ISNAIRA A.
IMAM BSN-III  Colonoscopy- is an exam used to detect
EMERGENCY ROOM:
ERs are hospital units where you can seek urgent
medical care and treatment. Most major public
hospital EDs are open 24 hours a day and have
emergent doctors and other health professionals on
site to deal with emergencies. They assess, treat,
stabilize and start the health management of people
who have come to the ED with a serious illness or
injury.  at a woman's uterus, ovaries, tubes, cervix and
The most common problem that need emergent
assistance and treatment:
 Myocardial Infarction- also known heart
attack it occurs when blood flow decreases or
stops to a part of the heart, causing damage to
the heart muscle.  cervix the lower, narrow end of your uterus
 Asthma- is a condition in which your airways
narrow and swell and may produce extra
mucus. Using Nebulizer medical equipment
that a person with asthma or another
respiratory condition it facilitate proper
breathing pattern.
 Vehicle Accident - (head trauma and fractures
accompanied by intense pain when the initial
injury occurs.)
 Stab wounds- specific form of penetrating
trauma to the skin that results from a knife or
a similar pointed object. Typically known to be
caused by knives, broken bottles and ice picks.
 Poisoning- it can be chemically harmed
severely by a toxic substance or venom of an
animal that might cause big problem.
Machines and equipment in ER
 ECG- Records the electrical signal from your
heart to check for different heart conditions.
 Defibrillators - are devices that restore a
normal heartbeat by sending an electric pulse
or shock to the heart.  hearing performed with a tuning fork
 Nebulizer - medical equipment that a person
with asthma or another respiratory
condition it facilitate proper breathing pattern.
 Laryngoscopy - is a visual examination below
the back of the throat, where the voice box
(larynx) containing the vocal cords is located.
OPD (OUT PATIENT DEPARTMENT)
A part of the hospital with allotted physical facilities
and medical and other staffs, with regularly scheduled
hours, to provide care for patients who are not
registered as inpatients. A hospital department where
patients receive diagnosis and/ or treatment but do
not stay overnight.
CASES IN OPD
 EENT problem like cataract, glaucoma and
hearing loss are common cases encountered in
OPD.
OPD PROCEDURES
changes or abnormalities in the large intestine
(colon) and rectum.
 Endoscopy - is the insertion of a long, thin
tube directly into the body to observe an
internal organ or tissue in detail.
 Ultrasounds - scans, or sonography, they use
sound waves or echoes to make an image,
instead of radiation.
 Transvaginal ultrasound- is a test used to look
pelvic area.
 Pelvic exam- visual and
physical examination of a woman's
reproductive organs.
 Pap smear- involves collecting cells from your
that's at the top of your vagina.
 Enema- is an injection of fluid into the lower
bowel by way of the rectum. 
 TPN- is a method of feeding that bypasses the
gastrointestinal tract. 
 PEG- is an endoscopic medical procedure in
which a tube is passed into a patient's
stomach through the abdominal wall, most
commonly to provide a means of feeding
when oral intake is not adequate.
 Ophthalmoscope-  allows you to look into the
back of the eye to look at the health of the
retina, optic nerve, vasculature and vitreous
humor
 Otoscope- medical device which is used to
look into the ears.
 Hearing aids and it types- is a small electronic
device that you wear in or behind your ear. It
makes some sounds louder so that a person
with hearing loss.
 Weber’s test-  is a screening test for
 Audiometer - a machine used for evaluating
hearing acuity.
 Rinne’s - is used primarily to evaluate loss of
hearing in one ear.
BRAIN STATION
They are the station who’s assigned in brain problem
and cases.
Brain Station cases:
 Seizures- is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical
disturbance in the brain. It can cause changes
in your behavior, movements or feelings, and
in levels of consciousness.
 Parkinson’s disease- is a brain disorder that
leads to shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with
walking, balance, and
coordination. Parkinson's symptoms usually
begin gradually and get worse over time. As
the disease progresses, people may have
difficulty walking and talking.
  Cerebral palsy (CP) - is a group of permanent
movement disorders that appear in early
childhood. Signs and symptoms vary among
people and over time. Cerebral palsy (CP) is a
group of permanent movement disorders that
appear in early childhood. Signs and
symptoms vary among people and over time.   Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your
 Myasthenia diseases -is a chronic
autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that
causes weakness in the skeletal muscles that
worsens after periods of activity and improves
after periods of rest.  blood. This elimination is the core of your kidneys'
 Multiple sclerosis- is a potentially disabling
disease of the brain and spinal cord (central
nervous system).the immune system attacks
the protective sheath (myelin) that covers
nerve fibers and causes communication
problems between your brain and the rest of
your body.
 Guillain-Barre syndrome- is a rare disorder in
which your body's immune system attacks
your nerves. Weakness and tingling in your
extremities are usually the first symptoms.
These sensations can quickly spread,
eventually paralyzing your whole body.
Procedure:
EEG- electroencephalogram is a test that detects
electrical activity in your brain using small, metal discs
(electrodes) attached to your scalp. Your brain cells
communicate via electrical impulses and are active all
the time, even when you're asleep.   Meatoplasty -This procedure is done when
HEMODIALYSIS UNIT
The Hemodialysis unit provides all of the necessary
services required for the optimal management of the
patient with acute renal failure or End Stage Renal
Disease. Specialized services include the placement of
vascular access for the conduct of therapeutic
hemodialysis, hemoperfusion, plasmapheresis, or
hemofiltration.
HEMODIALYSIS PROCEDURES
 There are three main components to a
hemodialysis machine - the hemodialysis
(artificial kidney), the dialysis membrane, and
the dialysate. 
 Hemodiafiltration third technique is a
combination of the first two techniques -
i.e. hemodialysis combined with
hemofiltration. There a various permutations
of this combination, with recent evidence
suggesting that intermittent hemodiafiltration
gives better long term results in an outpatient
setting, when compared with patients
receiving regular hemodialysis.  inflammation of the tonsils.
7 Common Drugs Prescribed for Dialysis Patients
 Erythropoietin. Nearly all patients with end
stage renal disease (ESRD) who are on dialysis,
have anemia.
 Iron.
 Active Vitamin D.
 Phosphorus binders. ...
 B-complex Vitamin & folic acid. ...
 Topical creams & antihistamines. ...
 Vitamin E.
Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney
failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function.
blood, which are then excreted in your urine.
Acute kidney failure -happens when
your kidneys suddenly lose the ability to eliminate
excess salts, fluids, and waste materials from the
main function. Body fluids can rise to dangerous levels
when kidneys lose their filtering ability.
Day Surgery
The Day Surgery Unit is a standalone facility designed
specifically for patients who do not need to stay in
hospital overnight. All of our patients for general
anesthesia are carefully selected for suitability through
pre-assessment.
GENITOURINARY CASES
 URETEROSCOPY- uses an ureteroscope to look
inside the ureters and kidneys. Abnormal
tissue, polyps, tumors, or cancer in a ureter or
in the lining of a kidney.
 CYSTOSCOPY- A procedure that allows to
examine the lining of your bladder and the
tube that carries urine out of your body
(urethra).
the opening at the end of the penis is too
small or the shape of the hole distorts the
urinary stream, making it difficult for him to
urinate.
 Orchiopexy -A surgery to move an
undescended testicle into the scrotum and
permanently fix it there.
 Scrotoplasty -Also known as oscheoplasty, is
surgery to repair or create a scrotum.
 Sclerotherapy -A medicine is injected into
blood vessels or lymph vessels that causes
them to shrink. It is commonly used to treat
varicose veins or so-called spider veins.
 Septoplasty -is a procedure to fix a deviated
septum. Often the result of trauma, a deviated
septum is a misalignment of the nasal septum
leading to impeded airflow into the nasal
cavities.
 Tonsillectomy -A surgical procedure that
removes the tonsils to treat infection and
 Vasectomy -is usually completed within 30
minutes. After a short period of rest, the
patient can return home and resume normal
activity, including typical sexual behavior,
within a week.
EXCISION OF LUMPS
Excision of lumps and bumps refers to any minor
procedure for skin or subdermal lesions, such as warts,
moles, cysts or lipomas.
 Excision of sebaceous cyst-A sebaceous or
epidermoid cyst is an intradermal lesion
caused by a blocked sebaceous duct.
 Excision of lipoma- A lipoma is a benign fatty
tumor that usually occurs superficially in the
subcutaneous tissue. Other sites include
deeper planes with attachment to fascial
layers and in the retro peritoneum.
-Superficial lipomas can occur anywhere on
the body but are often found on contact areas
over extensor surfaces.
-Lipomas can grow to a considerable size; they
are usually encapsulated and lobulated with
fibrous attachments.
-Multiple lipomata can occur in rare familial
conditions such as Dercum's disease although
malignant change is rare.
SUTURING
The surgical suture is used to hold body tissues
together after injury or surgery. Suturing a wound is an
important surgical skill to learn and become
competent in.
SUTURING TECHNIQUES
 Interrupted Suture
 Continuous Suture
 Simple Continuous
 Locking Continuous
 Continuous over & over suture
 Vertical Mattress Suture
 Horizontal Mattress Suture
 Figure of 8 Suture
 Subcuticular Suture
 surgically insert the suprapubic catheter
TYPES OF WOUND
 Incised wound- A clean, straight cut caused by
a sharp edge. Tends to bleed heavily as
multiple vessels may be cut directly across.
 Laceration -A messy looking wound caused by
a tearing or crushing force. Doesn’t tend to
bleed as much as incised wounds but often
causes more damage to surrounding tissues.
 Abrasion- An abrasion is a type of open wound
that's caused by the skin rubbing against a
rough surface. It may be called a scrape or a
graze. When an abrasion is caused by the skin
sliding across hard ground, it may be called
road rash.
 Puncture- A deep wound caused by a sharp,
stabbing object (i.e. a nail). May appear small
from the outside but may damage deep
tissues.
 Avulsion- A wound caused by a tearing force
in which tissue is torn away from its normal
position. May bleed profusely depending on
the size and location. The tissue is often
completely detached.
 Amputation- The loss of a distinct body part
such as a limb, finger, toe or ear. Often very
severe with profuse bleeding. In the cases of
limb loss this is a medical emergency.
WOUND DRESSING
Cleansing a wound or incision and apply sterile
protective covering using aseptic technique.
TYPES OF DRESSING
 Dry to dry- Used primarily for wounds closing
by primary intention. Layer of wide mesh
cotton gauze lies next to the wound surface.
Second layer of dry absorbent cotton to
protect the wound.
 Wet to dry- These are particularly useful for
untidy or infected wounds that must be
debrided and closed by secondary intention.
 Wet to Wet- Used in clean open wounds.
Layer of wide mesh gauze saturated with
antibacterial solution next to the wound
surface, second layer of absorbent material
saturated with the same solution to dilutes
viscous exudates
 Wet to damp- Variation of wet to dry dressing.
CATHETER
 Indwelling Catheter-An indwelling
catheter is similar to an intermittent
catheter but remains in place for a period
of days or weeks.
- Urethral catheter- Also called a Foley
catheter, the healthcare provider inserts
this type through a person’s urethra.
- Suprapubic catheter- A doctor will
through a small hole a few inches below
the patient’s navel.
- External Catheter- Some males have the
option of using an external catheter. This
is a condom-like device that fits over the
penis. A tube attached to the catheter
collects urine into a drainage bag.
- External Catheter- Doctors usually
recommend external catheters for males
with incontinence who do not experience
urinary blockages or retention and can use
the catheter themselves.
- Intermittent Catheter- The intermittent
catheter, or a standard catheter, is a thin,
flexible tube that a person temporarily
inserts into their bladder through the
urethra.
 URINOMETER- The urinometer, a type of
hydrometer, was used for measuring the
specific gravity of urine. Specific gravity is
a function of the number, density and
 weight of the solute particles present in
the urine, and is used as a measure of the
concentrating power of the kidney.
 UROFLOWMETER- Uroflowmetry is a
simple, diagnostic screening procedure
used to calculate the flow rate of urine
over time. The test is noninvasive and may
be used to assess bladder and sphincter
function.