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Gev \an
woyd CoviNo bRm nctn CaB
ahafics fOLDIMG dbeyotom.K Madunchon i FAULTING" wRicD
foleted bacKn epated d laced ond Plo
dolacocd
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ob be oun Dhot JF
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LINEAR HILTERMG-Re oporent reslatiit
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sTivob Squs 2a
TCaTo(a)-To 40) dla-
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hea becm
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=

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fas s,(a) ds
* uiS logvitamic Norabln -ea O, e et
T J fos J
(Cuput) Cmut) Aelter-olighel)

onT
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logey
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 Compen'nz are n4 eltnaf ed.T
such Ph r ee a kves
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UNDER SAmpLINGue
fcet Cclloo ALIASING
t an an
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ake nct kocbi
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recureront R topet
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o Tecnsth
PROCES- 9n ordoy be
KECON STRUCT |0N Kuch samels
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is equal
ho am oint
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ue Samplto
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Value
h anehon
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obtcaned c-
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T(metm
sy).kin
T - X . - m a } x

m--

Ro Aamto
funehon onel T m )
uhe T) is ge Cottucted 3M-
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kho
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Tvecmatauehon
TO)-To 0

Ro ciginal mefom
S
X
 METHoDS F pETERMINAT]ON OF RESLSTIVITY FuTERs
Sn th terprcke.bon Awtyundit mogureminfs ee
ypes ter cme being UgedRge

Ftek e duteomning Sampo Valuun Pa apren raiativt

anetem umehom fm r g istint rantfevnmy kese fitBeg e
SIA CNDIRECT fALTK"
OR HLen fr datevini Aan Volusy Ako YTAtidy nscvm
m ebm dn Ro appent TEAivnty.dhse de (Hev avr Comma yehrs
tu aDIEECT FILTLR"
weeRe yeiety rnm Jnchon dan tfo opperoA chlmkeyo

INDIRGCT hILTER R4eYs - t e mring emlale \{«luLes *d tk

appayenTEMAtinb anchonm th Citint frmafm alosc Aoter
GY CommOn Teferrec f q iNDIR6CT FUT GR
e opparentt Schulmbent yitinB fmchem rmn P
ehint hrunfm dunehon e. T)>Sas med rTheorch
ieltevs pr oet er iimin & us
Csme
tha abbaret yea\h ata
Omttoy eu ehrele Conhiyaho
ORSTe der vanreo Convert m Vn read
enhnt fun ehonm one 2luetods onhi tnhom e Aamo aliurA
appored reahint unebon in
am hoy olu ehodo Conigunrehon e-s
Schbumbe ser Condi Kuy crien sto Dies. bitalo Gnkaraahon
Sehulmbeyger Corureian o Wenroy onh junhon.
OR ttter Coefhiort i
e r , fn be dtHerirc t l ,
chcO bcfeinadhon f Rasixhivtr ites bt ntrarohon
Tet btetti Mfhe) hon
eimminehen { Roiuivtt 6ievs b ourier hrgkn MR.
BDetoyian aion fRet tes by tooxt SAnc Methel
cermnohan Resgtnaty fiktee bj 7engfevm Mehet
(A DETANIN AT ON oF R&SSi TY FILTERI BY DIREcT INTEGRATI ON METHOID%
TEsmeBthcd heg hcon Ye Comolado caf ed b Bicx ARA d Lolshman
e76) onl tf KAbCe Ye Contdy vorKod cu fev tun feret tem fv
b BCYma&imi n Cavclayell ug78).
 R ora eRe qedure
ai hethe i ho ia
omputer ng mor Co Ti meha Yeapirs Ve +o
«ppüca o 2mo dilter bu
unenturaiel datt nat» all
foy th opplicokon dun oheol tuD Cnlitin mu
be ulflbai
T m om
hut (dhonplaiu) exhreaion -fr 4Ro enuets Junefon
Rdilter mugt bo ovailnbe b all tto indiret deg ad
Becone Crplcit esbeain for o ulpulunekem ma ks
be uivec Somo R direet iLfea
we neco a 2 TCT(a)-Te (2da

a mLSnd multi pl7 bth aice b a J(ua) ord then terate

4tTespe e to 'a'
eda
Jato So(ua) Ada T)T.(2a) T.(ua) dada
2
de
eT. (2aa) T.(ua) da da

APP tfonfol's ooren onol itovn 1 n te e coral ntera

he intoduo o ubattuhon T=28 or d

o J(un)da lu

TtE) .(Ta) T. (uo)at cht o

-
ua) da =T
a3. 2
T() ckoty u
mterrelo putbon
2Te)_TAl2) f Jehnot Pasativt
T. (2a)ca =

Sa w d

bask Pri6 2uokm Ph dieat rtezsohon nctasd an be

appiot dateino aGnoo
AsAexinac om toapaent resshnt aluog, 2inco
aBtmb-tohc VeuLO ressti
frewtom pr Sorge
heurn reindntz anfotm funehon Can thn a'so be
terinad doterine
htbe used s
D>DTeet teprdm hehod Coen
ter Co eKiciot'
 pETGRMINATO OF
RESISTIvITY FILIER BY FOURIER TRASE FoRM METhoh
o r t Peit-oty oPonaTt Aompom are Telted aa
otfym Jesotfamic Vanobln
T 9To Jd nchel h bdods reo
CeuBpud funekim) (mhtfuneton)(ALerhunetem) byas(1951)
hi quehon iu a Álouhitn
Cotelhon mtar ond 3upof +Ro
tser mahen trecs fom Ro opparet rhintiuty knekon Ao R
rART
s n8 TO, datn o aeRon a iwd nar ler. n crëlby
dotermmo Ra ter eotthoard, we nad 4 Knu a par
inpu n uthutmehon Teunehoy ore
a=
T =
kpecduTE iA hen 3v dotenmino the recpons Spe etr th
mpud ond pat mehon w Roi fowrier
The ppeeh be b) d F ),+ton tRe seuonJ lsunywmlo
ter fn i Xe eta J
uen
TR
ter efnchon ttsel GO
l e opose an inllz ninaclth s Kb a

ie Conya utad R ditier mehon wty

peaod 2 The sinc CApose a f e r nt dunthongut c

mtu diferert mannor. Cone re

OB Conyoluhont C

&nc Texpoe= RincB*A uha P:2j a)

MutipocokonAn tenetivt preadure is . oberade in p
domoin t2.
frecuont Sheehyum he fey unehon mut be
Mutpl un, +Re
keony Spethum tho
expr
eXpEM+hiu a Rin unekn. We Can
Bd)reqonye etum ncunehun H
T
H=frtLehaveetegme reiity 5atey
Snc resbanke Can b Te evereela b alns invet feuner vnyn
 2 Bf
TAe ecuonC Abe etum t inc anehon s he tanuar bbek
fomchm Me Aeeil t ine efmehon u z0re er freyuis edr
+Ro d kas a CoRt \Pokus x fe fquonàsn lau dnas
S t fvnd Bt afev Ho froq 9peetums fLtor tunehom
HC,R beo dttooinac R poetmn euti f t erhie
ecune / nuleLiod b R Cayint factor sx.
N nmetl 4 al}calds atl Asb Yiuhitg 6it4e®*
fILTERS BY THG LEAST
SUARE Me roD
DEteRNATION OF RESIST1VITY
S Tle mnmi24
T in ttlA rothco
Lasic þhneipols imvolvod d
botweDntRe acAud Dputftko
feler
Sare diftrrencay
we t e stRedlfor
audhon -
u t r e t u t f t . 3f
Fi- S-o jiri here R, ta
ouppd,
rmadiate peiks She a efaa
here + ho Tnte or Coofhesents
nteomO-laote pe
15
Ro
Pent - f e od agf hoint
dn, hi n repreyertol bz
are
Coeffhiciet PRe fiUter
Her.TRetet ond lag
nd
doirt
dn v 3o
4Ro ipuk
manhorosbeckely. +Ro fi ehoscn. Tho b l u s # a
input
nelsmbdo.Tko intomakie
pin
unehion oido #to ran an or

iu n efom e clento d Caedual auPpuf

iRe
The
The m 2qnre R ferencbefres,

wten c
s e
cukpu icb i donote ECow
Ondred
E E tJi)-fi)
U{ferondiel (jtact uton
i L e inmum ief ayha
Noo tk i e ANuhd
un E
T are zoo.

w r epet t d 9he ilter corNicia-k

han
t e c Coefhci ovt oue ond aMokn to 2yo
o

e wWok
2tmmebon
yuene o+ mth

1 mt
Le
 mth
o yue = be.
w e olhein
bah tuhinS)46
m

C - = be.

WRoye
Cycs Covrelahon ho mpu anedon wid, . d udpud r
Caelov e
ma7 Kume e elu Hom o myte,
e prs-is ste
ecuahon, hkic Can be iten o
he a +a+ha Gy th Qo
+h -bo

man tmt1ant +h an-bn

S IN 2olued LEINCONS A zondhm ve Herohcerd
DeTERMINATIOHN OF RESISTIVTY FILTR BY2-TRA1eI Fe em mEnO)
TCis mee Cannet be opplie J alu pe lferth occU m
ter
ed enitit 2gmdint dota
Aunehn wic ia Eaplsi t espidistend 2spén evs Can be
rcbresente b tsZ-Taansfrm
JR 2-Tmfem dmedon rAe,
Qot+42 ta2 2-.

in Gbve
t We PP

O= Gtezt aelNaluan to
uthut andon B)-
emand B ) - L A D A1
B [ : Remairdri)
te (A-o)

A
 CopUTA1ON OF APPAPENNT RESISTIVITy MODEL CURVES
Pho e s h otrdorç moht,
au Fpotend dnli
The obblcafon o P opmet
tRe mtexprenkon tf dat kin hoa R, cota oon
wytt, ohren
olesivecd frumJKo old dbaosahons
tesi7 s melak o P 3ubrtetu

Cuve tomto
fey C ed
remii Aet, medel euebuiaKod b- P
hhcethon t chons f R i Coleimod l a

de Ggeopkyaiaue (1sss)-
COmorie ereal 4re e e r o
eor m o d 0 omct
r mod0
dhoy bb
od ondto an

mods tuv f lang

eurep
tora
umbe Cotahnee moede
We tzef(19ST) IMkieh
ofona-Jep cardh moa
od
2 Msone ve
eoyts modoh as
ber
reo- Rayer n p
mOndionad
abore ara ne

hene Calle eh o laeoc bT

topanie enoyodKap be0
heteUe cHong modol eme Te
Rijkowatezat (19t5) Cadiing
Netterbmcta On
by
Ja eadR meds. Wekzol ha bon reblocn b7
on
e tolls chan by Moono modomod eu
e ue
egs
beh r
fer both hre
ea-
Contein
yelana ond Mobhr(19C) Ldk a s e molk
a corkidorob
- c a y t moJals
ond fevy- Jayee
t h o n h i r þrccde cyiovs
extankive
moce STIVI7
APPARENT
A PPARENT
RES LSTI VITY
RES
of
CoMPUTATIN
METHODs OfF
P u i k A ColUlbchon t mad Cu thtgredvy
Compuadonmedlol
tuve% bj rumoncal
poia faoeton
comorioy mto
)| le
wy Coptdun
bynac diter mathl.
) Conpuhion Thi mael
Nuniea lteraßpm
Compukakone Meda C u a by wieB sevree e
dtn!
2 Conbi nabon n tgeYmUs devica
atpntvedz in nd erease P
decr emA Re Conputehonffert regurec
spue hecot tha
1Ro Comfudehon, on Three dypea Agoel
aCcayac
bevauatec So(n)la S(anya Ss) da
boonedo) Y dKo eng
Thoge rtegrel aye nde-tont Canndorably
medo 1 Compukados Can dtn be shoodoc

b bulahng he \abus4 dh Ttegrof od ii r

heedo
 bh Motheel2
Medal_(orns b tha
Ja'yeird
ompudahon lotviod bChrerbie
moheshw beon om velby
TR Fnay þeivd Coye uvt r cicdre er k
o
rechhod ineludon
od ation 332). "This that PdiAdua
oisno o
R S4yengttn
dateminodion La
Tzto dm R
tiu hofninvelve
na pals Sn eaath moela musf be
e intey
intee
all dh Jaton m h e
ickn
mon sCHerenco i c t n a Thi Yntictom CausA ne
mut
nutt a e m

htonveni onao in dke Corpctohom Atormaht ColJe choa g moda

Cunvs
referenco Cicns o r h Koyral turcdo
Let us de wte tommon

aye polhomia im 2 a t

Z4ofac N= [KJA Ar) da (otiog bove Vslue rm

TRPetemtial at t Thu e t We e
2t

dye >(ctdorf
No m GcccgdonCit + Lbsehit2 heorem h Individuaf
e m inR pomim Con be Writon c

CK oa) da )
t uahon Th te T
Corcon vit th ghtRond member
eapison e Cen be icdovee on Cohbuhon d» the Auoace
K
et crho taugec by rfiehtus poirt ouca i r Neyiealh belos
Cument elo etods a doltr that are tety ruls plis b2twlenen

Copudahon Medal eunR b7 Decompsition îmto i a l fatboa,-

T eAtod Cornpuhrg a}aren resnitmodo CuTeg bdecomboahe
Vrto ayhal fochom r bRo oAcibed bx
Pash a sa chorn, JPe tK lmaf peint h e t s i bagecd ton th Axm
ptom muHtpl
Cmmn refevc nesdtknei t» uge tRa ntadon twe
STEFANEsU Ke«n* unchon At)= b/5 ond erneluneh on
roveNeo Yormta in w
ALw- K-w) e euetn De
asha drochon)
we
 A K ,

ta 29t»

to i =2. to 22**
AcsumsK2-1,
w-J
ACu)=(-2PAotw') ime elomend

mplo o r Scuenco- BFlaMe

A)= di K -
(1- 2jw to2)
funche onod
t slbchfe Pomel
re) =1+2.A(). e Can find
b
t e Con find out apparet Yesntvty ume
Medol esues bz Re linay hteY hotkod
6)Combuiom appaye ve6thi
uged e r
o Ccpuduhon
TH metod umivevnallz moted nhoduacb)
cKes R(
etey
meda euyvse ie e l i n c a y
oreadre conisP uwd Z}8
1970, 1971L).1Re reiktihtreiomunt

+Re
Deivahion bd Sampl ValuA dho pabcouhon
: n Comptiskacd b
ncw or Ayslem T) Tk
yclahon TEw=T4)Setonh Ai)
e cumend.o

3ame \eluca {«ped \esutitduneho

S - - o cleived
inlshe-1) b) tRe applicechn
ren
a Sinaay fer f. ce) iT-3T)
Yelhuea)
PPriatheb funehn aPpuet eleetrd Cork
cKooin( e. debond un i o
Ty e u e ru
are

C o m p o n c s t Xo
a u r c o n o y Zov RiHf*y.

'We nney Dota to SehulmbeeY cloka

Sekulmdndetota
Wennor cdoete
out puk
iclß odtetn
Con
b Koefoed by
Th analttcal Jeimicuo jx ven
prhal Sehulinayh
dats fmm 1ho
aal ennoY aarent ycaint 20
Sono24 SAls ds
 c ,
Ldmhorg deh.
eno d Asatsiud
Coelbudo
Coneudo
TSde-ard

a s rind
f o s m S e a v y t p p r r e
rati

humbor dohenrart Jsrtt

f H e r toehoent,

(Ombaya ve accour Jema4 SXAeryi Cotreten

wem orsan ror terni ycndsxrar d

Samaicmoirg, ans r
setAnberf Con r e o n

yncadn,hai Jiferent oin.

t we nneX Conf yurot on PE ctrds i tbortas 77
Sserchon hcE.

Jenno Conh yrahn neagr . PAsm) dalens Av

n tho scllumber Conkyat hzogre + ioil
i
Jenno Conhycdon A
accuet vEsih
moye on.

chlumberv tonh yrtan Javn acuneq luden

uproher, 1tarot SuerpmOntheoem t e *tt in any
nOr t u , Wer wove 4kon on ourcs iA resoo, +h
e TCAPporge iato um 2oe BouTCo.