Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Agomelatine
– It is classified as a norepinephrine-dopamine
disinhibitor (NDDI) antidepressant
• 5-HT2C antagonist
• Melatonin agonist
Phase-Sequence Problems
• Phase-advance shift—A schedule that shortens
the day by requiring a worker to start on the late
shift and then rotate to an earlier shift the
following week.
• Phase-delay shift—A schedule that lengthens
the day by requiring a worker to rotate to a later
shift each week.
• A phase-delay shift results in greater job
satisfaction, fewer health problems, etc.
• A phase-advance shift is associated with less
job satisfaction, more health problems, etc.
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
Jet Lag
phase-delay
phase-advance
Wakefulness and Sleep:
Levels of Arousal
Brain Mechanisms
Controlling Arousal
• Reticular activating system—network of
nuclei and pathways beginning in the
hindbrain and extending through the
midbrain.
– Locus coeruleus—involved in control of
cortical activity, behavioral alertness, and
REM sleep.
• Transmitter substance is NE.
Levels and Stages of Sleep
• NREM
– Stage 1-4
• SWS
– Stage 3-4
• REM
Levels and Stages of Sleep
• REM (rapid eye movement sleep)—EEG
patterns resemble the waking state; eyes move
behind closed lids, and muscle tone is absent
– REM is also called paradoxical sleep because the
brain waves resemble waves that are present in
waking patterns of EEG.
– Dreaming is reported during REM sleep.
– PGO waves—begin in the pons, continue to the LGN
of thalamus, and end in the occipital cortex. PGO
waves may provide the foundation for visual imagery
we experience during dreams.
The Function of Sleep
• The function of sleep—Three views:
– A restorative function
– A learning and memory function
– Evolutionary function
The Function of Sleep:
A Restorative Function
• Valuable substances manufactured during
sleep:
– Growth hormones during deep sleep.
– Protein synthesis during REM sleep.
• Sleep deprivation produces:
– Tardiness (students)
– More feelings of depression
– Greater daytime sleepiness
– Impaired cognitive ability and inability to recognize the
impairment
The Function of Sleep:
Sleep Deprivation
• REM sleep deprivation
– Produces fatigue, lack of concentration, and irritability
as compared to no REM deprivation.
– Produces REM rebound (a greater proportion of sleep
time spent in REM sleep after a period of REM sleep
deprivation).
• Randy Gardner’s sleep deprivation (11 days)
– Produced no severe or permanent impairment.
– Sleep rebound after deprivation with a higher
percentage of recovery for stages 3 and 4; suggests
they may be important in a restorative function.
Sleep
The Function of Sleep:
Sleep Deprivation