Air Quality Monitoring Essentials

AIR QUALITY PRESENTED BY:
ENGR. EMMANUEL R.
MONITORING ALTAREJOS
WHAT IS AIR QUALITY?
The term “air quality” means the state of the air

around us. Good air quality refers to clean, clear,
unpolluted air. Poor air quality is a result of a
number of factors, including emissions from
various sources, both natural and “human-
caused.” Poor air quality occurs when pollutants
reach high enough concentrations to endanger
human health and/or the environment.
Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 2

WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION?
The presence of contaminants or

pollutant substances in the air that
interfere with human health or welfare,
or produce other harmful environmental
effects.
-USEPA

SOURCES CONTRIBUTING TO AIR POLLUTION
• Transportation (i.e. vehicle emissions), 46%
• Fuel Combustion (stationary like power plants), 30%
• Industrial Processes (i.e., chemical plants, cement

plants, etc.), 16%
• Miscellaneous (i.e., open burning, small scale

industries, etc.), 6%
• Solid Waste Disposal (i.e. open dumping, landfill,

etc.), 2%
GENERAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
Visibility Health Effects

Smog- Ground Acid rain
level ozone Damages forests, Nitrates & NO2 NOx reacts to form acid
buildings & water block light vapor & particles.
NOx + VOCs sources reduces visibility Penetrates lungs-
damage to lungs, emphysema, bronchitis,
vegetation & crops respiratory disease
Destruction of
Global
the Ozone
warming
layer
Cause by the
Caused by anthropogenic
the ODS activities and
GHGs

HEALTH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH
EMISSSION GASES
Nitrogen Dioxide – change in pulmonary function

in healthy people
Sulfur Dioxide – irritates the eyes and mucous

membrane and it triggers asthma
Carbon Monoxide – it impairs the oxygen-

carrying capacity of the blood and causes death

HEALTH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH
EMISSSION GASES
Total Suspended Particulates – increased risk of

respiratory, cardiovascular, and cancer-related
deaths
Lead – mild anemia; acute exposures results in

convulsions, coma, cardiorespiratory arrest and
death; chronic exposure may result in brain damage

AIR QUALITY MONITORING
The process of evaluating the

quality of air in the environment
that includes sampling, analysis,
data interpretation, and reporting.

COMMON AIR QUALITY PARAMETERS
MONITORED
Volatile
Organic
Compounds
Sulfur Metals
Oxides
Nitrogen
Oxides
Particulate Carbon
Matter Monoxide
Dioxins and Gases (e.g.

Furans H2S, NH3,
etc.)

TYPES OF AIR QUALITY MONITORING
Ambient Air
Source Emission
Mobile sources
Indoor air quality

AMBIENT AIR MONITORING
Refers to the monitoring

of the air quality of
surrounding area
especially around
industrial plants.

OBJECTIVES OF AIR SAMPLING
To check compliance with the air quality standards of

DENR and DOLE for the purpose of issuance of permits,
verification of complaints, and assessment of efficiency of
air pollution control facilities.
To assess the air quality in a certain area to protect

public health and welfare and to provide an air
quality management strategy for emission
limitations from mobile and stationary sources.
AMBIENT AIR SAMPLING

CRITERIA FOR AMBIENT SAMPLING
✓ Elevation of 2 meters above ground level
✓ Conduct at the property line or at a downwind
distance of 5 to 20 times the stack height
✓ Accessibility
✓ Availability of power supply
✓ Instrument Security
✓ Meteorology/topography
✓ Open area with minimum obstruction
✓ Site must be located in a populated area
TYPES OF AMBIENT SAMPLING
Manual Sampling – refers to the collection of

samples and delivery to the laboratory for
analysis
Automatic Sampling – refers to the

sophisticated analyzers/recorders wherein the
collection analysis and recording of results are
incorporated in the equipment

MANUAL
SAMPLERS
1. 24 HRS. TSP SAMPLER
2. PM 10 SAMPLER 3
3. 1 HR. TSP SAMPLER 2
4. KIMOTO HANDY GAS 4
SAMPLER
1
5. QUEST NOISE LEVEL
METER

TYPICAL PARTICULATE AMBIENT
SAMPLER

TYPICAL GAS AMBIENT
SAMPLER

AUTOMATIC SAMPLERS

CONTINUOUS AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
MONITORING STATIONS
According to DENR (Philippines Air Quality Index) there are 25 Continuous Ambient Air
Quality Monitoring stations all over the Philippines:
1. EDSA 13. SBMA

2. Bacolod City 14. Zamboanga City ADZU Campus
3. DLSU Taft 15. Urdaneta City
4. Talisay City 16. Zamboanga City, WMSU
5. Valenzuela City Station 17. Baguio City
6. Puerto Princesa Ciy 18. Davao City, Calinan District
7. Meycauayan City 19. San Fernado, La Union
8. Iligan City 20. Davao City(Davao International Airport)
9. Binan City 21. Naga City
10. Butuan City (Brgy Doongan) 22. Koranadal City
11. Sta. Rosa City 23. Legazpi City
12. CSU Butuan City (Brgy Ampayon) 24. General Santos City
25. Batac City

CONTINUOUS AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
MONITORING STATIONS

GENERAL GUIDE TO THE NUMBERS
OF STATIONS NEEDED
Urban
Populatio Average Number of Stations Per Pollutant
n
(million) TSP SO2 NO2 Oxidants CO
1 2 2 1 1 1
1-4 5 5 2 2 2
4-8 8 8 4 3 4
Above 8 10 10 5 4 5

SAMPLE DURATION TIME SCALES
• Short-Term – usually carried out for special
purpose such as preliminary assessment of
pollution.
• Intermittent – is useful for trend analyses and

control strategy evaluation.
• Permanent – is usually carried out whenever it

has been determined on the basis of short-term
and intermittent monitoring that such monitoring
is needed.
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY GUIDELINE VALUES
• Refers to the concentration of air over

specified periods classified as short-term
and/or long-term which are intended to
serve as goals or objectives for the
protection of health and / or public welfare.
• In general, used as basis for taking

positive action in preventing, controlling,
or abating health impacts from air
pollution.
NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
GUIDELINE VALUES

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Means the concentration of an air
pollutant which in order to protect public
health and/or public welfare, shall not be
exceeded in the breathing zone at any
time.
Standards are enforceable and must be

complied by the owner or person-in-
charge of the industrial operation, process
or trade.
NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR
SOURCE SPECIFIC AIR POLLUTANTS FROM INDUSTRIAL
SOURCES/OPERATIONS

SOURCE EMISSION MONITORING
Refers to the discharge measurements taken at the
source of pollution such as smokestacks of industrial
establishments.

WHAT IS SOURCE EMISSION MONITORING?
Source emission monitoring or stack

sampling involves measurement of the
amount and concentration of air
pollutants emitted from a specific source
such as boilers, generators, production
exhaust, etc.

TYPES OF SOURCE EMISSION
MONITORING
CEMS (Continuous Emission

Monitoring System)
• is an equipment with built-in
analyzer and recording
system for continuous
monitoring.
TYPES OF SOURCE EMISSION
MONITORING
In-stack sampling
an equipment is used for the
collection of particulates and gas
samples from stacks and ducts
through filters and impinges with
analysis done in the laboratory.
CEMS

STACK SAMPLING TRAIN

STACK SAMPLING TRAIN

FLUE GAS ANALYZER

VOC GAS ANALYZER

STACKS
Power Barges Sugar Refinery

Diesel Generators Exhausts Bagasse-Fired Boiler Exhaust

STACKS
Coal-Fired Thermal Boiler Exhausts

STACKS
Power Plants (Generator Exhaust) Rolling Mills (Furnace Exhaust)

REASONS FOR PERFORMING
STACK SAMPLING
• To obtain data concerning the emissions for an
emission inventory
• To determine compliance with regulations (ie.
Permit to Operate);
• To gather information which will enable the
selection of appropriate control equipment;
• To determine the efficiency of the control
equipment installed to reduce emissions;

STACK SAMPLING
• To evaluate emission changes as result
of process or equipment modification;
• To establish data as legal evidence.
• To conduct a random or routine check
for compliance of a permitted source;
• To investigate a complaint about a
particular source;

STACK SAMPLING
• To retest as source where the initial test
result is dubious or has been disputed;
• To acquire data for policy purposes (e.g.
to develop an emission factor)
• To acquire data for research purposes
(e.g. to check a new emission control
technique or device)

STACK SAMPLING
• To acquire data for environmental
impact assessment purpose (e.g. for
dispersion modeling);
• To acquire data for an emission
averaging scheme (within a single
facility) or for emission trading purposes
(between facilities)
• To train staff or regulatory personnel.
COMPLIANCE TESTING REQUIREMENTS OF NEW
OR MODIFIED SOURCES FOR PERMITTING
PURPOSES
1.Large source
▪ Boiler rated at 251 HP or greater
▪ A diesel generator rated at 1,250 KW or
greater
▪ Any source that has the potential to emit 100
tons or more per year

COMPLIANCE TESTING REQUIREMENTS OF NEW
OR MODIFIED SOURCES FOR PERMITTING
PURPOSES
2.A medium-sized source

▪ A boiler rated at 100 to 250HP
▪ A diesel generator rated at 600 to 1,249kw
▪ Any source that has the potential to emit 30
tons/year but less than 100 tons/year

COMPLIANCE TESTING REQUIREMENTS OF
NEW OR MODIFIED SOURCES FOR
PERMITTING PURPOSES
3. An environmentally significant source
defined as:
▪ Any source of emission of hazardous air
pollutants included in the list of Priority
Chemical in DAO 1998-58
▪ The principal emission sources at petroleum
refineries, petrochemical works, smelters,
cement kilns, steel, ferro-alloy, and glass
making plants.
PERIODIC OR ROUTINE COMPLIANCE
TESTING OF EXISTING SOURCES
1.Large or environmentally significant existing

sources
▪ Should be tested twice per year for each year of
its operation to verify compliance. Each test shall
consist of three sampling runs
2. A medium-sized existing source

▪ Should be tested annually to verify compliance.
Each test shall consist of three sampling runs

PERIODIC OR ROUTINE COMPLIANCE
TESTING OF EXISTING SOURCES
3.Small source
▪ Should be tested once during the first year of the
operation to verify compliance. Thereafter, it should be
tested once every second year A small source is
defined as a)boiler rated at 99HP or less; b)a diesel
generator rated at 599kw or less; c) any other source
that has the potential to emit at least 10 tons/year but
less than 30 tons/year
“ All sources using bunker fuel oil, blended fuels involving

Bunker fuel oil, or fuels with a sulfur content of 1% or more,
shall be tested twice each year.”

Existing Sources That Do Not Require
Emission Testing for Permitting Purposes
✓ Boilers rated equal and less that 50 HP;

✓ Diesel Generator set equal to and less
than 300 KW; and
✓ Other sources that have the potential to
emit equal to less than 10 tons per year of
any regulated pollutant regulated under
the RA8749 and DAO2000-81

METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Particulate Matter – Sulfur Oxide –

USEPA Methods 1-5 USEPA Method 6 or 8
Nitrogen Oxide – Carbon Monoxide –

USEPA Method 7 USEPA Method 10
Metals – USEPA Dioxins and Furans

Method 29 – USEPA Method 23
VOCs – USEPA
Method 18
STACK SAMPLING REQUIREMENTS
✓Sampling port should be installed in a location where
equipment and technical personnel can have easy and
safe access;
✓The sampling platform must be able to support sampling
equipment and personnel for the duration of sampling
(typically 3-5 hours);
✓The location of the sampling port should be at least two
stack diameters downstream from the nearest
disturbance such as bend, and at least one-half stack
diameters upstream from the discharge point;
✓The sampling port should be a four-inch ID (inside
diameter) flange welded to the stack;
STACK SAMPLING REQUIREMENTS
✓For stack diameter less than two meters, two (2) sampling
ports should be installed at 90o apart;
✓For stack diameter more than two meters, four (4) ports
are required;
✓Sampling ports should not extend beyond the inside wall
of the stack;
✓Clips and eyebolts should be installed aligned at the
sampling ports;
✓The access ladder should have a safety cage;
✓Power supply must be available near the sampling site.

OPERATING CAPACITY OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCE
EQUIPMENT(APSE) FOR COMPLIANCE PURPOSES
a) For stand-by combustion source (e.g. Gensets,
boilers, etc.)
The minimum required load/operating capacity at the time
of stack sampling shall be 30%.
In case that the proponent cannot meet the minimum 30%

load capacity, the proponent shall declare the realistic
operating capacity with a justification and to be
incorporated in the test plan/report.

If in case, at the time of emission test, the proponent fails

to comply with declared operating capacity or the
minimum 30% the actual emission test shall be continued,
or the emission test results/report shall be declared
invalid whichever is applicable.
Likewise if the fuel type as indicated in the PTO/Test Plan

is not followed or lower fuel quality is used during stack
testing, then said emission testing results/report shall be
void.

b) Operating Capacity for combustion sources
operating continuously (eg. Boilers, Gensets, etc.)
The minimum required capacity during stack sampling test
is 90% or the normal operating as indicated in the valid
PTO. The proponent shall declare the operating capacity in
the test plan.

In case that the proponent cannot meet the minimum 90%
load capacity or the normal operating capacity as in
indicated in the valid PTO, the PTO to be issued shall be
bases on the operating capacity during the conduct of
stack testing. For example, if the facility passes the stack
sampling test at 50% operating capacity then the PTO will
require the facility to operate at or below 50% operating
capacity during the life of the PTO.

TEST PLAN FOR SOURCE EMISSION
TEST
▪ Within two (2) weeks prior to the scheduled test, submit a
Test Plan to EMB RO for every source emission test, with
endorsement from the Pollution Control Officer (PCO) of
the industry having the emission test conducted.
▪ The Test Plan shall be signed by the following parties: 1)

Authorized Representative of the Proponent or PCO; and 2)
DENR Accredited QA/QC manager/Team Leader or Authorized
Representative of the DENR Accredited Third Party Stack Testing
Firm. The Test Plan shall be submitted to the EMB Regional
Director for approval prior to the conduct of the actual sampling
test.
SOURCE SPECIFIC AIR POLLUTANT PARAMETERS FOR FUEL COMBUSTION
SOURCES FOR PERMITTING PURPOSES

AIR POLLUTION SOURCE EQUIPMENT (APSE) WITH SINGLE
SOURCE AND DUAL STACK (EG. V-TYPE ENGINES)
✓Two (2) stacks combined into one (1) stack.

Stack sampling shall be conducted in three (3)
runs for combined single stack.
✓Two (2) stack to be tested individually. Results of

three (3) runs for each of the two (2) stack shall
be average and treated as single source.

AIR POLLUTION SOURCE EQUIPMENT (APSE) WITH SINGLE
SOURCE AND DUAL STACK (EG. V-TYPE ENGINES)

STACK CONFIGURATION

STACK CONFIGURATION

STACK CONFIGURATION

TYPICAL STACK WITH PLATFORM
AND PORTHOLES

STACK SAMPLING

CYCLONIC FLOW CHECK

O2 AND CO2 MEASUREMENT

SAMPLING FOR NOX

NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR
SOURCE SPECIFIC AIR POLLUTANTS

NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR
SOURCE SPECIFIC AIR POLLUTANTS

METHODOLOGY FOR PARTICULATE
MATTER (PM) SAMPLING
USEPA Method 1 – USEPA Method 2 – Stack
Determination of Sample Gas Velocity and
and Velocity Traverse Point Volumetric Flow Rate
USEPA Method 3- Gas USEPA Method 4-

Analysis for Dry Molecular Moisture Content of the
Weight Stack Gas
USEPA Method 5 –
Determination of
Particulate Emission
USEPA METHOD 1

USEPA METHOD 1

USEPA METHOD 2

USEPA METHOD 3

USEPA METHOD 3

USEPA METHOD 4

USEPA METHOD 5-DETERMINATION
OF PARTICULATE EMISSION
Particulate matter is withdrawn isokinetically from
the source and collected on a glass fiber filter
maintained at a temperature in the range of 120+
14 degrees Celcius or such other temperature as
specified by an applicable subpart of the
standards or approved by Administrator, U.S
Environmental Protection Agency, for a particular
application. The particulate mass, which includes
any material that condenses at above the filtration
temperature, is determined gravimetrically after
removal of the uncombined water.
USEPA METHOD 5-DETERMINATION
OF PARTICULATE EMISSION

USEPA METHOD 7 –
DETERMINATION NITROGEN OXIDE
A grab sample is collected in an
evacuated flask containing a dilute
sulfuric acid-hydrogen peroxide
absorbing solution and are measured
colorimetrically using
phenoldisulfonic acid procedure.

USEPA METHOD 7 –

USEPA METHOD 7 –

USEPA METHOD 8 – DETERMINATION OF
SULFURIC ACID MIST AND SULFUR DIOXIDE
•The gas sample is extracted isokinetically from the stack
using this method. The sulfuric acid mist (including sulfur
trioxide) and the sulfur dioxide are separated in solutions
of isopropanol and hydrogen peroxide, and both fractions
are measured separately by the barium-thorin titration
method.
•Based on theoretical calculations for 200 ml of 3%

hydrogen peroxide solution, the upper concentration limit
for sulfur dioxide in a 1.0 m3 gs sample is about 12,500m
mg/m3. The upper limit can be extended by increasing
the quantity of peroxide solution in the impingers.

USEPA METHOD 10– DETERMINATION
CARBON MONOXIDE
An integrated or continuous gas

sample is extracted from a sampling
point and analyzed for carbon
monoxide (CO) content using a
nondispersive infrared analyzer
(NDIR).

CARBON MONOXIDE

CARBON MONOXIDE

CARBON MONOXIDE
• Once collected protect the Tedlar bag from
sunlight to prevent heating and reactions.
• Minimize the time between sample collection
and analysis. Analysis should be on the same
day but no longer than 36 hours.
• Note that in explosive areas, an evacuated
cylinder should be used to replace the pump.

CARBON MONOXIDE

QUALITY ASSURANCE IN SOURCE
TESTING
• The primary goal of quality assurance (QA)
in source testing is to ensure the validity of
the measurements obtained. Results must
be reliable, accurate, and repeatable
• QA and QC systems enable the effective
tracking of procedures and protocols, which
maintains the integrity of results and their
professional interpretation.

QA PROCEDURES
• The USEPA “Quality Assurance
Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement
Systems: Volume III Stationary Source-
Specific Methods” should be used as a
guide to achieve the quality assurance
objectives of producing data that are
complete, representative and of known
precision and accuracy.

ACCREDITED THIRD PARTY
SOURCE EMISSION TESTERS
According to DAO 2013-16 all firms that
provide source emission testing services
to demonstrate compliance with the Clean
Air Act / Implementing Rules and
Regulations standards shall be accredited
by EMB prior to the conduct of said
activities.

EMB ACCREDITATION

CONTROL OF PARTICULATE
EMISSIONS
Technology Particulate Removal Remarks
Efficiency
Cyclone Separators <90% for TSP and Ideal for removal of

lower for PM10 non-stick particles
larger than 5µ
Baghouse (fabric 99.9% Highly efficient in
filters) removing fine particles
(<5 µ)
Electrostatic 99.9% Highly efficient in
Precipitators removing fine particles
(<5 µ)
Scrubbers <90% for TSP and Ideal for removing
lower for PM10 sticky particles

DUST COLLECTORS

A TYPICAL CYCLONE

CONTROL OF SULFUR OXIDE (SOX) EMISSIONS
IN FLUE GASES
Technology Sulfur Removal Remarks
Efficiency
Wet Scrubber ▪Applicable to high sulfur fuels

▪Lime/Limestone 80-95% but produces wet sludge
products
▪Sodium carbonate 80-98% ▪High reagent cost
▪Magnesium oxide/ 80-95% ▪Can be regenerated
hydroxide 90-96% ▪Uses lime to regenerate sodium
▪Dual alkali based scrubbing liquor
Spray drying – Calcium 70-90% Applicable to low and medium

hydroxide slurry, sulfur fuels. Produces dry waste
vaporizes in spray product
vessel
Furnace injection – Dry 25-50% Produces solid wastes.
calcium carbonate Applicable for boilers only.
hydrate injection in
upper furnace cavity

CONTROL OF SULFUR OXIDE (SOX) EMISSIONS
IN FLUE GASES

CONTROL OF NOX EMISSIONS FOR BOILERS
Technology NOx Reduction,% Remarks
Low excess air – reduction of 0-28% Generally excess O2 can be
combustion air reduced to 2.5% representing
a 3% drop from baseline
Staged combustion – fuel-rich 20-50% May not be available fo all
firing with secondary combustion design types
air ports
Flue Gas Recirculation – 15-30% Can be implemented on all
recirculation of portion flue gas design types
to burner
Low NOx burners 20-50% Commercially available
Ammonia injection – injection of 40-70% Elaborate injection,
NH3 as a reducing agent in the monitoring, and control
flue gas system required
Ammonia injection into furnace 30-60% Moderately high capital cost
but low operating cost
Selective Catalytic Reduction 90% Very high capital cost and
(SCR) high operating cost

CONTROL OF NOX EMISSIONS

CONTROL OF NITROGEN OXIDE (NOX) EMISSION
FOR INDUSTRIAL DIESEL ENGINES
Technology NOx Reduction, % Remarks
Derate <20% 5% increase in fuel

consumption
Retard (20 - 80) 20 – 40% 4-8% increase in
fuel consumption
Water injection (50% 25-35% 2-4% increase in
H2O/Fuel) fuel consumption
Selective Catalytic 80-95% High cost

Reduction

MOBILE SOURCES MONITORING
▪ Refers to the
discharge
measurements taken
at vehicles exhausts
such as cars, trucks,
jeepneys, etc.

VEHICLE EMISSION TESTING

Nitrogen
Oxide (Nox)
Particulate
Hydrocarbons
Matter
Typical
Opacity (for parameters
Carbon
Diesel) monitored Monoxide

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
MONITORING / WORK ENVIRONMENT
MEASUREMENT
Refers to the measurements of air

pollutants and other parameters at
the workplace such as offices,
production, and process area of
establishments and plants.

COMMON IEQ / WEM PARAMETERS
✓Dust ✓Illumination
✓Gases ✓Heat Stress
✓Metals ✓Ventilation
✓Acids ✓Vibration
✓Bacteria ✓Noise
STANDARDS FOR IEQ/WEM
The Occupational Safety and Health

Standards (as amended in 1989) of the
Department of Labor and Employment
(DOLE) is the reference book for Indoor
Environmental Quality/Workplace
Environment Monitoring here in the
Philippines.

REFERENCES
▪ RA 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations, DAO 2000-81, Series
2000
▪ CFR 40 Part 60 of the USEPA
▪ CFR 40 Part 58 of the USEPA
▪ Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement
Systems: Volume III, Stationary Source Specific Methods,
EPA/600/R-94/038c
▪ Occupational Safety and Health Standards (as amended in
1989) Handbook by DOLE
▪ EMB Memorandum Circular No. 2016-08
▪ http://www.emb.gov.ph
▪ http://www.epa.gov/ttnemc01/

ENGR. EMMANUEL R. ALTAREJOS
EVP – BSI (formerly Berkman Systems, Inc.)
VAG Bldg., Otigas Ave., Greenhills, San Juan City
09176266021
era@bsienv.com
THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR

ATTENTION
www.pcapi.com.ph

Air Quality Monitoring Essentials

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AIR QUALITY PRESENTED BY:

The term “air quality” means the state of the air

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 2

The presence of contaminants or

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 3

• Transportation (i.e. vehicle emissions), 46%

• Fuel Combustion (stationary like power plants), 30%

• Industrial Processes (i.e., chemical plants, cement

• Miscellaneous (i.e., open burning, small scale

• Solid Waste Disposal (i.e. open dumping, landfill,

Visibility Health Effects

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 5

Nitrogen Dioxide – change in pulmonary function

Sulfur Dioxide – irritates the eyes and mucous

Carbon Monoxide – it impairs the oxygen-

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 6

Total Suspended Particulates – increased risk of

Lead – mild anemia; acute exposures results in

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 7

The process of evaluating the

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 8

Dioxins and Gases (e.g.

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 9

Indoor air quality

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 10

Refers to the monitoring

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 11

To check compliance with the air quality standards of

To assess the air quality in a certain area to protect

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 13

Manual Sampling – refers to the collection of

Automatic Sampling – refers to the

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 15

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 16

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 17

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 18

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 19

1. EDSA 13. SBMA

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 20

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 21

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 22

• Intermittent – is useful for trend analyses and

• Permanent – is usually carried out whenever it

• Refers to the concentration of air over

• In general, used as basis for taking

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 25

Standards are enforceable and must be

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 27

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 28

Source emission monitoring or stack

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 29

CEMS (Continuous Emission

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 32

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 33

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 34

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 35

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 36

Power Barges Sugar Refinery

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 37

Coal-Fired Thermal Boiler Exhausts

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 38

Power Plants (Generator Exhaust) Rolling Mills (Furnace Exhaust)

Pollution Control Association of the Philippines, Inc.- National 39