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Trasport Lintas Membran
Trasport Lintas Membran
Structure and
Function
Cell (plasma) membrane
• Cells need an inside & an outside…
– separate cell from its environment
– cell membrane is the boundary
Can it be an impenetrable boundary? NO!
IN OUT
food waste
carbohydrates OUT ammonia
sugars, proteins salts
amino acids CO2
IN
lipids H2O
salts, O2, H2O products
2005-2006
cell needs materials in & products or waste out
Plasma Membrane
Structure and
Function
The cell membrane is a dynamic and intricate structure that regulates material
transported across the membrane. The membrane is selectively permeable (or semi-
permeable) meaning that certain molecules can cross the membrane and others cannot
Fully Permeable Not Permeable
Semi- Permeable
Outline Membrane Functions
• Phospholipid Bilayer • Protection
• Fluid Mosaic Model • Communication
• Membrane Proteins • Selectively allow
• Diffusion substances in
• Facilitated Diffusion • Respond to
• Osmosis environment
• Bulk Transport • Recognition
• Active Transport
Phospholipids
All cells have plasma
membranes and many of
their organelles also
have membranes. All
membranes are made
from a bilayer of
phospholipids.
Phospholipids have
hydrophilic heads
and hydrophobic
tails.
6
Arrangement
The cellof Phospholipids
membrane has two layers of in
phospholipids
asMembranes
shown below. The hydrophilic heads are facing
an aqueous environment and the hydrophobic tails
are facing one another.
Phospholipids have
the ability to move
laterally but only upon
a rare occasion are
able to make a 180o
turn. 7
Membranes are more fluid
when they contain more
unsaturated fatty acids within
their phospholipids. More
unsaturated fatty acids result
in increased distance between
the lipids making the layer
more fluid.
9
Fluid-Mosaic Model
Membrane Proteins
• Proteins determine most of membrane’s specific
functions
– cell membrane & organelle membranes each have
unique collections of proteins
• Membrane proteins:
– peripheral proteins = loosely
bound to surface of membrane
– integral proteins = penetrate into
lipid bilayer, often completely
spanning the membrane =
transmembrane proteins
2005-2006
Many Functions of Membrane Proteins
Outside
Plasma
membrane
Inside
Transporter Enzyme Cell surface
activity receptor
• Active transport
– Movement against concentration gradient
• low high
– requires ATP
Diffusion
• 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
- Universe tends towards disorder
Diffusion
movement from high low concentration
Simple diffusion across
membrane Which way will
lipid move?
lipid lipid lipid
inside cell
lipid lipid lipid
low
high lipid
outside cell
lipid lipid lipid
lipid lipid
lipid
lipid 2005-2006
Diffusion of 2 solutes
• Each substance diffuses down its own
concentration gradient, independent of
concentration gradients of other
substances
Facilitated diffusion
• Move from HIGH to LOW concentration
through a protein channel
– passive transport
– no energy needed
– facilitated = with help
2005-2006
Gated channels
• Proteins that open only in presence of stimulus
(signal)
– stimulus usually different from transported molecule
– ex: ion-gated channels
– ex: voltage-gated channels
2005-2006
Active transport
• Cells may need molecules to move
against concentration situation
– need to pump against concentration
– protein pump
– requires energy
• ATP
Na+/K+ pump
in nerve cell
membranes
Transport summary
2005-2006
How about large molecules?
• Moving large molecules into & out of cell
requires ATP(energy)!
– through vesicles & vacuoles
– endocytosis
• phagocytosis = “cellular eating”
• pinocytosis = “cellular drinking”
• receptor-mediated
endocytosis
– exocytosis
exocytosis 2005-2006
Exocytosis and
Endocytosis
• Exocytosis---Cellular secretion
• Endocytosis—
–Phagocytosis— “Cell eating”
–Pinocytosis– “Cell drinking”
–Receptor-mediated
endocytosis-specific particles,
recognition.
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
fuse with
lysosome for
phagocytosis
digestion
non-specific
pinocytosis
process
triggered by
receptor-mediated
endocytosis ligand signal
2005-2006
Phagocytosis
macrophage
Phagocytosis - Capture of a
parasite parasite (green) by
Membrane Extensions of
an Immune System Cell
(orange)
Pinocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
water
hypotonic hypertonic
2005-2006
freshwater balanced saltwater
Hypotonicity
• animal cell in hypotonic solution
will gain water, swell & possibly
burst (cytolysis)
• Paramecium vs. pond water
• Paramecium is hypertonic
• H2O continually enters cell
• contractile vacuole - pumps H2O out
of cell = ATP
– plant cell
• Turgid (turgor pressure)
• Cell wall
Hypertonicity
• animal cell in hypertonic solution
will loose water, shrivel &
probably die
• salt water organisms are
hypotonic compared to their
environment
• they have to take up water &
pump out salt
– plant cells
• plasmolysis = wilt
2005-2006
Cells in Solutions
• No net movement
• of water. EQUAL CYTOLYSIS PLASMOLYSIS
• amounts leaving and
• entering
Osmosis in Red Blood Cells
• Cytolysis Plasmolysis
The sodium-potassium pump