Course Title:

Environmental Management

• Lecturer: Innocent Ndoh Mbue, PhD

Associate Professor

Contacts:
• E-mail: dndoh2009@gmail.com
• Tel: 677540384/653754070
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 COURSE DESCRIPTION

Un engagement actif dans la littérature et les discussions

en séminaire est essentiel pour développer des
compétences de pensée critique. Ce n'est pas un
exercice d'apprentissage passif!

 Les étudiants apportent une richesse d'expérience et

de perspectives - la pensée de groupe est plus grande
que la somme de ses parties - comme la communauté!

 La présence et la participation sont essentielles à

votre expérience et à votre note ultime
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 Aims of the course:

À la fin de cette Cours,

Vous devez être en mesure d'utiliser indépendamment des
outils modernes et de prévenir la protection de l'environnement
dans un cadre de consommation et de production durables et
d'une société durable.

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ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS FOR COURSE GRADE

 Attendance + Assignments: 1/3 of grade.

 Term Project – In-depth paper and in-class presentation (30 minutes

with PowerPoint + 15 minute for questions) linking theoretical
frameworks from class to a particular problem related to community.
 The paper should be 1.5 spaced, 12 pt font, 1 inch margins , not more
than 20 pages with references (APA system) please. Added to class
participation = 1/3 of grade. It is essential that you are prepared for and
participate in ALL seminar discussions.

 Final Written Exam= 50% of grade!!!!

 Please respect deadlines!!!!!!

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Seminar: Topics for Presentation of group projects

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1. Evolution and crucial changes in the environment
 Earth evolution
 Cultural and Industrial revolution
 Development and state of the environment in Cameroon
 Indicators and costs on environmental protection
 Global environmental problems, environmental ethics

2. Environmental problems in the system of global problems

 Ecological principles
 Environmental ethics and approaches to nature
 Individual global environmental problems and its causes

3. Atmosphere: pollution, solution and prevention

 Atmosphere - basic information
 Air pollution - causes, conséquences, linkages
 International agreements

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 4. Water resources: pollution, solution and prevention
 Water as a resource and Cameroon legislation
 Health aspects - fresh water x service water
 Wastewater treatment
 Floods and droughts

5. Soil: pollution, solution and prevention

 Approaches to the soil
 Formation, composition, properties and function of soils
 Soil degradation - worldwide and in the Cameroon
 Legislation in the soil protection

6. Waste: problems and its solution

 Waste management - basic terms, legislation in the world and Cameroon
 Approaches to the waste management, structure of the waste management
 Technologies, processing, use and disposal of the waste

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7. Energy and energy sources: problems and solution
 Basic terms in energy management
 Consumption and production of energy - worldwide, Cameroon
 Strategies on energy
 Technologies in energy production and energy management

8. Environmental policy and environmental protection tools

 State environmental policy of Cameroon
 Basic principles of environmental policy
 Starting points and current state of the environment
 Environmental protection tools

9. Voluntary tools in the environmental protection

 Principles and history of voluntary tools
 List of voluntary tools
 Cleaner production and other voluntary instruments (ISO,
EMAS, Ecolabelling, LCA, Ecodesign, ...)

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Today's (09/01/2020) Lecture,

1. Environment and Natural resources (basic information, terms)

 The history of sustainable development, approaches to

sustainable development
 Definition of the environment and approaches to natural
resources

2. WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT?

3. WHY UNDERTAKE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT?

4. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

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Définition de l’Environnement
Environnement : Milieu dans lequel un organisme
fonctionne, incluant Paramètres abiotiques tel:
 l'air (atmosphère),
 l'eau (hydrosphère),
 la terre(lithosphère),
 les ressources naturelles

Paramètres biotiques (biome) tel:

 la flore,
 la faune,
 les êtres humains et leurs interrelations
 Composé d’écosystèmes

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 * Qu’est-ce que le Développement durable ?

According to the World Commission on Environment and

Development, the definition of Sustainable Development (SD)
is “development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own need” (Our Common Future, 1987).

The SD Strategy as outlined in Rio Agenda 21 is “government’s strategy

should build upon and harmonize the various sectoral, economic, social
and environmental policies and plans that are operating in the
country….. It’s goal should be to ensure social responsible economic
development while protecting the resource base and the environment for
the benefit of future generations. It should be developed through the
widest possible participation”.
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Le développement durable cherche à concilier :

• Développement économique
• Progrès social
• Protection de l’environnement

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 Qu’est-ce que le développement durable ?
1. Introduction : Qu’est-ce que le développement durable ? (suite)
L’émergence du développement durable
Situation de crise initiale, les limites
du développement initié depuis le
XIXème siècle, résumée par les « 3M » :
Menaces environnementales sur la
planète : désertification, atteintes à la
biodiversité, pollution des eaux et de l’air,
changement climatique...
Misères sociales de l’humanité :
pauvreté persistante, inégalités
croissantes, sous-alimentation, manque
d’eau potable, endémies...
Manque de gouvernance
mondiale : déséquilibres pays du
Nord/pays du Sud, comment trouver une
gouvernance mondiale, faiblesse de l’ONU
? satisfaire ceux des générations
Discussion critique :
Bilan, catalogue alarmant, angoissant voir
paralysant, le développement du XXème
siècle n’est-il qu’un échec ?
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L’émergence du
Les objectifs futurs, tendre vers un
concept au niveau
nouveau développement, il s’agit
international dans les
de changer le rapport de l’Homme
années 90’ :
à la nature et à autrui. Pour que
celui-ci soit durable toute action
doit concilier les « 3 E » :
Culture
ENVIRONNEMENT PRESERVE :
EQUITE ENTRE HOMMES :
ECONOMIE EQUILIBREE :
Ethique & politique
DD= « s’efforcer de répondre
Discussion critique :
aux besoins du présent sans
N’est-ce pas un projet utopique ?
compromettre la capacité de
Comment dépasser les frontières et
passer du local au global ?
futures. »
Discussion critique :
Source : Organigramme réalisé à
Concept fourre-tout et flou,
partir de l’ouvrage de Sylvie
comment le mettre en œuvre
Brunel, Le développement
concrètement ? Simple coup de pub
durable, coll° Que sais-je ? PUF,
? 2009, p4-5.
Le développement durable suppose :

• le respect des personnes

• le respect des écosystèmes
• le respect des sociétés et des cultures
• de donner des marges de manœuvre aux générations à venir

Il s ’agit donc d’une gestion responsable permettant d’utiliser les

ressources sous le seuil de leur renouvellement pour le mieux être
du plus grand nombre et d’une vision à long terme.

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15
 *

* Three “E”s
* Economics.
* Ecology / Environment.
* Equity (social).
* Population
* Lessen population growth and stabilize it (preferably).
* Stop subsidizing reproduction.
* Access to contraception and family planning (freedom of choice).
* Basic material needs satisfied (social obligation?).
* Political and gender equity.
* Access to information and education.

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Sustainable Development:

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 2 *
•Sustain economic growth
•Maximize profit
•Expand markets
•Externalize costs

Economic Development

Socialism Conservationism

•Satisfy needs
•Increase self-reliance •Respect carrying capacity
•Conserve and recycle
resources
•Reduce waste

Ecologism

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 *

Water, materials and waste Energy and air quality

Global Sustainability

Transportation Land, green spaces

and biodiversity

Livability

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*
 The issue
◦ Brought forward in view of challenges at a scale never seen before.
◦ Demographic challenge:
 Strong population growth, notably in the developing world.

◦ Resource challenge:
 An increasing usage of resources, renewable and non renewable alike.
 Raw materials.
 Energy.
 Food.
◦ Environmental challenge:
 Higher levels of environmental impacts of human activities.
◦ The capacity of this world to sustain its population is
compromised.

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 Historical context (recapitulation)

Sustainable development is now a key goal for environmental management.

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 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT?

 La gestion de l'environnement (GE) est un sujet qui combine des applications

scientifiques, politiques et socio-économiques.

 Il insiste principalement sur la recherche de solutions aux problèmes pratiques

auxquels les personnes sont confrontées 22 en cohabitation avec la nature,
l'exploitation des ressources et la production de déchets.

 Dans un sens purement anthropocentrique, la gestion de l'environnement consiste

à traiter la question fondamentale de savoir comment innover pour que la
technologie évolue en permanence tout en limitant la mesure dans laquelle ce
processus modifie l'environnement naturel.

 Ainsi, la gestion de l'environnement est étroitement liée aux problèmes de

croissance économique durable, garantissant une répartition juste et équitable des
ressources et préservant les ressources naturelles pour les générations futures
 … WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT?

La gestion de l’environnement est une réponse aux actions humaines

compte tenu de la gravité et de l’importance croissantes de l’impact
désastreux de l’humanité aujourd’hui sur les écosystèmes naturels.

«L'écologie profonde/Deep Ecology» a fait surface dans les années

1960 avec la vague de mouvements qui a renoncé au développement
technologique et décrié la base politique du pouvoir et de l'autocratie.

Cependant, «l'écologie peu profonde/Shallow Ecology» et d'ailleurs,

les «écologistes peu profonds» ont cherché un compromis avec ceux
qui ont soutenu que la solution aux problèmes environnementaux du
monde ne peut venir que par la génération de plus de technologie.

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 WHY UNDERTAKE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT?
Pourquoi Entreprendre Une Gestion Environnementale?

1. Économies de coûts
Des économies de coûts au sein d'une entreprise ou d'une entreprise peuvent
être réalisées grâce à des changements dans des domaines tels que:

 efficacité des processus: Amélioration de l'efficacité des processus

existants. L'optimisation des performances des procédés existants
minimise l'utilisation de matières premières et d'énergie et la production
de déchets.

 la conception des produits/PRODUCT DESIGN: reconcevoir un produit

afin de réduire la quantité de ressources qu'il contient tout en maintenant
le niveau de service qu'il fournit.

 traitement des déchets: Une fois les déchets générés, il est souvent
possible de les réutiliser ou de les transmettre à d'autres entreprises qui
peuvent les utiliser et ainsi éviter les coûts d'élimination des déchets
 ETC
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 … Pourquoi Entreprendre Une Gestion Environnementale?

2. Ensuring legislative compliance/Assurer la conformité législative

3. Anticipating future legislation/Anticiper la future législation
4. Reduced environmental risk/ Risque environnemental réduit
5. Meeting supply chain requirements/Satisfaire aux exigences de la chaîne
d'approvisionnement
6. Improved relations with regulators/Amélioration des relations avec les régulateurs
7. Improved public image/Image publique améliorée
8. Increased market opportunities/ Augmentation des opportunités de marché
9. Employee enthusiasm/ L'enthousiasme des employés

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 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
Guiding Principles For Environmental Management

Principle 1 of the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, for

example, states that “Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable
development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with
nature.” Principle 17 calls for impact assessment to be undertaken. Article 1 of the
1986 Declaration on the Right to Development states that:
‘The right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human
person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic,
social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental
freedoms can be fully realized. The human right to development also implies the full
realization of the right of peoples to self-determination, which includes, subject to the
relevant provisions of both International Covenants on Human Rights, the exercise of
their inalienable right to full sovereignty over all their natural wealth and resources’.

«Le droit au développement est un droit de l'homme inaliénable en vertu duquel chaque personne humaine
et tous les peuples ont le droit de participer, de contribuer et de jouir du développement économique,
social, culturel et politique, dans lequel tous les droits de l'homme et les libertés fondamentales peuvent
être pleinement réalisé. Le droit de l'homme au développement implique également la pleine réalisation du
droit des peuples à l'autodétermination, qui comprend, sous réserve des dispositions pertinentes des deux
Pactes internationaux relatifs aux droits de l'homme, l'exercice de leur droit inaliénable à la pleine
souveraineté sur toutes leurs richesses naturelles et 26
ressources ».
 1. PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE

In order to protect the environment, a concept which includes peoples’ ways of life
and the integrity of their communities, the precautionary approach shall be applied.
Where there are threats or potential threats of serious social impact, lack of full
certainty about those threats should not be used as a reason for approving the planned
intervention or not requiring the implementation of mitigation measures and stringent
monitoring.

«Afin de protéger l’environnement, une concept qui inclut les modes de vie des
peuples et l’intégrité de leurs communautés, l’approche de précaution doit être
appliquée. Lorsqu'il existe des menaces ou des menaces potentielles d'impact social
grave, le manque de certitude quant à ces menaces ne devrait pas être utilisé comme
motif d'approbation de l'intervention prévue ou ne nécessitant pas la mise en œuvre de
mesures d'atténuation et un suivi rigoureux

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2. UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

It must be recognized that our knowledge of the social world and of social processes is
incomplete and that social knowledge can never be fully complete because the social
environment and the processes affecting it are changing constantly, and vary from
place to place and over time.

PRINCIPE INCERTAIN

Il faut reconnaître que notre connaissance du monde social et des processus sociaux
est incomplète et que la connaissance sociale ne peut jamais être complètement
complète car l'environnement social et les processus qui l'affectent changent
constamment et varient d'un endroit à l'autre et dans le temps.

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 3. INTRA-GENERATIONAL EQUITY

The benefits from the range of planned interventions should address the needs of all,
and the social impacts should not fall disproportionately on certain groups of the
population, in particular children and women, the disabled and the socially excluded,
certain generations or certain regions.

ÉQUITÉ INTRA-GÉNÉRATIONNELLE
Les avantages de la gamme des interventions prévues devraient répondre aux
besoins de tous, et les impacts sociaux ne devraient pas peser de manière
disproportionnée sur certains groupes de la population, notamment les enfants et les
femmes, les handicapés et les exclus, certaines générations ou certaines régions

4. INTER-GENERATIONAL EQUITY
Development activities or planned interventions should be managed so that the needs
of the present generation are met without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.

ÉQUITÉ INTERGÉNÉRATIONNELLE
Les activités de développement ou les interventions planifiées doivent être gérées de
manière à répondre aux besoins de la génération actuelle sans compromettre la
capacité des générations futures à répondre à leurs propres besoins
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 5. RECOGNITION AND PRESERVATION OF DIVERSITY

Communities and societies are not homogenous. They are demographically structured
(age and gender), and they comprise different groups with various value systems and
different skills. Special attention is needed to appreciate the existence of the social
diversity that exists within communities and to understand what the unique
requirements of special groups may be. Care must be taken to ensure that planned
interventions do not lead to a loss of social diversity in a community or a diminishing of
social cohesion.

Les communautés et les sociétés ne sont pas homogènes. Ils sont structurés
démographiquement (âge et sexe), et ils comprennent différents groupes avec
différents systèmes de valeurs et différentes compétences. Une attention particulière
est nécessaire pour apprécier l’existence de la diversité sociale qui existe au sein des
communautés et pour comprendre quelles peuvent être les exigences uniques de
groupes spéciaux. Il faut veiller à ce que les interventions prévues n'entraînent pas une
perte de diversité sociale dans une communauté ou une diminution de la cohésion
sociale.

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6. INTERNALIZATION OF COSTS

The full social and ecological costs of a planned intervention should be internalized
through the use of economic and other instruments, that is, these costs should be
considered as part of the costs of the intervention, and no intervention should be
approved or regarded as cost effective if it achieves this by the creation of hidden
costs to current or future generations or the environment.

7. THE POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE

The full cost of avoiding or compensating for social impacts should be borne by the
proponent of the planned intervention.

8. THE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE

It is generally preferable and cheaper in the long run to prevent negative social
impacts and ecological damage from happening than having to restore or rectify
damage after the event

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9. The Protection and Promotion of Health and Safety

Health and safety are paramount. All planned interventions should be assessed for
their health impacts and their accident risks, especially in terms of assessing and
managing the risks from hazardous substances, technologies or processes, so that
their harmful effects are minimized, including not bringing them into use or phasing
them out as soon as possible.

Health impacts cover the physical, mental and social wellbeing and safety of all
people, paying particular attention to those groups of the population who are more
vulnerable and more likely to be harmed, such as the economically deprived,
indigenous groups, children and women, the elderly, the disabled, as well as to the
population most exposed to risks arising from the planned intervention.
La santé et la sécurité sont primordiales. Toutes les interventions prévues doivent être évaluées pour leurs
impacts sur la santé et leurs risques d'accident, en particulier en termes d'évaluation et de gestion des
risques liés aux substances, technologies ou processus dangereux, afin que leurs effets nocifs soient
minimisés, y compris leur non-utilisation ou leur élimination. Dès que possible.

Les impacts sur la santé couvrent le bien-être et la sécurité physiques, mentaux et sociaux de toutes les
personnes, en accordant une attention particulière aux groupes de la population qui sont les plus
vulnérables et les plus susceptibles de souffrir, tels que les groupes économiquement défavorisés, les
groupes autochtones, les enfants et les femmes, les les personnes âgées, les handicapés ainsi que les
populations les plus exposées aux risques liés à l'intervention envisagée.
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10. THE PRINCIPLE OF MULTI-SECTORAL INTEGRATION

Social development requirements and the need to consider social issues should be
properly integrated into all projects, policies, infrastructure programs and other
planning activities

11. THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY

Decision making power should be decentralized, with accountable decisions being

made as close to an individual citizen as possible. In the context of SIA, this means
decisions about the approval of planned interventions, or conditions under which they
might operate, should be taken as close to the affected people as possible, with local
people having an input into the approval and management processes

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 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TOOLS & TECHNIQUES
How Does A Firm/Company Put Into Service Environmental Management?

OUTILS ET TECHNIQUES DE GESTION ENVIRONNEMENTALE

Comment une entreprise / entreprise met-elle en service la gestion environnementale?

 Environmental management is worth investing, but how can a company/an organization to

know how to go about it?.
 appropriate tools, here we describe a range of environmental management tools that
a company or an organization can use to effectively manage its environmental and
social affairs.
 In the early 1990s the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
recognized the need for standardization in the field of environmental management
tools and in 1993 it set up a committee to write standards relating to the following
environmental management tools:
1. Environmental management systems
2. Environmental auditing
3. Environmental labeling
4. Life cycle assessment
5. Environmental indicators
6. Environmental policies
7. Eco-balances
8. Environmental reporting
9. Environmental charters
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 *
* Environmental Management Systems
* Eco-design
* Supply chain management

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 Environmental Management Systems
• An Environmental Management Systems (EMS) is the part of
the overall management system that includes organizational
structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices,
procedures, processes and resources for developing,
implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the
environmental policy. Key examples include ISO 14001 and
EMAS.

• EMS are used to:

– Help companies to identify and prioritise their key environmental
impacts in a structured and systematic manner
– Provide a framework for setting clear objectives and targets for
managing these impacts
– Ensure that structured processes and procedures are in place for
measuring and monitoring performance
The type of EMS depends on the nature, size and complexity of the
company’s activities, products and services

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 ISO 14001 Environmental Management System
• Identify aspects and impacts, hazards and risks
• Document legislation and other requirements
• Set objectives and measurable targets
• Policy and management programme

Plan • Structure and responsibility

 Implement corrective actions • Training, awareness and
 Track improvement competence
 Management review • Communication
Act Continual
• EMS documentation Do
Improvement
• Document control
• Operational control
Continual
• Emergency preparedness &
Improvement response
Check
• Monitoring, measuring and auditing
performance
• Maintaining records
 Schedule, plan and conduct system
audits
• Non-conformance and37 corrective action
Training and Internal Communication – part of an EMS
• Ongoing employee and management training and internal
communication at all levels is critical for ensuring that there is
sufficient commitment and understanding to integrating
principles of environmental responsibility into the business, and
to ensuring that there is a required change in attitudes and
business behaviour

• Training and communication should be undertaken on issues

such as:
– Awareness of the company’s environmental impacts and aspects
– Technical understanding on how to manage these impacts and
aspects
– Knowledge of current and potential environmental liabilities
– Skills to effectively implement management systems and
programmes
– Building and maintaining motivation to address environmental
concerns

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 Environmental Monitoring and Auditing Tools

a. Environmental Auditing
• A systematic, documented verification process of objectively obtaining
and evaluating audit evidence to determine whether specified
environmental activities, events, conditions, management systems, or
information about these matters, confirm with audit criteria, and
communicating the results of this process.

• Environmental audits may assess compliance against with e.g.

– Environmental laws and standards
– A company’s environmental management system (eg ISO 14001)
– A company’s environmental/sustainability report

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 … Environmental Monitoring and Auditing Tools

b. Supply Chain Audits and Assessments

• An assessment by corporate purchasers of the environmental and
social performance of their suppliers. This is a valuable means for the
larger, more visible, companies to transmit pressure for change down the
supply chain.

• Companies committed to sustainability should examine supply

chains as:
– Most of the innovations they may wish to implement internally will
depend heavily on the quality (and sustainability) of what is coming in
through their supply chain.
– Management for sustainability implies a focus on long-term risk
reduction, and in achieving this one’s dependence on other companies’
values and performance is critical.

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 … Environmental Monitoring and Auditing Tools
• Ecological footprint
• “A graphic approach for conceptualising the environmental
impact of a particular individual, organisation, product, service
or political region, and for understanding how this relates to the
overall carrying capacity of the planet.”

• Ecological footprint analysis provides an informative area-based

indicator of sustainability
The world-average ecological footprint in 2016 was 2.75 global hectares per person
(22.6 billion in total). With a world-average biocapacity of 1.63 global hectares (gha)
per person (12.2 billion in total), this leads to a global ecological deficit of 1.1 global
hectares per person (10.4 billion in total).

For humanity, having a footprint smaller than the planet's biocapacity is a necessary
condition for sustainability.

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 Data from 2013
Population
Biocapacit
Ecological Biocapacit when
y deficit or Population Total
Footprint y Biocapacit
Rank Country reserve (millions Biocapacit
(gha/perso (gha/perso y equals
(gha/perso of people) y (gMha)
n) n) Ecological
n)
Footprint*
Luxembou
1 15.82 1.68 −14.14 0.52 −7.35 0.055221
rg
2 Aruba 11.88 0.57 −11.31 0.1 −1.13 0.004798
3 Qatar 10.8 1.24 −9.56 2.05 −19.60 0.23537
4 Australia 9.31 16.57 7.26 23.05 167.34 41.02454
United
5 8.22 3.76 −4.46 317.5 −1416.05 145.2311
States

Camero
162 1.17 1.69 0.52 21.7 11.28 31.34444
on

National ecological surplus or deficit = country's biocapacity per person (in global
hectares) minus - ecological footprint per person (also in global hectares).

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Distribution ecological footprint in the world
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 Eco-design

• Eco-efficiency
Eco-efficiency measures
• A management strategy that seeks to
produce more value with less input of
energy and material, and with
reduced emissions
• Key opportunity areas for business:
- Re-engineering processes
- Redesigning products
- Re-valorising by-products
- Rethinking markets
• Reducing the material and energy
intensity of goods and services
• Increasing the service intensity of
goods and services
• Reducing toxic dispersion
• Enhancing material recyclability
• Maximising sustainable use of
renewable resources
• Increasing material/product durability
• Increasing service intensity

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 *
Looks at the relation between a product and the
environment. Some common propositions about
eco-design or Design for Environment (DfE)
include:
* captures the environmental impacts of the whole
production-consumption chain;
* 60% to 80% of life-cycle impacts from products are
determined at the design stage;
* DfE is to develop generic, company and product
independent standards (under ISO TC207)
* way to engage business interest and action because it
focuses on the products' market
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vulnerability.
*… Eco-design: Key message

To introduce the environmental parameter

into the design of products, processes and/or activities
in an effective manner

The environmental parameter becomes a

business opportunity!

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 … Eco-design: Prioritisation Matrix
Category 3: Category 1:
+ Environmental benefits
Environmental benefits
Technical and economic problems Technical and economic feasibility
Environmental
Advantages Category 4: Category 2:
Few environmental improvements Few environmental improvements
Technical and economic problems Technical and economic feasibility
-
- Technical and Economic feasibility +

Category 1: Highly recommended to carry out in short term.

Category 2: Can be incorporated: the more the better.
Category 3: Need further improvements.
Category 4: Will be sorted out.
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An extension of the eco-efficiency approach to include

• Technological and social innovations to improve quality of life (Environmental

Sound Technologies, Product-services systems, Green Procurement Strategies,
etc.)
• Provide and inform consumer choice (Eco-labelling, Green Advertising, etc.)
• Improved market conditions through appropriate legislation and regulation
(Extended Producer Responsibility, etc.)
• Attention to the need to reduce resource consumption in production and
products (Eco-design & Design for Environment, Eco-efficiency, Product-
services systems)
• To improve the effectiveness and quality of product use (Eco-design, etc.)
• Reducing end-of-life waste (e.g. through recycling) (Product Stewardship, etc.)

48
 Production Chain Schematic - Examples of strategies to improve Resource Productivity in
Production and Consumption

• Cleaner processing and energy technology • Cleaner processing

• More emphasis on material with a and energy technology
• Cleaner processing favourable life course
and energy technology • Less material per unit
• Larger share of materials from recycling
industry
• Better moduling of components

49
 Life Cycle Thinking for Sustainable Production & Consumption

Return to the
environment
… implies that everyone in
the whole chain of a
Obsolescence Society’s Need
Consumption/
for Products and
product’s life cycle, from
Use cradle to grave, has a
Re-Use Services
responsibility and a role to
Manufac- play, taking into account all
turing Recy-
cling
the relevant external
Exploration effects.”

Refining Extraction

50
 Eco-design: Example
– Clothes from recycled material

51
 Analytical tools

 Environmental Risk Assessment

 Life Cycle Assessment
 Material Flow Cost Analysis
 Function Based Approach

52
 Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT EFFECT ASSESSMENT

Prediction of emission rate Dose-response tests

Environment Exposure prediction Human Health Extrapolation Environment

Predicted Exposure Predicted Acceptable Daily Predicted No-Effect

Exposure Intake Concentration
Concentration
Dose

- Risk Characterisation
- Uncertainty Analysis

53
 Framework

Source Pathway Receptor

The five components of a risk assessment include:

 Problem Identification
 Receptor Characterisation
 Exposure Assessment
 Toxicity Assessment
 Risk Characterisation
54
• Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
• Typically consisting of Human Health Risk Assessment and
Ecological Risk Assessment, ERAs:

– Describe a hazard (e.g. a chemical pollutant detrimental to

human health or habitat loss impacting on biodiversity)

– Describe the potential for exposure to the hazard

– Estimate the risk, or likelihood of a negative effect, based on

the hazard and exposures

– Consider uncertainties which may be inherent in arriving at

the risk estimate

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• Environmental Risk Assessment
• A process which helps answer the following:
• What can go wrong? (risk perception)
• What is the likelihood and severity of any
adverse occurrence? (risk assessment)
• What can be done to manage any significant
adverse occurrence and who should be
involved? (risk management and risk
communication).

56
 Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

• A systematic approach to measuring resource consumption

and environmental releases throughout a product’s life cycle,
from extraction through to disposal, with the aim of aiding
decision-making when comparing the relative environmental
merits of two or more product or service categories

• Key stages in LCAs:

- Identify and quantify environmental loads
- Assess and evaluate the potential environmental impacts
of these loads
- Assess options for reducing environmental impacts

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 …Life Cycle Assessment

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool for the

systematic evaluation of the environmental
aspects of a product or service system
through all stages of its life cycle.
 provides an adequate instrument for environmental decision
support.
 reliable LCA performance is crucial to achieve a life-cycle
economy.
 The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), has
standardised this framework within the series ISO 14040 on
LCA.

58
 Life Cycle Assessment: Structure
According to ISO 14040:
Goal and scope
definition
(ISO 14041)

Inventory
Analysis Interpretation
(ISO 14041) (ISO 14043) Application

Impact
Assessment
(ISO 14042)

59
60
 Communication tools

 Consumer Communication and Marketing

 Eco-labelling
 Multi-stakeholder dialogue

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 Consumer Communication

Opportunities for the consumer to make a

change:
 Conscious purchasing
 Waste separation, water, energy, etc.
 Buy eco-efficient products (saving)
 Quality of life versus consumerism
 Sustainable life styles
Crucial role of retail sector

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Reporting and Communications Tools

• A stakeholder is any individual or group who is affected by, or can

influence, the activities of another group. Stakeholder engagement
refers to the process of interaction between an organisation and its
stakeholders, beyond the one-way communication of data.
• A company’s stakeholders typically include (for example):
– Employees and trade union organisations
– Shareholders and financial analysts
– Neighbouring communities and civil society bodies
– Customers and suppliers
– Business peers
– Regulators

63
 Stakeholder engagement activities
• A well planned stakeholder dialogue:
– Helps to scope and prioritise issues
– Allows for greater understanding between stakeholders and their
respective needs and constraints
– Ensures direct engagement of different groups and helps forge
alliances, collaborative partnerships and shared principles
– Enables people to both recognize and take responsibility
– Encourages synergy and new ideas
– Manages disagreement and conflict

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 Eco-labelling
Type I (ISO 14024) - third party certification labels: claims are based on
criteria set by a third part. Examples include the EC Eco-Label, Nordic Swan
and the German Blue Angel;

Type II (ISO 14021) – self certified labels claims are based on specific
declarations by manufacturers or retailers. Numerous examples e.g. ‘made from
X% recycled material’;

Type III (ISO /TR 1425) – Environmental Product Declarations or LCA based
labels are claims consist of quantified products information base on life cycle
impacts.

Single issue labelling schemes such as the private Forest Stewardship Council
(FSC) and organic food labels do not fall within any of the categories but are
partially converted by ISO 14020 – General Guidelines for Environmental
Claims and Declarations.

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 Environmental Labelling Programmes
• e.g. Eco-Labels
• Why Label?
– Allows consumers to make informed decisions
about what they are buying
– Shows commitment to reduced environmental
impact
– Third party verification gives credibility

66
Eco-labelling : Examples

67
• Types of environmental labels
– TYPE I: Voluntary label verified by independent body, awarded to
products fulfilling criteria corresponding to the best environmental
performance within each particular product group.

– TYPE II: Self-declared labels used by manufacturers to indicate the

environmental aspects of a product or service. The label may take the
form of statements, symbols or graphics on product or packaging labels,
product literature, advertising or similar.

– TYPE III: Label licensed by independent organisations, serving as a

report card and providing information on the possible environmental
impact of a product, leaving it to the consumer to decide which product
is best. Also known as an Environmental Product Declaration.

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Tutorials

69
 Tutorials

Question: Define environmental

management

Environmental management is the management of

human interaction with and impact on the environment.
Environmental management is concerned with the links
between human social, cultural, and economic systems
with the natural world, including both living (biotic) and
non-living (abiotic) components of the biophysical
environment

70
List 5 tools and techniques that can be used for
environmental management.
 Environmental laws, regulation, and policy. These can target specific industries or can
be applied to broader society, and may include technical guidelines, standard
operating procedures, standards, bans, etc., as well as economic policies influencing
natural resource use.
 Environmental monitoring. This is used to provide information on environmental
conditions, and includes sample and data collection, data analysis, and reporting.
 Enforcement. Environmental monitoring provides information regarding compliance
to environmental policy and legislation. Non-compliant activities need to be brought
into compliance through a range of enforcement options to ensure effectiveness of
environmental management systems.
 Education. Teaching people about how their activities affect the environment can lead
to more sustainable lifestyles. Capacity-building can be used to empower people to
take a more active role in managing their environment.
 Technical interventions. Well-designed infrastructure and Best Management Practices
can be used to minimize human influence on the environment.

71
 Describe the four types of value
provided by the natural environment
 Direct uses arise from the raw materials and physical products
yielded by ecosystems and their component species. These resources
are used for production and consumption, and the income,
subsistence and employment they support.
 Indirect uses arise from the ecosystem functions that support and
maintain economic activity. These include ecological and
hydrological services that protect human populations and natural
resources, and maintain essential life support functions.
 Option values are the expected value of future information from or
about natural resources. Option value is usually positive, implying a
gain from the decision to postpone development until more
information is available on the benefits of conservation.
 Intrinsic values include aesthetic, cultural, heritage and bequest
significance. This includes wild plant and animal species and
particular wetlands with local ritual and spiritual importance.

72
Describe the four main types of natural resources, and explain the
significance of environmental management for each type.

 Private resources: Resources that are exclusive and consumption is subtractive.

Most people are motivated to use those goods and services that belong to them
in a sustainable way. They feel motivated to invest in maintenance and
preservation measures.
 Common pool resources: Resources for which consumption is subtractive, but
where it is not feasible to exclude users from consuming the resource. With
these types of resources, there are no incentives for conservation. Instead, the
incentive to improve individual welfare by overusing the resource can lead to
depletion of the resource for all.
 Open access resources: Resources over which no controls on access are
applied. In this case the resource often suffers from overexploitation and
degradation.
 Transboundary resources: The distribution of ecosystems and the services they
provide, such as fresh water, are generally not confined within existing
administrative boundaries and are therefore considered to be transboundary in
nature.

73
 Identify and describe the main barriers
to environmental management

 Cross-Sectoral Nature of Resource Management: Effective environmental and

natural resource management can be complex due to the many issues
surrounding natural resource use and the implementation of projects that may
affect resource use. Often, there are ecological, technical, economic, and social
issues involved in resource use and development. In order to be effective,
environmental management initiatives should consider an issue from multiple
perspectives, and consult with stakeholders with diverse interests and
expectations.

 Inappropriate Policies and Incentives: Policies made by governments and

international organizations can have a significant impact on how people and
businesses use and manage natural resources. Impacts may be socioeconomic,
cultural and environmental in nature.

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 … Identify and describe the main
barriers to environmental management

Limited Institutional Capacity: In many countries, including Cameroon, policymaking

and the formulation of regulations for environmental management have outpaced
institutional capacity, particularly with respect to policy analysis and regulatory
enforcement. The inability to design, implement, monitor, and enforce effective
environmental policies leads to poor management of the environment and promotes
skepticism about government commitment to meaningful environmental
management.

Mismatched Ecological and Administrative Boundaries: Boundaries established for

administrative purposes by nations or other jurisdictions often do not take into
account the local ecological conditions. As a result, initiatives taken to protect and
conserve valued ecosystems can be fragmented and poorly coordinated. Managing
transboundary natural resources can be a complex process involving many
stakeholders with often-divergent goals and objectives.

75
 What are multilateral environmental agreements and
what are the responsibilities within these agreements?

 Multilateral environmental agreements represent the

major global environmental policy responses to
pressing environmental issues. Ratification of
multilateral environmental agreements provides both
responsibilities and opportunities for the countries
involved and includes a common set of rights,
obligations and responsibilities for ratifying countries

What is an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)?

EIA is a legislative procedure that systematically examines the possible environmental
consequences of implementing projects, programs and policies. It can also provide
information to decision makers and the public about the environmental implications of
proposed investment actions before the investment decisions are made.

76
 What are Environmental standards and why
are they important in the context of EIA?
 Environmental standards are benchmarks against which
the environmental changes (positive or negative) may be
measured. The EIA process is more objective when
assessment of the significance of changes in
environmental parameters is measured against desired
environmental quality standards.

What are examples of National Environmental Plans?

National environmental plans include plans for:
• protected areas,
• national level desertification,
• national wetland action plans,
• national biodiversity conservation plans, and so on.
77
 Identify at least 3 objectives of public
participation and stakeholder involvement in
environmental management?
The objectives of public involvement and participation in
environmental management include:
• Informing stakeholders;
• Presentation of views, concerns and values;
• Maximizing benefits;
• Influencing project design;
• Obtaining local knowledge;
• Increasing public confidence;
• Better transparency and accountability in decision-making; and
• Reducing conflict.

78
 What is environmental monitoring?
 Environmental monitoring is the gathering of systematic, geo-
referenced observations of the environment, such as
measuring water levels or counting trees, essential to detect
changes in an ecosystem over time and space.

Describe two types of environmental monitoring,

and the requirements common to each.

The two types of environmental monitoring are:

 Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring: This is used to determine if the
environmental mitigation measures specified as part of socioeconomic development
activities are being implemented properly and are having the intended effects.
 Environmental Effects Monitoring: Environmental effects monitoring is the repetitive
and systematic measurement of environmental components to test specific
hypotheses regarding the effects of human activity on the environment.

79
 Describe how Earth Observation and GIS technologies
can assist environmental management programs.

Example of how EO and GIS can assist environmental management

programs:
 EO and GIS can provide supplemental information required to
undertake environmental management activities, particularly where
baseline data is missing;
 Satellite orbits around the earth provide opportunities for repeat
imaging of the same site at regular intervals. This presents an excellent
source of information for time-series analysis – a useful tool for
assessing change;
 EO imagery can be processed to create vegetation and land cover maps
 Modern GIS software features analytic and cartographic tools that can
assist in the development of powerful communication products that can
be used in decision-making and stakeholder engagement activities.

80
Describe at least three environmental threats, and the potential
causes of this degradation within the Western Highlands of
Cameroon.
 Land degradation: The soil on degraded lands is typically impoverished
or eroded, there is less water available due to increased surface runoff or
contamination, plant and animal productivity is lower, and wildlife is
less diverse. Rain-fed agriculture and livestock grazing are the most
widespread land use activities in the Nile basin; these activities are
associated with serious and accelerating environmental degradation.
 Deforestation: The cutting of trees and reduction in forest cover
contributes to decreasing land productivity, loss of habitats, soil erosion
and consequent siltation of waterbodies and watercourses, loss of soil
fertility, and altered hydrologic regimes. Agricultural expansion,
urbanization and development, illegal logging, and cutting trees for fuel
are causes of deforestation.
 Desertification: Degradation on arid, semi-arid and subhumid lands
resulting in desert-like conditions where none existed before. Vast areas
of thin, sandy topsoil on desert fringes are affected by wind erosion in
flatter areas of the basin.

81
  Wetland degradation: Wetlands are threatened by drainage, filling, dredging and stream
channelization, hydrological alteration, groundwater abstraction, siltation, and discharges
of pesticides, herbicides, and sewage.
 Biodiversity losses: Biodiversity losses have been experienced in all the Nile basin’s
lakes, wetlands, savannas and dry and wet forests. Causes include the introduction
of alien fish and plant species, pollution, loss and fragmentation of habitat as a result
of conversion, etc.
 Water quality degradation: Water quality within the Nile basin has been directly
and indirectly degraded by numerous sources of pollution and environmental
processes.
 Sedimentation and soil erosion: Sedimentation is very closely related to the soil
erosion problems of the Nile River basin. High sediment loads are found in many
rivers, especially those draining the mountainous areas that are severely affected by
soil erosion, and have adverse effects on canals in the major irrigation schemes and
can degrade small wetlands and reduce the capacity of shallow lakes.
 Population growth: Rapid population growth increases pressure on the natural
resource base and often contributes to environmental damage, particularly in
agricultural-based economies such as those of the Nile basin.
 Climate variability: Flooding and droughts are serious problems in the Nile River
basin, with implications for the safety, health, and livelihood of numerous people.
Flooding and drought may be related to climate change as well as other
environmental issues such as loss of wetlands and forestlands and soil erosion.

82
 What are two types of water quality pollution
and their cause?

 Non-point source pollution is caused by unsuitable

and/or excessive use of agricultural chemicals
(fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides) and has
drastically reduced water quality in many areas.

 Point-source pollution is concentrated around

settlements and factories and, for the most part, is
serious only around major urban centers such as
Douala, Khartoum and Cairo.

83