feeefcmcvLab.iHkgp.ac.

Date: L Page no
alelegs OmmuOCatOn_ (ECCi8I02)

Mobile tadio toopRgation ch5KoPpapos (Pa-9

MRCET Pa-38)
Ch 4La8ge-scale Padh Loss -78)
V
foec space psopoqatton modcl
lonq-distance path loss mode
Shadotoing
Coueage tsea
Ch 5 Omall Saale fading Multipath Ch 5,Rappapos
Oopples Shift Pg-ISi
MultpathChaonel
Delay Spxead and Cohexence Bandwidth
Tupes
Doppies spsead a0d Cohexence toe
u
S r Q l l
Éat fodding aod equency-Selective fadrg
e
S o a l e

fadig fost fodio and sloto fading

Modulatn TechoiquOA fox Mobile Radio
 be suppost ed Vhsougb out
pacit - Ao.ot Usess tha) Con
the sustem, tsea,Spectoum
Capacitu we must Jeuse
DCaease
CelleulasConcept, Faequengy Reuse
Soroe aeq, bond Can be diuided Rotp Clusleas o ceD0
these Clustess ase sepeated to incsease Oapacituo &yslem
CClusBes size(N) Capacits(c) T
Types lntrsfexences Auacen channe
Ooprsouing CopacityCOuesaqe
Cen Splitng
Mcsocell Zone
CSectsxig
O Lse ooepeatess
EMI
tnte.nna Bostes )30aB
touesin dBm Pouweslin 4B)+304B
pexmitiuit E) ( Condudtonce 3 (
pesmeability L ) Eo-8.85 I FIm

relectaic onslan ot pesfeatiossless) dielectic &ECs

Sp diclectsic malemal fs lossyJielechsic conslEEenj2a
lobfnsfo fmpedance-L=ue: Raoa EhAe
Breuwgtes Angle anale aushich no aeftectOn accssin medium
Osigin.
ogeriectton Coece-o)
o1gin.
Sin g E
Atenn.a Bases
O
Tne faee spac cociues pouwcx a ouen bu the i s taee
Space equaton A
4nd L
CtSustera Loss tacta
CIhean o an onlenna Gs selaled ta s cfectue
Appestse(Ae) bu G-4e
d
Eectue Appeatuse (f)3 selatel hthe phucical size
OntenDa
Afg selaled to tne aniex frequenqu by d:C
Hiabex the foequee4, fohex he Gain fon same 9ie anenm

9 Ao Isotsopic Radiatoa is an idea0 anlenno that

0adiates pounes ilh ooifgain unifbsolîn.aldiaeatons
H e os ihe 5efesence antenna in utneless sustems
ousey (E1RP)-PG
The emectiue leptaopie Radialed
The Caecic.Rodiated buses (ERE)ia the.nadialed posce
incomcoxison to the, bal OuC dipble aotenn.o
(JB).
ERP CIRP -2.15 Cdipole Onleona Gain = LA4)

dB? dB qan, wst on 1Sotsooc 9ousce)

 attenuaton as q
DCpat loss tepsesents tthe signo
measused indE
OSittve QuanftyL and is
PL(8)- 1o lg/e)-Io log Gd),
ee Space Pth Loss fon faee spare model
(Guexai)
Deaolerna haing osc erclud ed
PL(4B)-10 log/d
Cundy
Ihei s fsee spoace oodel a ualid inibe fax Pield ox th
Kaunhofes seqiOD
The Fzaunhofts distance is defiped.oc de=2
O aauonofes distoiöegion aldz d¢) d
uheae D=loaqest physical ioeas dimensiDD o tho ntenna.
OHddihionnlue mucl bave de> Dlanddp>d
The i s oee Space equohon does nol hold osd=0
Hence, uoe LSe a
dOse-in pOuuer sefesece of a disiance do
SefeseDce distance s cbosen Such that (da > de
Thus P,a) P,cds)d(d2 do2d

Somctimes uwe defne tDe seceiue

pouwe t hse fes erce D
in Wats

Ru)-1oig (Ka
O.001 W 2010gdo CindBra
Otoz Fsee Space
denSity
buexluxoladistoncc.d duco 0nideal (po?ot) ontenna
a
PG =eIRP EP wm2E P lElEnaqniLde
Uzd2 Uad2 207 the

nRgntrcnsice
mpedonce
GOdiattn9
ponton
do 9n 1+2 GH2 sgion is electyic fel
n lm foz Todoon Oonditong
n o O !1km os otdoo Conditrons,T
m Ra)=PAe IEARG120
(Ae- GGd) Ae- Effectt ue appestu
seceiver antenna, u4n
 Nheflectto
Radio toopogaton echanisms.epsactop
P MRCET) ScotteSiO9
annetModeig
Cuenuew
Losgebcale tading ae ttose efpecls,uabich Capixe
heee(ect ot signoC fluctuatons oues lasge
Sepasatron distaDces b R uhexe as
Small Scale Fadioq oxe those nodels uubich.capfixe
theefect o Sianal paopoa aton Sanal Ssength
lucttuatron s Ques Small sepasatOnS

Lasae Scale fadinq is usually deoling tuith auesage

SiQnal Sttenqtih Lohese as the Small acale fading
sually topsouide models uabch paedic instaotaneou
Aopal 8xength.Auetuatioos8

Path Loss Molel (Also 9oroetimes kndLonas tbe tltenuatron

Molel)adescaibeg the losS o sianal stxength due to
TkR
pOsation gt path lenqfh blw
Shadouaim Captuses the efpeaej loCalfluctuatrons
ofQugSuE,Ond improueg upn the detals Suubich
Ose Captusel by athloss mole0
 Date Page no
asge Scale hopogatton Model
ediols the meon ana stsenglh fos on Osbitau T- R
SepaxahioD distance
2 h e yOBe bsepu0in estiating the sadio-Couenage asec b

odelaSSumo Same path loss ala given x Kdetance

Oseful in estirnatiog Couesaae agea ot Ix SFH 9 Cexdan
distaoce ) Thxeshold Reciev ex is out oCovexage

opogation Loss PatbLosstShadousinq+Small gcale fading

4 Faee space aopogaton
-R Cleas unobstucted OS.-
Reciued pouuez decscases T%- R Sepasatoo AS
bues La unc iis space eauaon
Path Loss > Dieesepce blw lsansmited
Repreaents Signal fHenuaton *ue pouaes ReCeied loue
S t ooy ox mQungt Quantitu
iDclude Omenna gains
2Ray Model Muktple paapogaton
see Space path loes model does nat pattbs (dYsec+secLece
hold good path P th
:Ates Soluing0x d hthx,the
o t distonce s
B-PGG hh d4
Receiued pousez d ecxeases
Otath uih
Pot Loss Poz Ray sefiechon pouuex o d (40dB/Jecade
PL C48) 49 nOdel
1o9-loot1O laq ng+ 2o l9gh1 20 lag h
Acsuaption betahtof Kx Sbould be
Smallex itan >>b
mucb-much
n meal enu hr
on beOop uahexe Np Path
OGosth maybe O9sumd C1.4 4
p Loss Expon
ath Loss eot
Expon ea
do be f l a t fbr d) s6)
 lwo-sqy Gusound Reflecton Model 20A-
hx \
)=Gash hx CaoSs-oue6ade ah
distancce 3d
d
Deaboue eq.n sbows G fastes poues logs fhen p e
Spaceprsopog.atioo roade009 dotaore incxeas e
HOLeues, lbe Tu0-50y 0odel does not aiue o good Tesutt
o shox distaoce due o osctahon Cased bu
Constxuctriuee and toatauchive Combibatiop ohe tuo saus
ostead gee Space model ig Si USeduwbeo d is sma00
Bi chencuer, d> dcthe pousesfallg Tapidlu as weas
fuD-a0 Mbdd appxoximatto qives bettex Sesult than
Fifs Cauoton
Patt loss îndependent o fsequeney
Pta)&hthx (waueleng th)
fheigkt o ao Otenna is iocs cases,
Deceiued pouucx ig incBCaset
So 5 d 20nhLhu 20be.hs
3
ETo)
().|2Eado2ahehr
d
dd
BPGGah h
e PLOR) 40109d-
=
((o logGt 10log G 20logh20 h
Log Distonce ath Loss thrml C o004
SgDa pouoey decse aSes lgoroi
Models poedYC),
wth distaoce
fuesoge lasge scale path loss PLL4) dfd
Pte)= PL(N)+1Qloq(
(oth Loss Index)
Sbadousirg
wby LOe Deed Shodouoing
Path Loss model doeg not Ca ptuxe GAvOKAo.eiol clutt
athloss molel alouU paedictron o gtanal shrenalh 04
a funchon o kKgepasatroD disiance
Poth loss model is auesaaed Oues Qn asea
elArea Mean PLU)
Huexaqc loth Loss as a fancton ot d fos pastculax
asea,

lLocol Mean vaaiatoD o Aianol shxenath,in a paahcudas

ds houueuey n 9ame Osca,

Ohadouing modeQ belp aptuse lsepxesenT localMeaD.

Coptuse the T0ndom UasIatons dbouuthe mea n
10
path io995
Peca) PL (da)t IOnp logf1o ( a
vasiab
Zero mcon auSsian digibaled nandonn
Pa)P (a)-Pid)

TG) 21lodioaiogq Ont fhea.m.ean

Pa)Ptd) +^ Rondor
AHadisionce octuatron
found Paorg
4,Luhat 1a the Fathloss.o3
deceu.eds i g n a lCCiued
9 meosuKermats
Sqnals t z e n g f
Skenathay atd F tea
fi
eon)
postrcul
locatton
 Dioacthon
tthe Cusved
At allouuS Tadio siqnals to psopogale osound
susface dthe casth, beuond hoi zons to Pobpo e
behind obstauCtrons es nelZone- Geome
Assumpttons> hcd, hced2 , h >d
excesspoath lengih A)=the Secondaxy poth- LOS path

dida
Comesponding phase diCexepceiD-2aA 2a h2d1tdz
d 2 dd2
-d
=By B-tan'hh d tas h saehl
oh4t)

The pbasediffexence is nOxmalSsd ws to

aesnel- Kischof diffaacton pasometex u
V- h |2 dhtd) = 2dd2
Adda atdt)

alhe ConCept ol dieesachton loss asa fuDc.kon.ol palh di

sDLnd an obshuchon iS explained bu degenel 200es
gesepal 200es tepaeseni Succe saiue meqioDSubese
Sccondoxu uuaues Daue a path length 0h Tx o Rx ubich
Oxe ndl2 Qaeatex than the tatapath length a LOs
Kadif o n CixCle.) Jaz Mddida
ditda
AppaoxiNaCtion is Ualtd
T R fox did 8 n

Anobstuctton causesaDlocRage.ot enengy fhor Sarne

thefsesenel zon.es, thus allaatng. ongyS.aae of aheeenesgy
10each Rx.Depending ongeanety Obstxucton,the
DeCeived enena Y De.a.uedaO3 Sum g e n e s Qy co.ototburtrond
Pooro a0 anobstaucbed tbesnel 2on es
h gsnesa0, Sf an obstauction does not block the
e voluro
volurO
Oained wrthio the fssi PoesneQ Zone, then
Qfactton lo ss is minimav
Knife edge dpsocton Molel
he atenuottot
Lienuatto0 Caused bu dipaacthop eb
Can be_Cstimatedb,
eatinaihe obstauction as a diçesacting knife esga
DiPesacho loss in this case Can be s eadiluestumaled USig
lassical Exeso.eQ soln fo the fietd behind.a knife.cdae
alsocolled hale plane)
Electaic Eield Staength Ed Ed F)=U)
2 Jexpl-jat)A)Jt
kofe-edge difpaadled uwaue Eo
Cofaee Space field sthxenalhin o.bsence bolh aoundi kaife
EO Complexbesnel inteq xal, wbich is func e U edge
oesnel-kischofPP dipaaction poaa.meteK
Diffsachion Galn, Gy(dB) - 20 l09E)) CObained fsom toble
Hppxox Soil GialJB)=O (VE
a CdR) 20109 (0.5-O.G2u)
G lde)= 20 log (O.5exp (-O.95u)) 0ve
n3 48) 20log 0.4-J0.1g4 -
Guti 20 log (0225 (0.38-o.u))45
24
(tt)Saatlesing
he actual cceiued siaoa in a
knotile sadio couioTDmeD
soften stxongex fhan ba io paedfcted
by gelection b
diepsaction n0del aloDC. In is_19 bcz,uuben
a sodio uOue
iropinges on o OugbSubtacebe
Oonead out diffsed)in oll 3efecled enesgu is
dh Ldue o sco
theseby paDuLding ttesing,-
SufoceRoughn.css0drtiono.sOdio enerqu al aneceiueD
1s.0ften fegtcdusing tte Raylefah
CAlcaion uwbiah detinesa.Cxiicoal hcigkt
Doubexances guC Ongle ot in cidence (h) uscae
9
he
38inOi
 A Suspace is Gonsdesed Smooth e tsoinímum "
mOximum pootuberence his lesg than hc and f's ConSdexed
3Dugh its psotubegence Y9 qs egter than hc.
Date Pageio

tor 0ough sutfaces, the tal suxace eftecton

Coeceneeds to be rmulhplied by a scatlexinqOS
Hac-tas(B)Cto a ccounl for diminished eflected field).
ment) exp-8(a6,Sn
On:ulandaad .cuiation o Surs face heabth abouA
Mean SUBface beiaht
yRoithiac xp-e2nSn 8(2in
Bessel funch o fissi kind.uZeio.oxder

Reflecde Efie.lds os h>bc can be eolued bu u9ing

Sougha P
adax Caose Sechon Model
beRadax Cxoss Section (RCS) oa Scatleaioo
objeci
s depfned as the atio ol POLuuCx
O
denSit o h e eiana
Scattesed in the dis" g aeceiuex To The
pöuaez dengty
SCatt.exioq obiea
D adio Lw@ue 10.Ciden upon ine
Ooit SQ,00 gecciued
foz unban mobile xadio 24giero,the Enenqu
eadioted touAxds he neceiuex
POBm)=PuB).r Gir +20lgd RCS-3a109(u
-2010q(dT.JR)
0bjecanm
9T9 distance a he scateaing
distancco dbo catesing obyect faaro Rx.
R
RCS Uaniable zelated o ihe.susHace 0xea o theScatteaina
measuaed indE ua I m)cfeaenae)
obieat
 ath Loss Models* Date ge

Log-Dis-aoce Patth Loss Model

Loq- Noroa Sbadouoina9
zaosmission Ouex
utdamx Eopogatoo Molels TOSEqulax fessain
Longley-Rice MoJel
Duxkig Mlodel 9nbon fsea
Okumuxa Model POpoqotrorn
Hota Aale
PCS Extension to Hala MOdel
alalfisch and estoni Model
lalde baod PCS MiaKocell Model

eteaminaton ol excentage otOuesaae tsea

L is cleax that due to aodom effecs oshadouutna
Some loc.atrons uithio a Couexoqe e a LOIL be below a
pas ticuloz degiKed zecéiued signo ths esh old.
fon a crsculox couexaae taea houino aadius
Rfoom.a
base stoton let fhere be some desned sianalthxeshold
Uu)-o o Usefu) Sexuice Fseao|s ot pxeo uith zeceived sigml
u - h (esf ro)+ CAp ( - et staength thatfs D= 4

b-On Ioac )l6 Osfy-Pe AGt 1Oo log (Rld) )|65

babft tbal be nccciued siqnal leuel uuiULcxceed a
Ceslain olue : P,a)»9]=0-R41
Conon unC
J2n 2
 mall Scole Bopog ation Modes t
Srnall scale fodiog ox sim ply fading is used fo
descibe tbe sapid fluctuations of the amplittide
osadio-Siqnaloue& a shost peaod of time os havel
distonce, So thot loxge socale poth Ioss efedis may be,
T900ted
Fadfng is Caused bu înstex-fexence blu 2 ox oOxe
vessiobs taansmitted Signals uwhich abaiues C
neceiues anteana al Slighty dicr tioes Inese ulaes
Called Multpath uwaues onobine af tbe xecciwex to
aiue osesultan signaDuobich Con vOxsidely n
Oraplitude vphase
Tbis is also called Mulhpath Psopogaton.

OmalE scole Muttrpath pOpOgatoD

Multipoth 'n the sadio Channed Caeates Small Sale
0Jina efecic he 3mp eeais anea
ORapid Cnanges io sgoal stsength Ouex a Small taaucldist
0Dtme toteyual
ORondoro faeamodulation due tn uasuing Dopples sh1fts
On dipg multrpath Siqnals
ime dispession (echoes).caused by uHpalh psop0matton
Jelays,
Leuenwben omobile cceiveX 13
stohonany be
natune
ecciued sianoloaufade duetD non-9iotionadY
movinG
the Chano el (seftectoa obyedls maybe

Foctong 9nfiuenCi Small ecale fadicg IS2

CMultpath Psopogaton Bappopo
peep tDe Mobile
Speedot o Susoounding Objedt
9BoosrmiBsion BonduSidtb ot the sugn a0
 oiveless chooDe
fs 1bo
Abe
ce Ronduwidth s
0ange e u e n c f e s hat
a
a s e allOwed fo
Po
o 0Lathe ton
chaDoe0 twithoal digD C h0.el
anie tsansfex funcho
I h e bandusidt aex ubich the
emaios Ustually Oonstog

opplex Shift >

Dueto oclatfue motion bluo themobile.and the baseStaton
siaton
ulkpath uoue expenieDce on 0ppasan Shft in
ea Ihis Shft in aeceiued siapalPseadue to mohons Cale
opples Shft and îs dhecty propoxhonol to the uebcitu kte
dI s motion oroobile uOnt to dis o0iualof 0eceiued sqbol
t Fhase Charge io the Ad-2AA0 -2aUAt Cose
Recciued Signal d
A=dCose =vdtose
V=uelocity o mobile d=lenqth blua poinl X.
Dopples Shft
(Hpposen change in foea) 2 t) d
fmooile Ys mauing fowands the dis a asaiualo
Sonal the Dopplex ShiPt is postrue (Appaseni EcEiued
faea inCoeased ie tet Soar caSE S
moble is oouing fotoOdds the cage
Staton )kuice-Uexsa
ultipath Cnannel fctfa
lapulse pesponse q ultipath Channe
he small soole uosiatons.ot a
dioeott nelaled io ihe_Impulse rmobile sadio signa0 Canbt
Odio Cbann.e0.
iaponSe o the mobile
Mobile Paio Chonne m.be mod eled as a
o timeUOKulog inpulge Qoneax Cl tes toD
Js
deaponSe, lobeCae the toe uasOf
due to 7ecesuex roOtonin, Space
UseP0
(Impulse Response is o 292e2 chasac.tesiZo
oce t mau be used to tron o the Chan
praedielbCOmpase
d f f mobrle domm, Ohannels
S pezfbamance mg many
 he R signa in mullr path Channel Consists gesies q
so
nated.tme-delayed phase- mulfipoth
e base and Impulse sesponse ShrPted 3ephcas Signa
chanhel Con
be expaessed os ht)-Zailtt)expi(2afeTD4
N
tt,t)=DEat plitades
it)Xcess.delaus.a
Tt) Compon.enl.at himet N=rot.ol.no Componenis
Te)+ ,t) 9 DEphes.enis ph.ase Ship

Ooall- Scale.Multpath Measuemants l-l6SRoppapas

nequengY spexsion táaamEtcos
LobexenceKandrtbelation drsiuel from oms delay Spsead

aOhesence Randuittb is oa slotistioa measLxe o thexange

aeauenCics OUex Luhich Cbannel oon be Considexed
at" Ge a chonnel uubich posses allspectaal ComponeDie
Luh appaox eQualaains ineax phae
Sn.othex uoads CohessDce Bl 6e)is he naDa.e aa.ea
0
potenhroal
OUes Lbicb 9 Psea CopondolS baue a ghiona
2 sineusoids bauexea,-
bs Ampltude Co-xelation
affeciel
Cepaxaton> Bc axe Qule diffexent bu ibe oannel
does Dot exis
Exaci selation.sbip blua B)x Oms delay,Spaend
BuT b Bal poxk estmates
Gpseod
faea Coselacthoo func.is aboue O.9 Bc
506
0S3 5c
0sffseo, Cosselotion func is above
Statistics RasicsMomenis
rmoroeñt of zOndomOsiableXiuohich OccudStoth.
psob P P
OMeon
lean al uolue gl Cisthus the
Cetfsal morneh a boul Ko
tomenT dillk distaibuho
X o ) aP

Soce MS 9d,6 is sou0se 30g vadiance, it is alco Seoand

Since
mome+r. 6-14x2-(x2
 OPples Spseat and Goheacnce lioe
DelSpseod and Coahevence BW se pasomelegs tobch
descoibe the tme dispexsiuenaBuxe of Channe.lin a loco
cal axea
uex ihes do natopex infb.aboulie tme-Uasuioq
hatuge o the Channe, Causedeîtbex bynelaftue ootton
Dlta base.atotton.and roolbRle.Osb tOOuem.emt ot aby ccs.in chünge
opplex Spread Conesence Tiroe descaibes fimeuasging
attiae channe0 in a Shmalescale segion
Oopples Spsead (8)fs de fn.ed as the sange faea Olu
ubich the seceiued Dopples Spectouna IS essen fhaly on: Peso.
Stis ameasuse o ihe pecthsal braoadenigCauaed.bDy
Time xate af cbange al mobile adio chanoel
hen opune Snusoid.aQ tone ol fheauenc4{e3 fsansmilfed
theseceiued dianal specs um,called the Dopplex
Spectaum
LilLbaue CompoDcbis in nange ae to fetfa--
Cubey Dopplex Shf
ESE the boseband siqnal Blal is mLucb.gReatex tban
emeciso Dopplex Spx.ead Cae peql.qible.at fhe Bo, the
Inis is a souo eceivex.
fading Chanel
By
obesence ime Tcs the time domain sdual o
ne Dopples Spspas Cohexence lime. axe Dpples Spam
o one onattes Llc fo
inueasey psopoxttom
-0
Se.achually a slotiatical measuxe o the me
hich the channel iopulse dus ofton 0ue
Hhe Stoilaata be Chanpel neponse is înuanianl, Quanhfh
des ponse
ottes uwonds Cobesence.hime i2-the al duoexen tumes
Lwbich22eceue Shpos hae O stsonq ime duxoton auek
Coxelathon pofentro0 fox Amp
)3f cobesen.ce tme Ys defihelag
Hrme Ccnciaton 20.5, |c 9 tbe ioe OuenLubich
imaMMox plex Shuft
6afm tmeUA
LO
 A A pOpulas
Populax "RRule of Thumb fors modeso digitaQ como 19
Hodefine dhe Cobegepee throe Os GiM ol eyneqn-2)
Te: O.423 Date hyeu
erf
)LUithin lc OuG Channed Loill be opprsox Consl.
Sfls 2 lc isbston may 0ccux bcz Channe
S
Changing faste tban Surobol duzation.
Fost todim
To Te Sloo Foding
Channel is cbaDginq ouwes dhan Sabsl
dunotion
4 Bs B_Bast Foding
Bs>Bp Slo adinq
(no.o paths) T astca Fading
N
AÓ T Fostez Fodina
oOuerocnt tousasds f Dopples autDT fasts
mOvem.cal Cuuda f e dSpseadn FodinO2
O Highex Data Rale highex 9umbol Rale Slou fading
Louwes Data Rate Lowes SymbolRote tastfading
lat Eadfhq kIsequenqy Selectiue ladinq
fhe
xtt-T)F,' w T X(jw thteo)
a htt) Considexino FTFtat Fading
only one poth

t ag
Nos3ou bons
nlt) Consideoing 2 FT
thtt l o s dota Pale
poths Eon beappsoy.
flat
Cide ban
-2nl h IT ITI 2 ghdoda
O
T
ter

AA eq oelectue 3eenc
t
 sbip bluo the asorn eles
signa pasaroo
(S ingon the gelatoo theChanne) poasO
pasame
ymbol pesiod,
clc) Ond
(Such Os Dopples atc) dipo
Spo ead ,eto ice
delay spseav,
sapals unde, Q0 difpeseolp e n Padiina.
nErotled to fime dispexo
spsead leads
bile muHpath delay
Ond Dopples SpKcO leads to
fseauenC 9eleckve -foding,
TOeue0Qy dispession Gnd Timc selectvefas

Oroall-Soale tadin4
CBaed on multipoat time delau sp eoJ
Flat fading ocquency Selectve roding
B lsiqnal.ccBulg.chona.el B a Signal Bala.abanned
2DelaSps ealSnbs pesiolDela SpacodSyrabol Peaio
Small-Scale Fading, based on Doppex Spread
Tast Fadioq SlQuo roding
High Dopples Spxead Lous Dopplex Spxeas
(2 Cobesen.ce loe <umbol peziod2)Uohexence ime >Srobol
peniad
3Channel uanationg fostes 30banneluaaiattane slOLAes inan
han bose band sqnal uasio.lfions
bogebaDSignaluOsatiONS
Hof todinqf tbe.roobile zadio
Ond fneos phose se9ponee
channel bas a const on gai
Oues O BkLohich ia qaedalex than B
a Sianal, the
Tx Ps
signol.Loill.unslengo.lat fadig. he staendh
R soo0 cbaoges uith tiomedue to luctuottoDg in the gain g Chane
sed
h,T,)mulhpathpeCtaal.cha3aciaistc.ot
Cou
Ix Sigoal aae paese
con be
Oppsox.o bouing excess deloyhe sigle
n0
func, uth T:0). delf
Flat foding chann.els.oe.also
Ond osesorn.etfioes oefessed
RnoLOn.Os amplitude vasyioqChann
chau
nab00baod ohaDOels, sioce Bug
applied shano0 ia Dab0oud 09 COm.paied to
To oonize, a sqDal.bodesgoes Flal Bulol Plat fadinq4- n qchanAel

Bs < Be fadinq i
Ts 7 66t
 oequeneySelecttve foding f the Chbannel posses o
esponse uega Bw tnal ig soatesConst
Oesponse
Gain an d lio eas phase
ttben the Bu
signal, thep the Channd Cseates Foa uency oY
fading Ihe_seceiuesSiqpa Selechue
Uben ftis 0ccu3S the acceued sigooQ includes
multtpleUesgions o be k-uaueboog uuhich 'se otenualel
M

faded)Ldelouyed fo time.b hence seceued sianol is dstasie

peauenCy-Selccttue Fadioqs due to time dispession n
ly-9umbols uaithin fhe Channel.TInus the chanDe includs.
Intex sum bol Iniex pexence(IS1)
aequebcy Selec-ftue Fodioa Chonne ls ane olso enooD 0s
luldebaod Chaooels ance dne Bl op Signo0 is uoden tbanBl
o the Qhannel pesponse. Hs tme uanies, the channelvaie
in Qain bphose acaoss gpeotsuno, esulhioq in tmeuasgi
dig roxtOD 0eceued siapa
To Summaslze, a signo undexgo faequency-gelectue
fding Bs » Bc

COmmon hule ohumb 's that choonelis fseq.selectue

fTsIO6T|0ltbouoh shis depend on Specificype amodulbtion
Used,

ostFadiog Sna fhst fading.channel,ihe CbanoeQ

9umbol dxatoni
Impulge xespoDSe CbOng.es Opidlu Llhin_
Lohcea-tune o Chanped is SmallexThan
the 9umbo
e
eQuCDcudiapeaion
eiOd o Tx SiqnaD Ihis COuges Spoeadioa
dopplex
iso colied Tucoe Scale tadiegJdue to
SLQnaL disto ton
whicbtead to
CoDditor fos fast fading:cIs 8B
distaztion due to foAT Pading ases uith tmaeasim
gnal Bo Tx sgno0
Opplex Spsend nelahue do
 SlOw adino h e Channel impulse ges ponse
he Txoho
oDse basg
Chano
Slo Fading sate
fhan the T
rouch
`gna0. Sn this Case,the
af
channe
slouseg

may
b e asSumed
do be
Staftc B w intesuals
one 03 Seuesal seeipoooco
chonnel is mucb less fhan Ekl.af basebana
pxead at
Sano0 5s »Bp
onditton fox Slo fading l c »I s
TOst and sbufading teama ase diffesesT uith lange
sbuofadi09 dea)
SCale and Small- Scale fad ing. fast
urtb the ddatioosbip bluo atme sade ahange in.cbannQ
x Siqnol and not with p5opogatron patb loss modele
PAax Deloy Spscad
elay Spoead RMs Dela Spaead Reciued
CR pouea at
Receves ome absiued
SRMS DelayTs 1 9 I epred at vasiOus delayS
Loua Dala Rale Na Sigmftcan e StiS Spsead aueds
m e . this is Delay
Mose Data Rate 1S 3 Sigaifrccn Spsead N
mose Dala Raite, less Ts . S I efPed)
1SI prcblero 3 mgsedomnantin high data nae Tsonsmissi0D
bez SpTs Rmg Deay Sprrad >IS1
bez DelaSpxend
Avesage Rx
Deloy Spmeads
eUe pathhOue bniQLe,attentuatonfactox Q
goin at Gueku poth9=Q12 Suppoee n0. ol pathe
fsocton o bues in ih potha Ouaes al path ba G
Total Pouues
huezaqe Deloy2 o
(AuesaqeDelas :2biti 2:C
9
RMS Dela Spsead 6 ) Shaus SD, Deufatton Aom Mea0
6halta-T)tb,ltT

0
Auesage Dela Spsead (T)= 9T S-to,5
-ta2

o29,) ac At- Foctoa

Daic ofih poth
RMSDelay Spsead (6,)- E L Dela-
59:(T-T)
path
Lg.)
abexenAE hondufdtb. B) Bs Bho Signol
Ba> Bc 1SI effect
Dsinq
X(F)
He
heoay
HF YC)
ofLTI System
(E)= x(E) HE)lapulse Rcsponse o

Op signol /p Siand urselese Channel

( ) P (BBs
XfF
Coheseoce BhI)
5s
Bs dependa on msS
hE) delau 9po.ead
eny.
e a ooxelofon
eB
Bc
E)

Bs
Drstoaton&&IST
( o geauepcy
No DisBoaton
3 da fade
oeauencCq-Selectiue
Fscaueb
ency-Flat
Fodin
Foding
tadi9 pechsal Chasactesista
n Cose oFscquency Flat
paegeued,uuhexeas.in.case.o
en
p siqnal is sigDo distoa tioo.
electiue foding"
TSI e t e C
ea,, Divesit TecbniQuca
send mulfiple COpies o90me
0.auoid 1SI eppesl,uwe
PacqAences,
Suchholi22 Be thu
Slano e
ancoseloted fodio9.
 Ostain
Iopele
a l S c o l e Mutipalh Measusermcnlsp
tbDa000uO pulse
1s Sponse
use t o
9TSbeal RE Rlse Systero
Rnou Pmpulse e9ponSe

Dsead Speatauro Stiding Coelatax Cbannel TD)

DeQuenay Docmain Chanoel Soundicg ED
hese tedhniques ae also.called"Ghanreloundglchnq ccbniay
dochan
s t d o .Luonk in lime domain,lost uoosks in 1Oeapency domon
ea Spectatuma tUemokeuse ot pseieJo nandom_Does
rding Cosaelatansused toablain channelchasochmchc.al Rx
mea RF Palse Suslem Veny Sinple Systero
h i a method belps Ba
delesmine. poues.delay prsofie' dnecle
0biectrue > lo ffind ImpLlse Respopge
A amoLD pulse ig uged Cbannel Soundia
AtRx, the siqpal is amplifted b deteated usiganenvelopslelector
i s tDco stoxed on a higb speed digital
Osoilloscop
Sf R s sel on Qvescginq.mole,the locol0 aucaage porues delng
pDfle is obtained
RF-Lin
Amplhfie

Palse Genfsatos R
Coomes ooue
beinq trodutate Aimpifie sBPPD[Detectos Digtal
with pulse BPF oith B Chuelop Oscilloscope
Qenesaor 2Chb Oan easiluetecta tood ihe
detect the

Th puse uoth (nm) ACahesen)mpulse

detectao esn
Can) Cooediole meas
atso be USed
Fulse Repdation lusation= REP Squade d0o
OChannel
fo indcod Susternecp Sbould be.og Smail s sponse

possble
G)Subjed intesfeoencee
soblemS& ? Subject to noise, due to uoide band pass band
flHcs
GeqLcd Pos roultrpath esalutonD
i ) he phoses Q indtuidual mulfrpath
ase nst
sEgeiued due tO G3e Componero
ot envelope delekt0s