Animals: Introduction and Development

1. Animal intro
2. Animal nutrition
3. Embryonic development
4. Homeotic genes

Animals in Unikonta Clade

 Sister group is Choanoflagellates
 600 million years ago
 First in water and then moved to land

Features of Animals
- Lack cell walls (have extra cellular matrix) ECM
o Not rigid wall but supported by ECM

o
- All except sponges have tissues
- Active movement (muscle)
- Sexual reproduction (most)
o Drive for sex is due to natural selection
- Highly diverse (most inverts, few vertebrates)
o Inverts = no spine
o Vertebrates = rare
- Gap junction = cell cell communication

SYNAPOMORPHIES
 1. Multicellular
2. Complex embronic development
3. Chemoheterotrophs via ingestion

Nutrition
Chemohetertrophs
 Animals can be :
o Herbivores, carnivores and omnivores (both)
 An animalʻs diet provides chemical energy and a source of carbon
o Carbon is taken in through digestion and chemical bonds broken down in food is
used as energy
 Diet must contain the essential vitamins and mineral
o Bc can’t make certain essential vitamins and minerals BUT required by cells &
must be in diet
o FOUR classes of essential nitrients:
 1. Essential amino acids
 Animals require 20 amino acids  can synthesize 12 themselves
 Remainder 8 are essential and OBTAINED through food
 Meat, egg, and cheese = complete proteins (20)
 Most plant proteins are incomplete in amino acid makeup (not all
20)
 2. Essential fatty acids
 Animals can synthesize most, rest provided by grains and
vegetables
 Used in phospholipid bilayer
 3. Vitamins
 Organic molecules requirre in the diet in small amounts
 13 essential vitamins for humans
 2 categories: fat-soluble and water soluble
o EX. Vitamin C water-soluble – pirates
o Helps with collagen synthesis
 o

 4. Minerals
 Iodine (essential minerals) seafood – help thyroid hormones
 Bad – goiter swelling of thyroid

Embryonic Development
 Embryogenesis = multiplication of cells (by mitosis) and their susequent growth,
movement, and differentiation into all the tissues and organs of a living organism
 Comples embryonic development occurs in animals and embryophytes (land plants)
 Embryonic Development

1. Haploid stage sperm and egg (unicellular)

2. Diploid stage: Fertilization  singel celled zygote  embryogenesis (womb)
3. Meiosis

Stages of Embryonic development (embryogenesis) in animals

 Fertilization
- Union of haploid gametes to form
diploid zygote
 Cleavage
-
 Gastrulation
 Organogenesis
 Fertilization
- Union of haploid gametes to form diploid zygote

Key Elements of Fetilization

1. Restrict hybridization with other species

2. Restrict Polyspermy (one sperm fertilizes one egg)

STORY Fertilization: acrosomal reaction RD. 47.3

Egg
 Plasma membrane – tan
 Viteline layer – purple
 Jelly coat – yellow
 Sperm-binding receptors – embedded in PM and VL
Sperm
- Nucleus
- Flagellum
- Important front pieces

1. The spermʻs contact with the eggʻs surface triggers the onset of embryonic
development
a. Acrosome of sperm extend to sperm binding receptor on egg and if have right
key they LOCK and KEY FIT