Economic Uses of Minerals & Rocks

Energy Resources, Ores, Gems, and Building Materials 1

 Our Earth Resources
• Why you must have someone somewhere who
develops the resources you use every day:

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Susunan Interior Bumi
Tumbukan Lempeng Benua dan Lempeng samudera
MODEL INTRUSI
 Oil and Natural Gas Deposits
• Origin:
– Organic materials trapped in ocean-bottom sediments
– Decompose within the rocks and form hydrocarbon liquids (oil and
gas)
• Hydrocarbons migrate along and within permeable rock
layers
• Accumulate in an area that is impermeable - "traps

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 Our Earth Resources
• Resource =
– Physical or virtual
entity with utility,
value, and limited
availability
• Ore =
– Materials that exist
in quantities that
can be extracted
and marketed for a
profit
• Major types of ores
– Metallic
(ore mineral)
– Nonmetallic
(gem, IM)
– Energy
– Water
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 Energy Resources:
Coal, Petroleum, and Natural Gas

• Fossil fuel energy

resources are the
foundation of
technology-based
human societies

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 Basic Concepts: Ore Minerals
• Resource
– Absolute volume of a mineral commodity in existence, independent
of economics and technology
• Reserves or proven reserves
– Known quantity of a resource available (produced at a profit)
– Dependant on current economic conditions (including demand) and
extant technology
• Concentration factor
– Ratio of ore material concentration to average crustal concentration
• Mode of occurrence
– A desirable commodity must occur in a mineral form that is readily
processed to produce the commodity
– Associated, unwanted mineral material (gangue) and waste after
processing (tailings) must be considered in economic assessment

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 Basic Concepts: Ore Minerals
• Ore deposits require
– Source for metals (or other elements)
– Means of concentrating elements into usable quantities

• Types of Ore Deposits

– Magmatic (cumulate, lode, pegmatite)
– Hydrothermal (porphyry, vein, skarn,
exhalative, epigenetic)
– Sedimentary (placer, BIF, laterite, evaporite)

• Ore Minerals
– Native elements (Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, diamond, sulfur)
– Sulfides and sulfosalts (pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena)
– Oxides and hydroxides (magnetite, chromite, corundum, hematite,
rutile, casiterite)
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 Magmatic Ore Deposits
• Directly crystallize from • Cumulates
magma – intrusive or
– Dense minerals settle out in
extrusive ultramafic magma chamber
• Occur as: – Chromite, magnetite, platinum
– Accessory minerals group elements
– Disseminated deposits
• Lode deposits
– Ore in many small veins
– California gold deposits
• Pegmatite
– Felsic plutons; late stage
crystallization of magma
– Rich in incompatible
elements: Li, Cs, Be, Sn, &
U
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 Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
• Involve fluids
– Released from crystallizing magma
(felsic plutons)
• Occur as
– Widely disseminated vein networks
• Porphyry
– Alteration of country rock by late,
hydrothermal fluids
– Cu, Mo deposited as sulfide minerals in veins
• Skarn
– Fluid alteration of carbonate country rock during contact
metamorphism (metasomatism)
– Fe, Pb, Cu, Mo as sulfide or oxide minerals
• Epigenetic
– Ore bodies not physically associated with the magmatic body that
produced the hydrothermal fluids 15
– Pb-Zn and Au-Sb deposits; Upper Mississippi Valley lead zinc district
 Sedimentary Ore Deposits
• Concentration of ore minerals due to
– Weathering (laterite, supergene)
– Sorting due to gravity (placer)
– Chemical precipitation (BIF, evaporite)
• Laterite
– Tropical weathering to a residuum of
Fe2O3 & Al2O3
– Preserved in the geological record as
bauxite
• Placers
– Dense, heavy minerals become
concentrated in stream bottoms
– California gold deposits
• Banded Iron formation
– Formed in a O2 poor, early earth
atmosphere, >2 billion years old
– Fe as hematite 16
 Mineral Hardness
• Ability to scratch
another mineral
• Mohs scale from 1
(talc) to 10
(diamond)
• Quartz (most
common mineral
and most dust
particles) is 7
http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/elements/diamond/diamond.htm
 Crystal Shape (Form)
• External structure due
to internal
arrangement of the
atoms
• Six basic groups of
shapes, with about
three dozen variations

http://www.minerals.net/mineral/carbonat/aragonit/aragoni1.htm
 • Describes how light
Luster reflects off the
surface
• Main categories are
“metallic” and “non-
metallic”
• Non-metallic
includes “dull,”
glassy,” waxy,”
“pearly,” and
othershttp://www.mi
nerals.net/mineral/s
ulfides/pyrite/pyrite2.
http://www.minerals.net/mineral/sulfides/pyrite/pyrite2.htm
htm
 Color • results from ability to
absorb some
wavelengths and
reflect others
• some minerals have
characteristics
colors
• others vary due to
chemical differences
or impurities (atoms
mixed inside the
main elements)
http://www.minerals.net/mineral/carbonat/calcite/images/4assortd.htm
 Streak
• Color of the powder
when rubbed on a
“streak plate”
(unglazed porcelain)
• May be same as
hand-specimen or
different
• Some paint is based
on powdered
minerals (streaks).
http://www.minerals.net/mineral/oxides/hematite/hematit6.htm
 Mineral cleavage/fracture
• Some minerals split along flat surfaces
when struck hard--this is called mineral
cleavage
• Other minerals break unevenly along
rough or curved surfaces--this is called
fracture
• A few minerals have both cleavage and
fracture
 Density (Specific Gravity)
• All minerals have
density (mass /
volume), but some are
very dense
• Examples include
galena, magnetite,
and gold
• Specific Gravity is the
density of the mineral
compared with density
ofhttp://www.minerals.net/mineral/elements/gold/gold1.htm
water
 Special Characteristics--
Salty Taste
• DO NOT TASTE
MOST MINERALS!
• Halite is the
exception--it will
taste salty

http://mineral.galleries.com/scripts/item.exe?LIST+Minerals+Halides+Halite
 Special Characteristics--
Magnetism
• Many iron minerals
will produce an
invisible magnetic
force field
• “Lodestone” was
used by Vikings
more than 1,000
years ago as
compasses
http://www.minerals.net/mineral/oxides/magnetit/magneti4.htm
Native Elements, Minerals
Rocks & Ores
 Native Elements
Only a few minerals occur as pure
elements in the earth’s crust.

Gold Graphite Silver Sulfur Diamond Copper Platinum

Au C Ag S C Cu Pt
Most are found as chemical
compounds called minerals

Beryl
Be Al Silicate

Quartz SiO2 Calcite CaCO3

 Rocks are mixtures of minerals and
elements.

Lapis lazuli Unakite

• Lazulite Boulder Opal quartz,feldspar
• Calcite opal in cracks epidote
• Pyrites of boulder
CHEMISTRY GEOLOGY
• An element contains • A Native Element
only one type of atom contains only one
type of atom and is
• A compound found naturally on
contains two or more earth in its pure form.
elements chemically
combined • A mineral contains
two or more elements
• A mixture contains chemically combined
elements and or
compounds that are • A rock contains a
not chemically mixture of elements
combined and compounds
 ORES are rocks containing
valuable minerals

•
Hematite Malachite Galena
Iron Ore Copper Lead

Gold in
Quartz
 ORES
• Gold in W.A. is mined
from tellurides, chlorites,
quartz veins and in • Copper is found in cuprite,
copper ores at Telfer malachite and azurite
• Gold nuggets are native • Native copper is rare
elements.

• Diamond in W.A. is mined

• Iron ores consist of haemetite, from volcanic plugs called
magnetite, pyrite and limonite Kimberlite pipes.

Crystalline
Haemetite is
used to make
jewellery
• Only a few minerals are rock forming and most rock is made
from a combination of the commonest of these such as
feldspars, quartz, mica, olivine, calcite, pyroxene and
amphiboles
 Colour......................
Minerals tend to
occur in a range
of colours, and
Most minerals are
coloured by a limited
colour patterns number of metals
which help to present as impurities.
identify them
The most common
elements affecting
colour are:
chromium, iron,
manganese, titanium
It is chromium which produces and copper.
the intense red of ruby and the
brilliant green of emerald.
Quartz displays a profusion of colours, patterns
and optical effects unsurpassed by any other gem
colourless is rock crystal

purple quartz is amethyst

yellow is citrine

brown is smoky quartz

pink is rose quartz.

black is morion
 Hardness................... -
• Hardness depends upon the
forces holding the atoms of the
mineral together.
• In 1812, a scientist, F. Moh
devised a scale of hardness into
which all minerals can be placed.
• He selected ten minerals and
arranged them in order so that
any one mineral could be used to
scratch only minerals which are
less.
• Diamond is the- hardest natural
material, 140 times harder than
corundum.
 ROCKS AND MINERALS!

Beth Carter, White Knoll Elementary

Lexington School District One
38
 Examples of Minerals
Quartz Calcite
Iron

Hematite Diamond
 Uses of Minerals
Quartz makes Diamonds make
glass. jewelry.

Many things that we

see and use every day
are made from iron.
41
Rocks are made of minerals. Some
rocks are made of just one, while
others are made of many.

Granite is a rock that is

made of three minerals.
 How Rocks Form

Flowing water, exploding volcanoes,

and heat and pressure from inside the
Earth all form the three types of
rocks.
 The Three Types of Rocks

Igneous Rock Sedimentary Rock

Metamorphic Rock
Uses of Rocks

• Buildings

• Statues

• Computer chips

• Art
 Bijih (Ore)

kumpulan satu atau lebih mineral yang

dapat diekstrak satu atau lebih logamnya
secara menguntungkan bedasarkan kondisi
(persyaratan) teknis, ekonomis, lingkungan
dan hukum pada saat itu.
Batubara: bahan bakar
hidrokarbon padat yang berasal dari BATUBARA &
tetumbuhan, tebentuk pada linkungan
minim oksigen dan akibat adanya GAMBUT
tekanan dan temperatur yang tinggi
yang berlangsung sangat lama
(jutaan tahun).
Lignit
Sub-bituminous - Anthracite
 Klasifikasi Komoditas Tambang
UU No 4 Tahun 2009
1. Mineral Radioaktif Pasal 34 ayat (1) an
(2)
2. Mineral Logam
3. Mineral non-Logam
4. Batuan
5. Batubara