WC Mapping 

 
Cellular Concept 
Frequency Reuse 39 
Channel Assignment Strategy 43 
Hando Strategy 44 
● Prioritizing Hando 47 
● Practical Hando 47 
Co-Channel Interference 50 
Adjacent Channel Interference 54 
Trunking and Grade of Service 57 
ImprovIng Capacity In Cellular Systems 67 
● Cell Splitting 67 
● Sectoring 70 
● Microcell Zone Concept 74 
 
Mobile Radio Propagation Large-Sc ale Path Loss 
Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation 81 
Free Space Propagation Model 82 
Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms 90 
● Reflection 90 
1. Reflection From Dielectric 91 
2. Brewster Angle 96 
3. Reflection from Perfect Conductors 97 
4. Ground Reflection (2-ray) Model 97 
● Di raction 102 
1. Fresnel Zone Geometry 103 
2. Knife-edge Di raction Model 106 
3. Multiple Knife-edge Di raction 111 
● Scattering 112 
1.Radar Cross Section Model 113 
Log-distance Path Loss Model 114 
Log-normal Shadowing 116 
Determination of Percentage of Coverage Area 118 
Outdoor Propagation Models 122 
● Longley-Rice Model 122 
● Durkin's Model 123 
● Okumura Model 128 
● Hata Model 131 
● PCS Extension to Hata Model 132 
 
 
 
Mobile Radio Propagation Small-Scale Fading and Multipath 
E ects of Multipath Propagation 151 
Factors Influencing Small-Scale Fading 152 
Doppler Shift 153 
Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel 155 
Small-Scale Multipath Measurements 165 
● Direct RF Pulse System 166 
● Spread Spectrum Sliding Correlator Channel Sounding 167 
● Frequency Domain Channel Sounding 170 
Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels 171 
● Time Dispersion Parameters 172 
● Coherence Bandwidth 175 
● Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 177 
Types of Small-Scale Fading 179 
1. Based on multipath time delay spread 180 
● Flat fading 180 
● Frequency Selective Fading 181 
2. Based on Doppler spread 182  
● Fast Fading 182 
● Slow Fading 183 
3. RayleIgh and Ricean Distributions 184 
● Rayleigh Fading Distribution 184 
● Ricean Fading Distribution 186 
 
Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio 
Geometric Representation of Modulation Signals 246 
Linear Modulation Techniques 250 
● BPSK 
1. Spectrum and Bandwidth of BPSK 251 
2. BPSK Receiver 252 
● DPSK 254 
● QPSK 255 
1. Spectrum and Bandwidth of QPSK Signals 257 
2. QPSK Transmission and Detection Techniques 258 
● O set QPSK 259 
● pi/4 QPSK 261 
1. pi/4 Transmission Techniques 261 
2. Detection Techniques 264 
Constant Envelope Modulation 266 
● Binary Frequency Shift Keying 268 
1. Spectrum and Bandwidth of BFSK signals 269 
2. Coherent Detection of Binary FSK 269 
 
 
 ● Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) 271 
1. MSK Power Spectrum 272 
2. MSK Transmitter and Receiver 273 
● Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) 274 
1. GMSK Bit Error Rate 276 
2. GMSK Transmitter and Receiver 276 
Combined Linear and Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques 279 
● M-ary Phase Shift Keying (MPSK) 279 
1. Power Spectra of M-ary PSK 281 
● M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 282 
● M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK) 284 
Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques 286 
● Pseudo-noise (PN) Sequences 287 
● Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DS-SS) 288 
● Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FH-SS) 290 
● Performance of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 292 
● Performance of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 295