SUMBITTED BY

MALIK MUHAMMAD ALI (Group Leader) : 2332-BCOM-18

NOOR E SEHAR :2312-BCOM-18
FATIMA ASHFAQ :2314-BCOM-18

SUMBITTED TO
SIR. SADAQAT HUSSAIN SHAH

COURSE: RESEARCH METHODS IN BUSINESS

B.COM (Hons) Session 2018-22

Department of Commerce & Finance

Government College University,

LAHORE.
MALIK MUHAMMAD ALI-2332-BCOM-18

What are the factors of divorce?

My first article “Partnership in Europe; its Variety, Trends and Dissolution” is taken from
ProQuest and access was provided by online library of HEC. This is a listed article. My second
article “An Exploratory Study of Factors Contributing to Divorce among Married Couples in
Accra, Ghana: A Qualitative Approach” is also published in and Taylor and Francis Journal,
this is also a listed article.

The family is not a fixed structure. The key causes for divorce have been described as a lack of love and
affection, marrying too young, conflicts and a lack of trust. The major factor that has really increased the
divorce ratios in all over the world is lack of commitment (Oppong Asante, Osafo et al. 2013). Total
divorce rates in Scandinavian countries had risen from around 0.12 to around 0. Total divorce rates in
Western Europe ranged between 0.3 and 0.4 at the turn of the century. The divorce rate in the Soviet
Union used to be the highest in Europe, at 0.34 percent. Romania has a divorce rate of 0.20; Bulgaria and
Poland have divorce rates of 0.21 and 0.18. In 2012, the divorce rate in Estonia was higher than the
marriage rate, a distinction shared only by Sweden and Belgium in the developed world. In 2012, divorce
rates in the United Kingdom were equal to the dissolution of 38 percent of marriages. In 1960 its ratio
was 2.2. The former probability had risen to 42 percent ten years later. Maldives has highest divorce ratio
of 4.63. Philippine is the only country in which citizens do not file for divorce and has the lowest divorce
ratio in all over the world. (Coleman 2013)

Socioeconomic Factors
My third article “Socioeconomic Resources and the Dissolution of Cohabitations and Marriages
European Journal of Population” is also taken from ProQuest and this was also a listed article.
My fourth article “Does Culture Affect Divorce? Evidence from European Immigrants in the
United States” is published in JSTOR Journal which is not listed article but have SSCI.

The main socioeconomic factor for divorce is unemployment (especially men’s unemployment), lower
scale of knowledge and low financial resources. (Jalovaara 2013) Another socioeconomic factor
which effects heavily is the culture or the place where someone lives. The divorce culture in Europe has
enhanced the divorce rates. Financial stress is a clear and significant contributor to marital conflict and
dissatisfaction; the better educator’s negotiation abilities, as well as their greater desire to establish a
companionate marriage with mutual interests, can also play a role.  Age at marriage is the single most
significant factor in influencing marriage longevity - the later the better, at least up to the age of 40 or so.
(Furtado, Marcén et al. 2013)

Socioeconomic factors for divorce in Pakistan

My fifth article “Gender Discrimination: Who is Responsible? Evidence from Pakistan” is
published in is published in and Taylor and Francis Journal, this is also a listed article. My last
article “Women empowerment and socio-economic development: a case study of Pakistan” is
published in Taylor and Francis Journal, this is a listed article.

In Pakistan the one key factor for divorce is the gender gap. In Pakistan the rate of gender gap is 47%
which puts our country on the number of 127 out of 130 in worldwide list. (Shah and Baporikar
2013) Women do not receive the responsibilities, rights, or respect that they deserve. In Pakistan gender
discrimination is a usual activity. Women are regarded as earning instruments as well. Women are used to
settle disputes and are regarded as inferior to men. This gender discrimination enhances the divorce ratio
in Pakistan. During the start of 20th century 3800 cases of divorce were filed in Pakistan which creates a
ratio of 0.8 (Jabeen and Jabeen 2013)

References
Coleman, D. (2013). "Partnership in Europe; its Variety, Trends and Dissolution." Finnish Yearbook of
Population Research(48): 5-49.

Furtado, D., et al. (2013). "Does Culture Affect Divorce? Evidence From European Immigrants in the
United States." Demography 50(3): 1013-1038.

Jabeen, F. and M. Jabeen (2013). "Women empowerment and socio-economic development: a case study
of Pakistan." European Journal of Business and Social Sciences 1(10): 113-116.

Jalovaara, M. (2013). "Socioeconomic Resources and the Dissolution of Cohabitations and Marriages."
European Journal of Population 29(2): 167-193.

Oppong Asante, K., et al. (2014). "An Exploratory Study of Factors Contributing to Divorce Among
Married Couples in Accra, Ghana: A Qualitative Approach." Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 55(1): 16-
32.

Shah, I. A. and N. Baporikar (2013). "Gender Discrimination: Who is Responsible? Evidence from
Pakistan." Women's Studies 42(1): 78-95.
NOOR E SEHAR-2332-BCOM-18
General factors of divorce
The article that I have used in this paragraph i.e. “Reasons for divorce and recollection of
premarital intervention: Implications for improving relationship education” is not listed article.

Divorce is a serious social issue in every society because divorce is a decision which is based on
negative attitudes. If we talk about general factors of divorce all across the world then it shows
many reasons. These factors includes communication gap, lack of understanding, domestic
violence, lack of any kind of support (emotional, social and psychological), unrealistic
expectations from partner, infidelity, conflict and arguments between partners, lack of equality in
the relationship and any kind of abuse. These factors are the reasons of divorce and it also leads
towards serious psychological issues like depression, anxiety, torture, stress and many mental
disorders.(Scott, Rhoades, Stanley, Allen, & Markman, 2013)

Socio- Economic factors of divorce

There are two articles used in this paragraph i.e. “The social sanction of divorce: Who ultimately
pay the social costs of its adverse effects?” that is a listed article and “Breaking up is hard to do,
unless everyone is doing too: Social network effects on divorce in longitudinal samples” is a
listed article.

Social and economic are the factors which are based on education, society structure and pattern,
occupation, income, wealth and place where someone lives. Social and economic factors
strongly influence the high divorce rate in any society. For instance, modernization, urbanization
and industrialization play a very negative role in the world in high divorce rate. Due to this,
people are more vocal about their relationships and needs, lack of equality and more competition
in relationship, more social interactions leads towards extra martial relationships, employment
opportunities for women and socio-economic status of spouses all these factors weaken the
relationship between married couples and lead the world towards divorce.(Rahman, Giedraitis,
& Akhtar, 2013)Social network also leads towards high divorce rate when there are more
divorce cases in someone’s social surroundings then there are more chances that they also
consider divorce as a normal thing.(McDermott, Fowler, & Christakis, 2013)

Socio-Economic factors of divorce in Pakistan

The article being used in this paragraph i.e. “THE ASSOCIATION OF MARITAL
RELATIONSHIPS AND PERCIEVED SOCIAL SUPPORT WITH MENTAL HEALTH OF
WOMEN IN PAKISTAN” is not a listed article but is SSCI approved.

Pakistan is a patriarchal society where male dominancy is more. There are many social and
economic factors which are the reason of divorce in Pakistan. These factors includes male
dominancy, high illiteracy rate, domestic violence, marrying to young, infertility, joint family
system, financial stress, less tolerance, communication gap and lack of social, psychological and
emotional support. Pakistani women are always the victims because of these factors. They face
many psychological problems like depression, anxiety, stress and torture from the society that
she is a divorcee. In Pakistan, people are so conservative they think that if a girl is divorcee then
all fault is her. She has to compromise with his husband. There is lack of social support for the
women who get divorce.(Qadir, Khalid, Haqqani, & Medhin, 2013)

References
McDermott, R., Fowler, J., & Christakis, N. (2013). Breaking Up is Hard to Do, Unless Everyone Else is
Doing it Too: Social Network Effects on Divorce in a Longitudinal Sample. Social forces; a
scientific medium of social study and interpretation, 92(2), 491-519. doi:10.1093/sf/sot096
Qadir, F., Khalid, A., Haqqani, S., & Medhin, G. (2013). The association of marital relationship and
perceived social support with mental health of women in Pakistan. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1-
13.
Rahman, M., Giedraitis, V. R., & Akhtar, T. (2013). The social sanction of divorce: Who ultimately pay
the social costs of its adverse effects. Sociology and Anthropology, 1(1), 26-33.
Scott, S. B., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., Allen, E. S., & Markman, H. J. (2013). Reasons for Divorce
and Recollections of Premarital Intervention: Implications for Improving Relationship Education.
Couple & family psychology, 2(2), 131-145. doi:10.1037/a0032025
FATIMA ASHFAQ- 2314-BCOM-18

What are the factors of divorce?

The article that I have used for this question i.e. “Factors influencing divorce and childhood
development in Zanzibar: a case study of urban west” is a non-listed article.

From many other aspects of life of women divorce is one of the major one. it caused by many
different factors some of them according to this study are majorly that the 24% people thinks that
divorce is influenced by economic factors, 32% couple thinks that socio-culture factors cause
divorce, 28% people think that family conflict are the major reason of divorce, 16% people think
that politics also affect their marriage 82% couples says that remarriage of male spouse is the
biggest reason of divorce and 77.1% people thinks that having no child is the reason for divorce.
All these factors have their involvement in the divorce. (Ussi, 2013)

What are the socio-economic factors of divorce?

I have used multiple articles in this question i.e. “Determinants of divorce in Ghana 2008” is a
non-listed article, “The intergenerational transmission of divorce: a fifteen-country study with
the fertility and family survey” is a listed article,” Bereavement and divorce: Does the death of
child affects parents’ marital life” is a listed article and “For richer, if not for poorer? Marriage
and divorce over the business cycle” is also a listed article.

Divorce is becoming a very major issue worldwide following are some of the major determinants
according to some articles:

 A survey conducted in university of Ghana, says that respondents with without children,
remarriage, poor place of residence, ethnicity and poor wealth index are major
determinants of divorce worldwide. (Akuamoah, 2013)
 According to an article divorce is transmitted to children through their parents and it is an
intergenerational transmission process. (Diekmann & Schmidheiny, 2013)
 Death of a child according to this study causes divorce in parents. (Lyngstad, 2013)
 Business cycles cause flow into and out of marriages, finding that the unemployment rate
is directly proportional to divorces. (Schaller, 2013)

What are the socio-economic factors of divorce in Pakistan?

The article that I have used for this question i.e. “Domestic violence and consanguineous
marriages-perspective from Rawalpindi, Pakistan” is a non-listed article.

Pakistan being an Islamic country do not majorly support divorce as it’s a prohibited act in Islam but
there are some major factors in Pakistan that are pushing people towards the sanction of divorce.
According to this research, domestic violence and abuse are the major causes of divorce in Pakistan.
Emotional and psychological damage to women’s self-esteem also cause divorce in Pakistan. It is
determined that all the determinants of divorce cause major mental illness to people that push them
towards divorce. Divorce is increasing specially in Punjab as its more likely to have people with broad
mind setting and they value their self-esteem the most that causes them to face divorce. (Shaikh,
Kayani, & Shaikh, 2013)

References

Akuamoah, V. (2013). Determinants of divorce in Ghana, 2008. University of Ghana.

Diekmann, A., & Schmidheiny, K. (2013). The intergenerational transmission of divorce: A
fifteen-country study with the fertility and family survey. Comparative sociology, 12(2),
211-235.
Lyngstad, T. H. (2013). Bereavement and divorce: Does the death of a child affect parents’
marital stability? Family Science, 4(1), 79-86.
Schaller, J. (2013). For richer, if not for poorer? Marriage and divorce over the business cycle.
Journal of Population Economics, 26(3), 1007-1033.
Shaikh, M. A., Kayani, A., & Shaikh, A. (2013). Domestic violence and consanguineous
marriages–perspective from Rawalpindi, Pakistan. East Mediter Health J, 19(3), S204-
S207.
Ussi, B. H. (2013). Factors influencing divorce and childhood development in Zanzibar: a case
study of urban west. The University of Dodoma.