Debre Tabor University

Faculty of Technology

Department of Information Technology

Social, Professional and Ethics Issues in IT (Individual Assignment 15 points)

Name Id

Mastewal Moges 84/10

Summation Date April 2021

Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
 1. Explain various liberty principle?

Harm Principle The harm principle holds that the actions of individuals should only be

limited to prevent harm to other individualsarticulated this principle in On Liberty, where he
argued that "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a
civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. The freedom of a person may
be justifiably restricted if the person harms another (physical, reputation, emotional, economic). 
In other words, if someone is harming others, then it would be ok if that person’s freedom to
harm others is restricted. 

 Offense Principle  

offense principle seems to reverse that by allowing the state to regulate almost everything.
Feinberg narrows the offense principle in several ways to limit this effect. The behavior has to be
wrongful, that is, it has to violate someone's rights.

offense principle, completely undermines the harm principle? It might seem to do so by allowing
the state to regulate all kinds of behavior. The goal of the harm principle was to limit the state’s
ability to regulate behavior by ruling most behavior out of bounds. The offense principle seems
to reverse that by allowing the state to regulate almost everything.

The freedom of a person may be justifiably restricted if the person harms another (physical,
reputation, emotional, economic). 

 Moderate Paternalism

The freedom of a person may be justifiably restricted if the person harms himself or herself.  In
other words, this principle protects you from harming yourself. This one is controversial. People
should have the freedom to harm themselves if they want to or if they are stupid enough. 

 Extreme Paternalism

The freedom of a person may be justifiably restricted in order to compel that person to benefit
himself or herself.  In other words, this principle forces you to improve yourself beyond the
present condition.

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 2. discuss different types of Justice?

Justice is action in accordance with the requirements of some law. Whether these rules are
grounded in human consensus or societal norms, they are supposed to ensure that all
members of society receive fair treatment. Issues of justice arise in several different spheres
and play a significant role in causing, perpetuating, and addressing conflict.

 Distributive justice, or economic justice, is concerned with giving all members of society a
"fair share" of the benefits and resources available. However, while everyone might agree
that wealth should be distributed fairly, there is much disagreement about what counts as a
"fair share." Some possible criteria of distribution are equity, equality, and need. Distribution
on the basis of need means that people who need more will get more, while people who need
less will get less.) Fair allocation of resources, or distributive justice, is crucial to the stability
of a society and the well-being of its members.
 Procedural justice is concerned with making and implementing decisions according to fair
processes that ensure "fair treatment." Rules must be impartially followed and consistently
applied in order to generate an unbiased decision. Those carrying out the procedures should
be neutral, and those directly affected by the decisions should have some voice or
representation in the decision-making process. Procedural justice is the idea of fairness in the
processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources. One aspect of procedural justice is
related to discussions of the administration of justice and legal proceedings.

 Retributive justice appeals to the notion of "just desert" -- the idea that people deserve to be
treated in the same way they treat others. It is a retroactive approach that justifies punishment
as a response to past injustice or wrongdoing. The central idea is that the offender has gained
unfair advantage through his or her behavior, and that punishment will set this imbalance
straight.
 Restorative justice is commonly defined as an approach to justice that focuses on addressing
the harm caused by crime while holding the offender responsible for their actions, by
providing an opportunity for the parties directly affected by the crime – victims, offenders
and communities – to identify and address their needs in the aftermath of a crime. Restorative
justice encourages meaningful engagement and accountability and provides an opportunity

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 for healing, reparation and reintegration. Restorative justice processes take various forms and
may take place at all stages of the criminal justice system.

3.Briefly discuss Rights?

 Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world,
from birth until death. 

They apply regardless of where you are from, what you believe or how you choose to live your
life. They can never be taken away, although they can sometimes be restricted – for example if a
person breaks the law, or in the interests of national security. These basic rights are based on
shared values like dignity, fairness, equality, respect and independence.

How do human rights help you?

Human rights are relevant to all of us, not just those who face repression or mistreatment.

They protect you in many areas of your day-to-day life, including:

 your right to have and express your own opinions

 your right to an education 
 your right to a private and family life
 your right not to be mistreated or wrongly punished by the state

  Moral rights are about being properly named or credited when your work is used, and
the way your work is treated and shown. Moral rights require that your name is always
shown with your work. This is called right of attribution. Moral rights are personal
rights that connect the creator of a work to their work. For example:

 your name should always appear next to your artwork in an exhibition

 your name should always appear in the credits of a film you performed in
 your name should always appear with any writing you have published

Moral rights also require that your work is not treated in any way that hurts your reputation.
This is called right of integrity. For example, it means that:

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  no one can change your work without your permission
 no one can destroy your work without first asking you if you want to take it back
 no one can show your work in a way that damages its meaning.

 A legal right is an interest accepted and protected by law. Also, any debasement of
any legal right is punishable by law. Legal rights affect every citizen. Legal rights are
equally available to all the citizens without the discrimination of caste, creed & sex. The
standard of permitted action within a certain sphere are called rights. Legal rights is different
from a moral or natural right in the sense that it is recognized & protected by law, whereas
the latter may/may not be recognized & protected by law. 

4.Explain about Easter Eggs?

An Easter egg is an undocumented feature or novelty in a program that the makers added for
additional fun and credits. Easter eggs are in no way destructive to any software or hardware
in the computer and are usually meant for something unique and fun.

5.Describe various types of IT professionals?

Information technology (IT) professionals are responsible for helping organizations

maintain their digital infrastructure and providing troubleshooting assistance to
technology consumers. IT employees are in demand to help others keep up with
technological advances and security procedures. If you are interested in developing
skills in programming and problem-solving, you may consider a career in IT. In
this article, we provide examples of IT jobs to help you find the right career path
that suits your interests, skills and goals.

1. Support specialist Primary duties: Support specialists are responsible for reviewing and
solving computer network and hardware problems for a business. They can work in a variety of
industries to provide general support to a company's employees, or they can work at a
technology or software as a service (SaaS) company and provide technical support on user
experience issues that require technical assistance. Requirements: Support specialists typically

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obtain a Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science or Information Technology. Having a certificate
or an associate degree paired with relevant professional experience may also be acceptable.

2. Computer programmer Primary duties: A computer programmer is someone who writes

new computer software using coding languages like HTML, JavaScript and CSS. Video game
software can be updated to improve online gameplay, which is an opportunity for programmers
to troubleshoot problems experienced by gamers after the game is released to the general public.
Requirements: A programmer typically completes a Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science
and an internship to build their skills. Certifications are also strongly encouraged, and there are
many coding academies to choose from.

3. Quality assurance tester Primary duties: Quality assurance testers are technicians or

engineers who check software products to see if they're up to industry standards and free of any
issues. This role is common for gaming systems, mobile applications and other technology that
needs further testing and maintenance when recommended. Requirements: Many quality
assurance testers have a Bachelor's Degree in Software Design, Engineering or Computer
Science. Testers can work on different software for IT companies, which may influence what
degree or specialization they pursue. These professionals should also have excellent time
management and communication skills to help document test cases.

4. Web developer Primary duties: Web developers design the appearance, navigation and
content organization of a website. They use coding languages such as HTML, CSS and
JavaScript to manage graphics, applications and content that address a client's needs.
Requirements: Many web developers earn an Associate Degree in Web Development or another
relevant IT field. Some may pursue a Bachelor's Degree in IT or another business field. Others
may develop their web design skills through certificate programs or self-paced learning. To
secure employment, previous experience and a portfolio of work are often required.

5. IT technician Primary duties: An IT technician collaborates with support specialists to

analyze and diagnose computer issues. They also monitor processing functions, install relevant
software and perform tests on computer equipment and applications when necessary. They may
also train a company's employees, clients and other users on a new program or function as well.

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Requirements: IT technicians must earn an Associate Degree in Information Technology or a
Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science or Networking. Technicians render services for IT
companies depending on the industry they choose to work in and may need to learn more about
database programming to give themselves an advantage in an entry-level role.

6. Systems analyst Primary duties: A systems analyst reviews design components and uses
their knowledge of information technology to solve business problems. They identify ways that
infrastructure needs to change to streamline business and IT operations. They can also assist
technicians in training staff to implement the changes they propose. Requirements: A
Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science or a related field is often required. Coursework in
business administration, management and finance may help these professionals better apply their
IT knowledge to improving business practices.

7.Network engineer Primary duties: Network engineers work on the day-to-day maintenance

and development of a company's computer network, utilizing their skills to make the network
available and efficient for all employees within an organization. Requirements: These
professionals typically need a Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science and Information Systems
to understand the functions of a network and become familiar with potential solutions needed to
maintain one. Some employers may also require a Master of Business Administration (MBA) for
those who work with other internal stakeholders of the organization to determine the best
technology practices.

8. User experience designer Primary duties: A user experience (UX) designer is involved with
all facets of product development regarding its purchasing, branding, usability and functionality.
They collect and review user feedback to determine what a product needs to be efficient,
functional and successful. They apply this feedback to the design, organization and usability.
These professionals then monitor the process of testing and revising products until they meet
their consumers' high-quality standards. Requirements: UX designers may pursue an associate
or bachelor's degree program in an IT field and pursue additional coursework or training in
design, business, web development and programming. Others may be self-taught in
programming, design and development. Many employers do seek previous experience, so an
internship or portfolio may help these professionals secure employment.

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9.Database administrator Primary duties: Database administrators employ specialized
software to organize and keep track of data. The software can be associated with software
configuration, security and performance when applicable. These professionals frequently
diagnose and solve complex IT issues related to the data infrastructure to ensure an
organization's data is safe, accessible and easy to navigate. Requirements: Database
administrators typically need to earn a Bachelor's Degree in Computer Science or Management
Information Systems. They often start as a database analyst or a developer before moving into
this role so they can get the experience in data collection and working within a network's
databases.

10. Computer scientist Primary duties: A computer scientist applies their technological skills
and resources to solve IT problems for businesses. They write new software to complete tasks in
a quick and efficient period as well as develop new functions that can be of use for employees or
clients. Some computer scientists may also be application developers who help program
software to serve users. IT companies heavily rely on computer scientists to create new
programming languages and bolster the efficiency of hardware and software programs.
Requirements: Most computer scientists need to have a bachelor's degree, but many employers
may require a master's degree as well. Previous work experience may also be valuable to
prospective employers.

11.Software engineer Primary duties: Software engineers apply their knowledge of

mathematics and computer science to create and improve new software. They may work on
enterprise applications, operating systems and network control systems, which are all examples
of software that can be used to help businesses scale their IT infrastructure. Requirements: Most
computer scientists need both a bachelor's and a master's degree to become experts in software
development and maintenance. They learn and practice skills in technical problem-solving,
diagnosis, troubleshooting and programming languages.

12. IT security specialist Primary duties: IT security specialists work in various industries to
build and maintain digital protective measures on intellectual property and data that belong to an
organization. They help companies create contingency plans in case information gets hacked
from their networks and servers. These professionals also create strategies to troubleshoot

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problems as they arise. Requirements: A bachelor's degree or professional certification is often
required. Courses may involve math, programming and operating systems and certifications
offered by the Information Systems Security Certification Consortium (ISC2).

13. Data scientist Primary duties: A data scientist analyzes and organizes data to determine
trends that can influence business decisions. Their methods and IT tools use statistics and
machine learning to help collect and process a company's data such as financial records, sales,
prospects and lead generation. Some duties vary for specific industries. For example, data
scientists in the healthcare industry keep electronic health records (EHRs) intact for hospitals to
have access to confidential medical information. They may also use data to help healthcare
organizations make sound business decisions. Requirements: Many of these professionals
choose to pursue both a Bachelor's and a Master's Degree in IT or other business fields. Some
pursue additional degrees, coursework and certifications that relate to their specific industry,
such as healthcare.

14. IT director Primary duties: An IT director oversees the strategy and execution of IT
operations for an organization. They ensure that department tasks align with the company's goals
and development. These professionals may also collaborate with other internal IT professionals
as well as executive management to generate contingency plans, budgets and development goals.