Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BULLETS
Diuretic
o D – iet high K diet except aldactone
o I – input and Output expected increased output
o U – ndesirable effect electrolyte imbalance (K)
o R – ecord weight expected decreased weight
o E – lderly special precaution
o T – ake in AM and with food
o I – ncreased orthostatic hypotension monitor BP and move gradually
o C – ancel alcohol because of mild diuretic effect
Heparin anticoagulant prevent further enlargement of clot not dissolve them monitor
APTT/PTT antidote protamine SO4
Coumadin anticoagulant prevent further enlargement of clot not dissolve it monitor PT
vitamin K is the antidote
Urokinase/Streptoase dissolves the clot
Pernicious anemia absence of intrinsic factor (gastric surgery) problem in absorption of
Vitamin B12 beefy red tongue schilling’s test definitive test 24 hour urine collection
life long Vitamin B12
Gastritis LUQ pain
Gastric ulcer affected area stomach pain (precipitated by food intake increased HCl)
pain relieved by antacids
Duodenal ulcer affected area duodenum pain (2 hour after eating) pain relieved by
food
Ulcers bleeding (+) occult blood test (guiac) high fiber diet, avoid red meat, iron,
steroids, NSAIDs, indomethacin
Vagotomy resection of vagus nerve decreased cholinergic stimulation decreased HCl
and gastric movement
Dumping syndrome tachycardia and weakness 3 D’s (diarrhea, diaphoresis and
dizziness) fluids after meals, lie down after meals and SFF
Appendicitis RLQ pain avoid heat pads cause rupture signs of ruptured appendix
sudden cessation of pain, elevation of temperature and WBC
Diverticulitis LLQ pain low fiber diet
Diverticulosis high fiber diet
Ulcerative colitis bloody diarrhea 20 to 30 times a day fluid volume deficit
Liver cirrhosis alcohol and malnutrition (laennec’s), infection and drugs (post necrotic),
RSCHF (cardiac) and biliary obstruction (biliary)
o Portal hypertention can lead to
Blood shifted to the different collateral
Esophageal varices
Spider angioma (face and neck)
Caput medusae (abdomen)
Hemorrhoids (rectal)
Management avoid rupture avoid shouting, valsalva maneuver
Increased hydstatic pressure fluid shifting ascites
o Decreased albumin decreased oncotic / colloidal osmotic pressure fluid shifting
ascites management high protein diet
o CHON metabolism by product ammonia liver cannot convert to urea increased
level of ammonia in the brain Alteration of LOC and changes of behavior and
asterexis hepatic encephalopathy management low CHON diet and lactulose
for removal of ammonia
Hepatitis A fecal oral prone plumber
Hepatitis B body secretion prone working in a dialysis
Cholecystitis 5 F’s (fair, female, fat, fertile and forty) RUQ pain after ingestion of fatty
food demerol to relieved pain
Cholecystectomy T tube level of the incision site drain excess bile
Pancreatitis alcohol autodigestion LUQ pain
Anterior Pituitary gland
o Growth hormone
Increased before the closure of the epiphysis of the long bones gigantism
tall
Increased after the closure of the epiphysis acromegaly big hands (big
gloves), big feet (big shoes) and big head (big hat)
Decreased dwarfism
o Prolactin
Increased galactorrhea
Decreased decreased milk production
o ACTH
Increased secondary cushing’s
Decreased secondary addison’s
o TSH
Increased secondary hypethyroidism
Decreased secondary hypothyroidism
Posterior pituitary gland
o ADH
Increased water retention oliguria edema (fluid volume excess) and
weight gain concentrated urine increased urine specific gravity
Decreased water excretion polyuria dehydration (fluid volume deficit and
weight loss) diluted urine decreased urine specific gravity
Parathyroid gland
o Parathormone
Increased increased calcium in the blood and decrease calcium in the bones
stone formation and decreased bone mass osteoporosis management
increased water intake
Decreased hypocalcemia calcium supplement
Thyroid Gland
oIncreased (hyperthyroidism)
T3 and T4 increased BMR hyperactive inability to focus insomia
increased catabolism weight loss increased appetite increased
peristalsis Diarrhea fluid volume deficit Increased CR and RR (due to
increased BMR)
Increased T3 heat intolerance
Calcitonin decreased calcium in the blood tetany compensatory
calcium withdraws from the bones bone destruction (complication)
PTU decreased synthesis of TH watch out for SE (similar to signs and
symptoms of hypothyroidism) watch out for agrunulocytosis (fever, skin rash
and sore throat)
Lugol’s solution decreased released of TH before thyroidectomy
decreased vascularity of the thyroid gland
o Decreased (hypothyroidism)
T3 and T4 decreased BMR hypoactive sleeps a lot decreased
metabolism weight gain anorexia decreased peristalsis constipation
decreased CR and RR due to decreased BMR
T3 cold intolerance
Calcitonin hypercalcemia stone formation
Synthroid and Proloid increased TH
Adrenal Gland
o Incresead (cushing’s)
Glucocorticoids hyperglycemia and decrease wound healing
Mineral corticoids increased aldosterone sodium retention and potassium
excretion hypernatremia and hypokalemia
Hypernatremia water retention oliguria edema (moon
face,buffalohump, fluid volume excess and weight gain) concentrated
urine increased urine specific gravity low sodium diet
Hypokalemia weakness Prominent U wave high potassium diet
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Increased BP and CR
Sex hormones
Males gynecomastia and falling of hair
Females hirsutism and deepening of the voice
o Decreased (addisons)
Glucocorticoids hypoglycemia and inability to cope with stress
Mineralcorticoids decreased aldosterone sodium excretion and potassium
retention hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
Hyponatremia water excretion polyuria (dehydration, fluid volume
deficit and weight loss) diluted urine --. Decreased urine specific
gravity increased fluids and Na
Hyperkalemia weakness tall or peaked T waves low K diet
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine decreased BP and CR
Diabetes Mellitus
o Type I absolutely no insulin thin insulin
o Type II insufficient insulin obese OHA
o Diet 50% CHO, 30% Fats, 20% CHON
o Exercise Increased uptake of glucose Decreased insulin requirement
o Oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA)
Stimulates pancreas to produce insulin
o Insulin
SC; IV if DKA
Never massage the area
Never administer cold insulin
Rotate the site of injection
PREVENTS LIPODYSTROPHY
Mix
Aspirate clear first
Inject air to cloudy first
o Hypoglycemia
W – eakness
H – unger pangs
A – alteration of LOC
T – achycardia and tremors
A – bdominal pain
B – blurring of vision
C – ool clammy skin
D – iaphoresis
Give orange juice (simple sugars)
o DKA increased lipolysis increased ketones
o Hyperglycemia polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, kussmaul breathing, glycosuria,
ketonuria and warm flush skin
o Glycosylated hemoglobin reflect BSL for the past 3 to 4 months most accurate
o Foot care
Podiatrist
Avoid removing corns and calluses
Cut toe nails straight across
Avoid walking bare foot
Hepatitis A fecal oral
Hepatitis B body and bloody secretions (hemodialysis)
Peritoneal Dialysis
o Diasylate output is decreased turn patient from side to side
o Complication infection monitor WBC and temperature, diasylate is cloudy
boardlike and rigid abdomen peritonitis
o Don’t include diasylate solution in the output of the client
o Expected decreased weight monitor weight before and after decreased
createnine and BUN
Heart block decreased tissue perfusion
Parkinson’s diasease
o Decreased dopamine in the basal ganglia levodopa to increased dopamine avoid
Vit B6 foods
o Cardinals signs tremors (non intentional) muscle rigidity bradykinesia
o Pill rolling
o Microphonia ask your client to speak aloud to be aware
o Artane and Cogentin anticholinergic decreased muscle rigidity
Myasthenia Gravis
o Tensilon test confirmatory test
o Decreased Acetylcholine and increased cholinesterase
o Muscle weakness priority airway
o NO tranquilizer, Morphine SO4, Muscle relaxant and neomycin
o Cholinergics (mestinon) increased muscle strength antidote ATSO4
Undermedication myasthenic crisis give cholinergics
Over medication cholinergic crisis give ATSO4
Multiple Sclerosis
o Demyelinization of the myelin sheath
o Charcoat’s triad
Intentional tremors
Scanning of speech
Nystagmus
o Visual disturbances diplopia
Pancreatitis autodigestion alcohol bleeding shock
o Elevated amylase
Rheumatoid Arthritis
o No specific diagnostic test
o NSAID’s and ASA (antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory)
o Synovitis Pannus formation fibrous ankylosis (limited joint movement) Bony
ankylosis (joint fixation)
o Avoid flexion and promote prone position
Gouty Arthritis
o Increased uric acid allopurinol and avoid organ meats (liver) tophi (ears)
Osteoarthritis
o Most common related with aging
o Pain after weight bearing exercise or activity rest to relieved pain weight reduction
Diverticulitis LLQ pain and low fiber diet
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) can cause hemorrhagic cystitis to avoid increased fluid
intake
Vincristine (Oncovin) increased fiber in the diet
Iron supplement When is the best time to take (empty stomach), How is best taken (with
orange juice)
Steroids and NSAID’s
o DEATH inflammation
o BIRTH side effects
B – one marrow depression prone to infection monitor temperature and
WBC
I – ncreased gastric irritation take it with food or after meals
R – enal toxicity
T – innitus
H – epato toxic
Cataract common cause is aging (senile) opacity of the lens position on the unaffected
side
Glaucoma increased IOP decreased of peripheral vision first halo, tunnel and gun
barrel vision miotics (constricts pupils) avoid ATSO4 (dilates pupil)
Retinal detachment trauma blood clots floating spots dependent position scleral
buckling
Avoid Increased Intraocular pressure PRIORITY
o Avoid vomiting, coughing, valsalva maneuver, lifting heavy objects, bending, crying
Meniere’s Triad tinnitus, impaired hearing loss and vertigo low Na diet
o Vertigo imbalance high risk for injury decreased vertigo by focusing on one side
of the room assume a flat or reclining position
ASA 8th cranial nerve damage tinnitus, impaired hearing loss and vertigo
Antibiotics allergic reactions
Normal Values
o BUN = 10 – 20 mg/dl
o Calcium = 9 to 10.5 mg/dl
o Creatinine = 5 to 1.5 mg/dl
o GTT = 70 to 115 mg/dl
o O2 sat = 97 to 98%
Signs and Symptoms of Increased Intracranial Pressure
o B – lood pressure and temperature are elevated
o R – espiratory and cardiac rate are decreased
o A – lteration of LOC
o I – rritability
o N – ote for projectile vomiting
o S – eizure