colors opposite each other in
the color wheel. Since they are at
contrary positions, the reaction is most
intense.
• ANALOGOUS HARMONIES
– Make use of two colors beside each other in the color
wheel.
 TEXTURE
• Like space, texture can be either real or implied.
This element is experienced through the sense o
f touch.
• Often associated with textile.
A. Textures in the two
dimensional plane
• texture can be implied
using one technique or
a combination of other
elements of art.

B. Surface texture
• refers to the texture of
the three-dimensional
art object
 PLANES AND PERSPECTIVE

• Picture Plane – the actual surface of the painting or

drawing, where no illusion of a third dimension exists.

– Chiaroscuro
• developed during the 15th century. It made use of light an
d dark contrasts and tones in which paintings not only lo
oked three-dimensional, but also more dramatic.
• Linear perspective,
– a system of creating an illusion of depth on a flat surface. All
parallel lines in a painting or drawing using this system
converge in a single vanishing point on the composition’s
horizon line.

• Its use was based on the following observation

– As forms and objects recede, the smaller they become
– We were taught that parallel lines never meet.
– However, when they too, seem to converge when they recede
into a distance, at a point, they both disappear.This point of
disappearance is called the vanishing point.
 3 types of perspective
• One point perspective
– Often used in depicting roads, tracks, hallways,
rows of trees. Shows parallel lines that seem to
converge at a specific and lone vanishing point
along the horizon line.

• Two-point perspective
– Pertains to a painting or drawing that makes use
of two vanishing points. Often used in depicting
structures such as houses, buildings etc.

• Three-point perspective
– The viewer is looking at a scene from above or be
low. It makes use of the 3 vanishing points.
One point perspective
Two point perspective
Three point perspective
ELEMENTS OF ART: AUDITORY

1. RHYTHM
2. DYNAMICS
3. MELODY
4. HARMONY
5. TIMBRE
6. TEXTURE
• RHYTHM
– The pulse of the music
– Often associated to the terms beat, meter,
and tempo.
• Beat is the basic unit of music
• Tempo is the speed (beats/second)
• Beats can be organized into a recognizable
recurrent pattern called METER
• Classical terms are used to refer to the
variations in tempo, some of which are:
• Largo – slowly and broadly
• Andante – walking pace
• Moderato – at moderate speed
• Allegro – fast
• Vivace – lively
• Accelerando – gradually speeding up
• Rallentado – gradually slowing down
• allargando – getting slower, broadening
• Rubato – literally “robbed time” rhythm
is played freely for expressive effect
• DYNAMICS
– Refers to the loudness and quietness of
music.
Classical terms are as follows:
• Pianissimo – very quiet
• Piano – quiet
• Mezzo-piano – moderately quiet
• Mezzo-forte – moderately loud
• Forte – loud
• Fortissimo – very loud

• Crescendo – increase in loudness

• Decrescendo – decrease in loudness
• MELODY
– Refers to the linear presentation of pitch.

– Pitch is the highness or lowness of musical

sound.
• HARMONY
– It arises when pitches are combined to form chords.
– Chord – when several notes are simultaneously
played
• Dissonance harsh sounding combination
• Consonance – smooth-sounding combination
• TIMBRE

– It is a quality that distinguishes a voice or an instrument

from another.
• TEXTURE
– The number of melodies, the type of
layers and their relatedness in a
composition.

• Monophonic – single melodic line

• Polyphonic – two or more melodic
lines
• Homophonic – main melody
accompanied by chords
 PRINCIPLES OF ART

1. BALANCE
2. SCALE AND PROPORTION
3. EMPHASIS AND CONTRAST
4. UNITY AND VARIETY
5. HARMONY
6. MOVEMENT
7. RHYTHM
8. REPETITION AND PATTERN
• BALANCE
– Refers to the distribution of the visual
elements in view of their placement in
relation to each other.
 3 FORMS OF BALANCE
• Symmetrical
– The elements used on
one side are reflected
to the other.
3 FORMS OF BALANCE

• Asymmetrical
– The elements are not the same
(or of the same weight on each
side, putting the heaviness on
one side.
 3 FORMS OF BALANCE

• Radial
– There is a central point in the
composition around which
elements and objects are dist
ributed
 ACTIVITY#1
• Using the primary and secondary colors
of the color wheel, draw/paint something
which you feel has a significance in your
life.
• Submit on Monday Sept. 17, 2018
• Content 40
• Creativity 30
• Effort 20
• Punctuality 10
 ACTIVITY #2
• Create an album which consists of the
different Elements of Visual Arts.
• There should be at least 3 images on each
Element, label and a short description of
each.
• Place it in a plastic folder and should be
submitted on September 24, 2018
• Content = 50
• Organization = 35
• Punctuality = 15
 SCALE AND PROPORTION
• Scale
– Refers to the size in relation to what is normal for the figure
or object in question.

Plaintor by Claes Oldenberg and Coosje van Bruggen in Des Moines

• Proportion
– Is the size of the components, or of objects in relation to one
another when taken as a composition or unit.
• Proportion can be:
– Natural
• Relates to the realistic size of the visual
elements in the artwork especially for
figurative artworks.
– Exaggerated
• Refers to the unusual size relations of
visual elements, deliberately
exaggerating the immensity or
minuteness of an object.
– Idealized
• Most common to those that follow
canons of perfection, the size relations
of elements of objects, which achieve
the most ideal size-relations
 EMPHASIS AND CONTRAST
• Emphasis allows the attention of the viewer to a focal point
accentuating or drawing attention to these elements.
• Contrast is the disparity between the elements that figure
into the composition.
 UNITY AND VARIETY

• Unity – compositions are intended to be imbue a sense of ac

cord or completeness from the artwork.
• Variety – is the principle that aims to retain the interest by allowing
patches or areas that both excite and allow the eye to rest.
 HARMONY

• Elements or object achieve a sense of flow

and interconnectedness.
 MOVEMENT

• Refers to the direction of the viewing eye

as it goes through the artwork
 RHTHYM

• This is created when

element is repeated,
creating implied
movement.
 REPETITION AND PATTERN

• Repetition
– Recurring manner of the elements which appear
s in an artwork
• Pattern
– The Image created out of repetition
 COMBINED OR HYBRID ART

Emergence of hinged on the frontiers of scien

ce and technology.
Enter Your Tittle

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design that can be adapted to any content and
meets various market segments. With this many
slides you are able to make a complete
PowerPoint Presentation that best suit your needs.