lournal of Scientific & Industrial Research

Vo1.59, April 2000, pp 309-31 3

Amelioration of Coal Mine Spoils through Fly Ash Application as

Liming Material
Ajaya Srivastava and P K Chhonkar*
Divis io n o f Soil Sc ie nce and Agricultural Chemistry,
Indian Agri c ultural Researc h Institute , New Delhi 11001 2, India

Received : 3 March 1999; accepted : 24 September 1999

The feasibility of fly as h as compared to lime to ameliorate the low pH of acidi c coal mine spoi ls under controlled pot
culture conditions are reported using Sudan grass (Sorghum sudan ells) and Oats (Avena sativa) as indicator crops. It is observed
th at at all levels of applications, fly as h and lime significantly increase the pH of mine spoils, availabl e phosphoru s, exchangeable
potassium , avail able sulphur and also uptake of phosphoru s, potassium, sulphur and oven-dri ed biomass of both these test crops.
The fly ash significantly decreases the bulk density of coal mine spoils, but, there is no effect on bulk density du e to lime
app lication. However, when the spoil s are amended with either fl y as h or lime, the root growth occurs th ro ughout the material.
Fly as h and lime do not cause e lement al toxi citi es to the plants as evidenced from the dry matter production by the test crops. The
results indicate th at fl y ash to be a potenti al alternative to lime for treating acidic coal mine spoils.

Introduction
Acidic coal mine spoils frequently occur in man y
of the coal mining areas of India. Acce lerated coal min-
ing has aggravated thi s problem further. Awareness in
recent times of environmental pollution associated with
coal mining has resulted in increased attention to the
problems of acidic spo il s, which was not considered an
area of much consequence. The acidification of spoil s
and top so il is primarily due to the oxidation of iron su l-
phide mineral s. Oxidation and hydrolys is occur when
pyrite (FeS 2) overburden is di sturbed and brought to the
surface during mining. The formation of su lphu ric acid
by oxidation and hydrolysis of FeS 2 results in a drastic
reduction in pH of spoils. Acidic conditions limit mined
land revegetation , thu s ex posing it to further degrada-
. tion due to lack of plant cover.
The increasi ng dependence on coal as an energy
source has resulted in an un abated generati on of co los-
sally large quan ti ti es of coal residues in many countri es I,
including Indi a, disposal of which has created environ-
mental, soc ial and ecological problems . Fl y ash is a ma-
jor waste product of coal-based power plants and indus-
tries. Fly ash readi ly escapes to the atmosphere alongwith
flue gases because of its fine part ic le size and it pollutes
*Author for correspondence
the air. As most of the thermal power facilities are lo-
cated in coal mining areas where coal mine spoils occur,
it was considered worthwhile to ameliorate and reveg-
etate these spoil s using fly a h as an amendment.
The present investigati on was therefore, carri ed out
to compare the effectiveness of vari ous levels of fl y ash
and lime in alleviating th e acidity of coal mine spo ils
and enhancing revegetation , and to evaluate the poten-
ti al accumul ation of nutrients in plants.
Materials and Methods
Acidic coa l min e spo il s were co ll ec ted from a
dumped site of Patratu coal mine, Distri ct Hazaribagh
(Bihar), and the currently generated fly ash was obtained
from the National T hermal Power Corporation Pl an t,
Dadri, Ghaziabad (UP). Both material s were air dried,
sieved and thoroughly mix ed. The coa l mine spoil s were
examin ed fo r bulk density, pH ( 1:2 spoils water rati o ),
sodium bicarbonate extractabl e phosphoru s, neutral nor-
mal ammonium acetate exc han geab le potassium and
calcium chloride ex tractabl e sulphur·:. The dehydroge-
nase activ ity was estimated by the method stated by Klein
et 01. °. Total elemental analysis of fly ash was carried
out fo llowing the method outl ined by Page et al. 4 • Initial
characteristics of coal mine spoils and fly ash are pre-
sented in Table I . Four kg of coa l mine spo ils was taken
 3 10 J SCI IND RES VOL 59 APRIL 2000

in the earthen pots and spoils amendment rates were
0 , 33, 66 and 100 g fly ash kg-I of spo ils and 0, 1/3, 2/3
and 1.0 L.R . (lime requirement) of lime. The lime re-
qu i. rement (L.R .) o f coa l mine spo il s was meas ured
through the procedure described by Shoemaker et af.5.
Ten seeds of Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanens) were
sow n in eac h pot in kharif season ( summar) and ten
seeds of Oats (Avena sativa) were sown in rabi season
(winter). Sudan grass, first in the cycle of crops rece ived
a basal dose of 30 kg N ha-I through urea. Th e succes-
sive Oats for the res idu al study received a recommended
basa l dose of 30 kg N ha-I through urea and 40 kg PP5
ha-i through si ngle super phosphate. Fo ll ow in g germi -
nati on and emergence, seedlings were thinned to five
un iform sized plants per pot to prov ide initially consis-
tent plant establishment for both th e test crops. The con-
tainers were watered as needed to prevent moi sture stress
but care was taken to prevent leachin g. Two cuttings of
Sudan grass were taken at 60 and 120 days after sow ing
(DAS) whil e in the case of Oats, pl ants sa mpl es were
Table I - Characteris ti cs of coal mine spoi ls and fl y ash used
Propert ies Coal mine spoil s
Bulk de nsi ty, Mg m-) 1.40
pH 1:2 (Spoil s: Water) 5. 14
Total phosphorus, % 11.96
(Avai lable phos phorus kg ha-')
Total potassium, % 164.30
(Exchangeable potass iu m kg ha")
Total sulphu r, % 5.28
(Avai lable su lphur kg ha-')
Dehydrogenase activi ty,
~g TPF g-' 11" ' 3. 16
taken at harvesting stage whi ch is a u ual practi ce fo r
cultivation of these crops.
The plant samples were dried at 60"C , we ighed,
ground and digested in a di-ac id mi xture (HNO, :HCl 0 4
in 10:4) on an electric hot plate. Phosphorus was esti-
mated by vanadomo lybdate yellow co lour method\ po-
tass ium concentrati on was read in a fla me photometer
a nd sulphur co nce ntration throug h p rec ipitatin g by
BaCr0 4 in HCI medium and by measuring the intensity
of yell ow color 7 using Spect roni c 20 spectrophotometer.
Coal mine spo ils samples were co ll ected at 60 and
120 days after sow ing of Sudan g rass and at harvestin g
stage of Oats. Coal mine spoil s were ana lysed for bul k
densi tyX, pHY, dehydrogenase acti vity' , sod ium bicarbon-
ate extractable ph osphorusJ(l, neutral normal ammonium
acetate exchangeable potass ium ll and calci um chl ori de
ex tractable sulphur t2 .
For stati stical ana lysis of data. the ex perimenta l
design was a completely randomi sed block ( 2 fac tor)
with 16 treatments and 3 replications. All stati sti ca l tests
were pe rformed at 5% level.
Fly as h Results and Discussion
1. 10
T he initi al characteri sti cs of the coa l mine spoils
8.23
and fl y as h di ffe red wide ly (Tab le I ). The spo il s were
0.45
highly acidic (pH 5.14) whereas fl y as h had an alk aline
(pH 8.23) reacti on. T he phosphoru s, potass ium and sul-
0.87
phur statu s of the ac idi c coal mi ne spoi ls indi cated ma-
j or defi c ienc ies of these nutrients.
0.07
Soil Response
The fl y as h amendment resu lted in reducti on in the
bulk density of the coal min e spo il s, bu t lime was not

Table 2 - The effect of fly ash and lime on bulk densi ty of coal mine spoils growing Sudan grass and Oats

Fly ash Bul k dens ity (Mg m-)) Lime Bulk densi ty (Mg mol)
(g kg-') Sudan grass Oats (L.R.) Sudan grass Oats
60DAS 120 DAS At harves ting 60 DAS 120 DAS At harvesting

0 1.4 1 1.40 1.40 0 1.3 1 1.30 1.3 1

33 1.34 1.33 1.33 113 1.32 1.30 1.30
66 1. 28 1. 27 1.26 2/3 1.32 1.30 1.30
100 1. 22 1. 22 1. 20 1.0 1.30 1.30 1.30
CD 0.05 0.04 0.05 CD NS NS NS
(P=0.05) (P=0.05)
DAS = Days after sowing; Mg = mega gram
 SRIVASTAVA & CHHONKAR : AMELIORATION OF COAL MINE SPOILS 311

Table 3 - The effect of fl y ash and lime on avail able phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, and available sulphur in
coal mine spoil s growing Sudan grass and Oats
Fly as h Available phosphorus Exc hangeable potassium Available sulphur
(g kg-I) (mg kg-I) (mg kg-I) (mg kg-I)

Sudan grass Oats Sudan grass Oats Sudan grass Oats

60DAS 120 DAS At harvesting 60DAS 120 DAS At harvesting 60 DAS 120 DAS At harvesti ng

0 7.8 1 7.08 5.66 92.07 86.30 8 1.07 5.9 1 5. 80 5.74

33 9.02 8.23 6.59 97.09 90.76 86.23 6.27 6.09 6. 17
66 9.93 9. 15 7.3 1 100.52 94.56 90.05 6.77 6.80 6.67
100 10.87 10.Q5 8.04 103.30 97.9 1 92.56 7.30 7.37 7.22

CD (P=O.05) 0.90 0.88 0.70 2.65 2.60 2.47 0.47 0.46 0.50

Lime(L.R. )
0 8.21 7.42 5.93 9 1.46 85.99 80.82 5.85 5.88 5.8 1
1/3 9.12 8.34 6.67 97.52 91.73 86.69 6.14 6.22 6.02
2/3 9.81 9.03 7.22 100.60 94.58 89.85 6.85 6.72 6.71
1.0 10.49 9.72 7.78 103 .39 97.23 92.56 7.42 7.24 7.26

CD (P=O.05) 0.70 0.69 0.56 2.80 2.76 2.75 0.52 0 ~5 1 0.53

-+-Sudan grau at 60 DAS
.....-Sudan Vran at 120 OAS
-Ir-Oeta at harvest
7.5
4 ~------~r=~-=======~=.------.
-+- Sudan grass at 60 DAS
I
~ ~ud8n grass at 120 DAS
J
~m.~~~

~ 6.5

5.5 -l---r-----r------r
,
/.~ ~":J
, « « </'~~ COCO ~ ~":J rV":J ,,~
'v 'v 'v

F~fly ash (g kg-\ L=lime (L.R.)

Figure 1- Effect of fly as h and lime on pH of coal mine spoils
growing Sudan grass and Oats
effective in thi s regard. The 100 g fly as h kg" spoi ls
treatment had a signifi cantl y lower bulk density (Table
2) which may be attributed to li ghte r and porous nature
of fly ash, si nce it has amorphous ferro-alumino sili cate
minerals. The additi on of the finer textured fl y ash to
spoils caused a reducti on in the bulk density. Fly as h
application to spoi ls makes the m porous and less com-
pact, impro ving the ir drai nage and aeration L1 •
F=fiy ash (g kg-1 ); L=lime (L. R.)
Figure 2 - Effect of tly ash and lime on dehydrogenase activity of
coal mine spoils growing Sudan grass and Oats
Fly ash and lime a mendme nt inc reased the pH of
the ac idic coal mine spo il s. The 100 g fl y ash kg-I spo il s
treatme nt resulted in a signifi cantl y hi ghe r pH of 7.9
(Figure I ). Thi s can be attributed to a larger reactive
surface area of fly ash , as reported by Taylor a nd
Scl1Uman I 4 . The results indi cated that the fl y ash (used
31 2 J SCI IND RES VOL 59 APRIL 2000

Table 4 - The effect of fl y as h and lime on phosphoru s uptake by Sudan grass and
Oats grow n on coal mine spoil s

Fl y as h Phosphoru s uptake (g pOC I ) Lime Phosphorus uptake (g pori)

(g kg· l) (L.R. )
Sudan grass O ats Sudan grass Oats

60 DAS 120 DAS At harvestin g 60DAS 120 DAS At harvestin g

0 0.07 0.1 2 0. 16 0 6.4 8.6 11.4
33 0. 10 O. IS 0.2 1 1/3 7.4 9. 7 12.8
66 0. 12 0. 17 0.25 2/3 8.2 10.S 14.0
100 0. 14 0. 19 0.28 1.0 9.0 11.3 IS.O

CD (p=O.OS) 0.0 17 0.018 0.02 CD (P=O.OS) 0.7 0.8 1.0

Table S - The effec t of fl y as h and li me on uptake of potassium and sulphur by Sudan grass and
Oats grown on coal mine spoil s

Fly as h (g kg· l ) Potass ium uptake (g pot·l ) Sul phur uptake (g po t I)

------------~--~~-----
Sudan grass Oats Sudan grass Oats

60 DAS 120 DAS At harvesti ng 60 DAS 120 DAS At harvesting

0 0. 17 0.20 0.29 O.OS 0. 10 0. 13
33 0.22 0.24 0.35 0.08 0. 12 0. 17
66 0.2S 0.27 0. 39 0. 10 0.14 0.20
100 0.28 0.30 0.43 0. 11 O.IS 0.22
CD (P=O.OS) 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.008 0.008 0.02
Lime (L.R .)
0 0. 18 0. 19 0.28 0.06 0.10 0. 14
1/3 0.21 0.24 0.34 0.08 0.12 0.17
2/3 0.2S 0.27 0.39 0.09 0. 14 0. 19
1.0 0.28 0.30 0.45 0. 10 0.15 0.21
CD (P=O.OS) 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02

in our experiments) and lime were effective in amelio-
rating the acidic coal mine spoils.
The dehydrogenase activity decreased with the in-
crease in the rates of fly ash amendment but the reverse
was observed with lime amendments which is indica-
tive of reduced microbial activity in soil due to the ap-
plication of fly ash at higher rates (Figure 2) . This is
poss ible as increased concentration of iron and alu-
minium might prove toxic to so il organisms 15. However,
the addition of lime is like ly to create favourab le condi -
tions unlike fly ash where toxic elements get added .
T he avai lable phosphorus, potass ium and sulphur
were significantly inc reased in coal mine spoi ls due to
app lication offly ash and lime (Tab le 3). The maximum
increase was noticed at highest rates of app lication for
all the nutrients. Increase in available phosphorus, po-
tassium and sulphur may be due to the add itions through
flyash 16. 17.
Biomass Response and Nutrients Uptake
O ven-dried biomass of both Sudan grass and Oats
increased when acidic coal mine spoil s were amended
with fly as h or lime (Figure 3). Fly ash (100 g kg· 1 spo ils)
 SRIVASTAVA & CHHONKAR : AMELIORATION OF COAL MINE SPOILS 313

cated that both are effective in increasing the pH of coal

;:; Sudan grass at 60 DAS mine spoils. Fly ash has a good ameliorative property
• Sudan grass at 120 DAS and has proved to be a good source for nutrients . Lime
o Oats at harvest at all rates of application and fly ash up to 100 g fly ash
15
kg·1 spoils have resulted in adequate neutrali sation of
14 the acidic coal mine spoils with an initial pH of 5.14.
'0a. 13 These amendments have shown significantly higher bio-
~
12 mass production of Sudan grass and Oats and also in-
If)
If)
III creased nutrient uptake by these crops.
E 11
0
:c 10
The study shows that fly ash is a feasible alterna-
"'C
<Il tive to lime for amelioration of acidic coal mine spoi ls.
~
9 ~
r However, because of the variability in spoils and fl y as h
c
<Il
>
8 I characteristics, specific site conditions need to be con-
0
7
6
r J
.J .J U J sidered when determining the amount of fly ash required
for the treatment of coal mine spoils.
o ~ ID 0 0 ~ ~ ~
u.. ('I') <.0 0 ....J;:: N
u. u. u::: -I -I ::i References
F=f1y ash (g kg' \ L=lime (L.R.)
Adri ano, D C, Page, A L, Elseewi, A A, Chang, A C, Straughan,
J Environ Qual, 9 ( 1980) 333-344.
Figu re 3 - Effect of ny ash and lime on oven-dried biomass produc- 2 Jackson M L, Soil Chem ical Analysis (Prentice-Hall of India
tion of Sudan grass and Oats grown on coal mine spoil s Pvt Ltd, New Delhi) 1973
3 Klein D A, Loh T C & Goulding R L, Soil Bioi Biochelll , 3
and of lime (1.0 L.R.) significantly increased the oven- ( 197 1) 385-387.
dried biomass of both the crops. Fly ash amendment at 4 Page A L, Miller R H & Keeney DR , Methods a/Soil Analysis
(Soil Sci Soc Am. & Am Soc Agron Madison, Wisconsin,
all levels resulted in significantly higher oven-dried bio-
USA) 1982
mass over the untreated one. This can be attributed to 5 Shoemaker H E, McAllen E 0 & Prall P F, Proc Soil Sci Soc
increase in pH which increased nutrient availability. Am, 25 ( 1961 ) 274-277.
There were no differences among fly ash and lime 6 Dhyan Singh, Chhonkar, P K & Pandey R N, Soil, Plalll and
Water Analysis: A Method Mannual (Indian Agricultural Re-
amendments; indicating that both amendments were
search Institute, New Delhi ) 1999
equally effective in ameliorating the acidic spoils prob-
7 Palaskar M S, Babreka r P G, & Ghosh A B, J Indian Soc Soil
lems , as indicated by biomass turnover. The uptake of Sci, 29 ( 198 1) 249-252.
phosphorus potass ium, sulphur by Sudan grass and Oats 8 Yei hmeyer F J & Hendrickson A H, Soil Sci, 65 ( 1948) 487-
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10 Olsen S R, Cole C Y, Watanabe FS & Dean L A, Circ US Dep
had a significantly higher uptake of phosphorus, potas-
Agric, ( 1954) 939 .
sium and sulphur than any other treatment, other than II Wood L K & De Turk E E, Proc Soil Sci Soc Am, 5 ( 1940) 152-
the control. These differences in elemental concentra- 161.
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attributed to pH effects, nutrient di stribution in the spoils, 13 Chang A C, Lund L J, Page A L & Warneke J E, J En l'iron
Qual, 6 ( 1979) 267-270.
and root di stribution within the pots . The response could
14 Taylor EM & Schuman G E, J Environ Qual, 17 ( 1988) 120-
also be attributed to increased availability of phosp ho- 124.
rus, potass ium and sulphur from fly ash to plantsI 6. 17. lx. 15 Pitchel J R & Hayes j M, J En viron Qual, 19 ( 1990) 593-597.
16 Sims J T, Yasilas B L & Ghodrati M, Water Air Soil PoI/lit , 81
Summary and Conclusions ( 1995) 363-372.
17 Hill M U & Lamp C A, AI/st J Exp Agric Anilll Hush, 20 ( 1980)
In a study conducted to determine the effective- 377-384.
ness offly ash and lime as amendments for revegetation 18 Kene D R, Lanjewar SA , Ingole B M & Chaphale S D, J Soils
of coal mine spoils with Sudan grass and Oats has indi- and Crops, 1 ( 1991 ) 11-18.