SAGEEP2003 SurfaceWaveShortCourse

Data Acquisition and Analysis of Active
and Passive Surface Wave Methods
SAGEEP 2003 Short Course
OYO Corporation
Koichi Hayashi
1
SAGEEP2003 Active and Passive Surface Waves
Outline
• Introduction to Surface Waves
• Fourier Transform
• Phase Velocity and Dispersion Curves
• Inversion
• Active Method
• Passive Method
• Application to Engineering Problems
2
Introduction to Surface Waves
• Inversion
• Active Method
• Passive Method
3
Geophysical explorations using
surface-waves
Classification Method Name Application
Tunnel
Refraction method
Refraction Dam
Seismic PS logging
Earth sciences
Cross-hole tomography
Reflection
Micro-tremor array
Surface- Surface wave method
wave
Electro- DC resistivity 2D DC resistivity method
magnetic Electro-magnetic Logging
Ground penetrating radar

Gravity
4
Geophysical explorations using
surface-waves Earth sciences
Micro-tremor array
measurements Investigation
of deep ground
From tens of meter
to several kilometers Understanding of
Exploration using 0.2Hz 10Hz the bearing stratum
surface waves Micro-tremors
Long period seismometer
Reclaimed ground
Surface wave
methods River bank
mto 15m
5Hz to 50Hz Embankment /
Artificial vibration Housing land
(sledge hammer, etc.) development
Geophones
5
Fundamentals of surface-waves
(Seismic waves)
• Body waves
P-wave
S-wave
• Surface-waves
Rayleigh-wave
Love-wave
6
Propagation of surface-waves
(Rayleigh -wave)
Homogeneous half space
7
Surface-wave dispersion
Heterogeneous medium
Short wave length
Source
Long wave length
Phase velocity differs in the frequency.

Dispersion
8
Homogeneous model
1000 1730 Vs(m/s)
Two-layer model
10
1000 1730 Vs(m/s)
20
10
30
P-wave
Surface
Depth(m) wave 20
S-wave velocity model Theoretical waveform
30
1000 1730 Vs(m/s)
Depth(m)
10
20
30
Depth(m)
9
Q What is “dispersion”?
A Phase velocity differs in the frequency
→The velocity of each frequency is called Phase velocity.
The wave of long period (low

frequency) transmits fast, and the wave
of short period (high frequency) does
slowly.
→Dispersion
10
Q What is “Phase velocity curve (Dispersion curve)”?
A: It is the graph of phase velocity representing with
frequency and velocity.
Time
Phase
velocity
curve
Frequency 11
Characteristics of surface-wave
(Rayleigh-wave) survey
• Phase velocity of surface-wave is sensitive to the S-
wave velocity.
• Phase velocity of surface-wave us 0.9 to 0.95 times
that of S-wave.
• Difference of wave length causes the difference of
survey depth.
• Increasing source power efficiency
Surface-waves : 67%, S-wave: 26%, P-wave: 7%
• Easy to survey
• Possible to survey low velocity layer underneath high
velocity one.
12
Fourier Transform
• Inversion
• Active Method
• Passive Method
13
Fourier transform is
1. Orthogonal
The inner product of any two different
harmonics is zero
2. Complete
No function can be orthogonal to all
harmonics
3. Convenient
Can be calculate efficiency
14
Vector decomposition
 3
A =  
A(3,5)  5
c2
c1 Let’s Decompose into C1 and C2 !
15
Unit vectors
1 0
X = b1 =   Y = b2 =  
Y A(3,5)  0 1
c2 Calculating inner product !
 3
c1 = b A = (1 0 )  = 3
T
1
b2  5
X
b1 c1  3
c 2 = b A = (0 1)  = 5
T
2
 5
 c1   1 0  3   3 
C =   = B A = 
T
  =  
 c2   0 1  5   5 
16
Vector decomposition with slope Unit vectors
 3  1
A(3,5)   − 
b1 =  2  b2 =  2 
 1   3
   
 2   2 
c2 c1 Remember! Inner product is 0
3 −1 1 3
b1 ⋅ b2 = × + × =0
30° 2 2 2 2
 3 1  3 3 +5
  3  
 c1  2   =  2  =  5.098 
C =   = B T A =  2
 c2   −1 3  5   5 3 − 3   2.830 
   
 2 2   2 
17
Vector decomposition with slope
A(3,5) Inverse transform
B and C A
30°
 3 − 1  3 3 +5  9+5 3 −5 3 +3 
    
( )
A= B T −1
C = BC =  2 2  2 = 4  =  3 
 1 3  5 3 − 3   3 3 + 5 + 15 − 3 3   5 
    
 2 2  2   4 
18
and orthogonal transform
Orthogonal transform
C=B A T
 3 1  3 3 +5
   
 c1  2  3  =  2  =  5.098 
C =   = B A =  2
T
 c2   −1 3  5   5 3 − 3   2.830 
   
 2 2   2 
Inverse transform
A = BC 

3 − 1  3

3 +5  9+5 3 −5 3 +3 
   3
( )
A = B C = BC = 
T −1 2 2  2 = 4  =  
 1 3  5 3 − 3   3 3 + 5 + 15 − 3 3   5 
    
 2 2  2   4 
19
Trigonometric functions are orthogonal
Two trigonometric functions (Two vectors)
 x   x 
b1 = sin 1 × × 2π  b2 = sin  2 × × 2π 
 16   16 
1.500
1.000
0.500
b1 & b2
sin(x/16~ 2ƒ
Î)
0.000
sin(2x/16~ 2ƒ
Î)
-0.500
-1.000
-1.500
0 5 10 15
x
20
Trigonometric functions are orthogonal
Inner product
x b1=sin(1×x/16×2π) b2=sin(2×x/16×2π) b1×b2
0 0.000 0.000 0.000
1 0.383 0.707 0.271
2 0.707 1.000 0.707
1.500
3 0.924 0.707 0.653
1.000
4 1.000 0.000 0.000
0.500
5 0.924 -0.707 -0.653
b1 & b2
sin(x/16~ 2ƒ
Î )
0.000 6 0.707 -1.000 -0.707
sin(2x/16~ 2ƒ
Î )
-0.500 7 0.383 -0.707 -0.271
-1.000 8 0.000 0.000 0.000
-1.500 9 -0.383 0.707 -0.271
0 5 10 15 10 -0.707 1.000 -0.707
x
11 -0.924 0.707 -0.653
12 -1.000 0.000 0.000
13 -0.924 -0.707 0.653
14 -0.707 -1.000 0.707
15 -0.383 -0.707 0.271
Total 0.000
21
Discrete Fourier transform
Let’s transform 8 samples discrete waveform data!
Waveform Vector notation

 1 
6
 
5  2 
4
3
 3 
2  
1  5 
0
A= 
 2 
-1
-2
-3
-4  − 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7  
 − 3
 3 
 
22
Matrix consists of 8 trigonometric functions
  0   0   0 
 sin 0 × × 2π  sin1× × 2π  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ sin 7 × × 2π  
  8   8   8 
  1  
 sin 0 × × 2π  ⋅ ⋅ 
  8  
 sin 0 × 2 × 2π  ⋅ ⋅ 
  8 
    x 
Bij =  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  = 
 sin  n × × 2π  
    8 
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
 
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
 
 sin 0 × × 2π   7 
7
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ sin 7 × × 2π  
  8   8 
23
  0   0   0 
 sin 0× × 2π  sin1× × 2π  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ sin 7 × × 2π  
  8   8   8 
  1  
 sin 0× × 2π  ⋅ ⋅ 
  8  
 sin 0 × 2 × 2π  ⋅ ⋅ 
  8 
    x 
Bij =  ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  = 
 sin n × × 2π  
    8 
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
 
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
 
 sin 0 × × 2π   7 
7
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ sin 7 × × 2π  
  8   8 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 14 
Extract n×x 
2 4 6 8 10 12

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 
Wij =  = (n × x )
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 
 
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 

24
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
Real part (cos) 
0 − 0.71 − 1 − 0.71

1 0.71 00.71 
1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 
 
1 − 0.71 0 0.71 − 1 0.71 0 − 0.71 1 
BRe =  = cos × 2π × Wij 
1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1  8 
1 − 0.71 0 0.71 − 1 0.71 0 − 0.71
 
1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 
1 0.71 0 − 0.71 − 1 − 0.71 0 0.71 

Imaginary part (cos) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 
 0 − 0.71 − 1 − 0.71 0 0.71 1 0.71 
0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 1 
 
 0 − 0.71 1 − 0.71 0 0.71 − 1 0.71  1 
BIm =  = − sin  × 2π × Wij 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  8 
 0 0.71 − 1 0.71 0 − 0.71 1 − 0.71
 
 0 1 0 − 1 0 1 0 − 1 
 0 0.71 1 0.71 0 − 0.71 − 1 − 0.71

25
 12.00 
 
 − 0 . 29 
Fourier transform is  3.00 
 
 − 1.71 
C Re = 
 1 
C Re = B A T − 6 . 00
   
 2   − 1.71 
 3 
 
Re 
 3 . 00


 − 0.29 
 5   
A= 
 2   0.00 
 − 1  
 − 9. 54 
C Im = B A T
   7.00 
 − 3  
 3 
  Im C Im
 2.46 
= 
 0.00 
 − 2.46 
 
 − 7 .00 
 9.54 
 
26
Inverse Fourier transform is  1 
 12.00   
   2 
 − 0.29 
 3.00   3 
1  
= (B Re C Re − (− B Im )C Im )
 
 5 
C Re
 − 1.71 
=
− 6 . 00  ARe ARe =  

 − 1.71 

8  2 
   −1
 3.00   
 − 0.29 
   − 3
 3 
 
 0.00 
 
 − 9. 54 
1
= (B Re C Im + (− B Im )C Re )
 7.00 

 2.46 

AIm AIm = 0
C Im =
 0.00 
 8
 − 2.46 
 
 − 7 .00 
 9.54 
 
27
Fourier series
Any waveform data can be decomposed into trigonometric functions!
∞
f (t ) = a 0 + ∑ (a n cos
n =1
2 π nt
T + b n sin 2 π nt
T t)
Decompose into each frequencies
28
Fourier transform
Calculating Fourier coffients a0, a1 to ak, b1to bk
∞
f (t ) = a 0 + ∑ (a n cos
n =1
2 π nt
T + b n sin 2 π nt
T t)
Fourier transform
1 +∞
F (ω ) = ∫ f (t ) ⋅ exp − iω t
dt
2π −∞
Inverse Fourier transform

+∞
f (t ) = ∫ F (ω ) ⋅ exp − iω t
dω
−∞
29
Complex numbers
Complex plane with cos and sin Complex plane with
amplitude (A) and phase (Φ)
A = a + ib A = A + iφ
A sin φ A
A
b
φ
a A cos φ
2π t 2π t A = A cos φ + iA sin φ
A = a cos + b sin
T T
b
φ = tan −1
A= a2 + b2 a
30
Complex numbers
Frequency part
Time domain
Real part cos
Imaginary part sin

31
Amplitude and phase
Frequency
Time domain domain
Real part Amplitude
Imaginary part (Phase)

32
Phase Velocity and Dispersion Curves
• Inversion
• Active Method
• Passive Method
33
Phase-velocity calculation
• Phase-difference
• Cross correlation
• τ-p transform in time domain
• τ-p transform in Frequency domain MASW
• Spatial auto correlation (SPAC)
34
Phase velocity calculation
Phase difference
Calculate the phase difference between two waves; f(t) and g(t).
Fourier transform
1 +∞ 1
F (ω ) = f (t ) ⋅ exp
+∞
∫
− iω t
dt G (ω ) = ∫ g (t ) ⋅ exp − iω t
dt
2π −∞
2π −∞
Amplitude and phase

F (ω ) = A f (ω ) ⋅ exp G (ω ) = A g (ω ) ⋅ exp
− iφ f (ω ) − i φ g (ω )
Phase difference ∆ φ (ω ) = φ f (ω ) − φ g (ω )
Phase velocity c(ω) ω ⋅ ∆x ω ⋅ ∆x

c (ω ) = c (ω ) =
∆ φ f (ω ) ∆ φ f (ω ) + 2 n π
35
Cross-correlation
Fourier transform
1 +∞ 1 +∞
F (ω ) = ∫ f (t ) ⋅ exp − iω t
dt G (ω ) = ∫ g (t ) ⋅ exp − iω t
dt
2π −∞ 2π −∞
Cross-correlation
CC fg (ω ) = F (ω ) ⋅ G (ω ) = A f (ω ) A g (ω ) ⋅ exp i ∆ φ (ω )
36
τ-p transform
τ-p transform
+∞
F (τ , p ) = ∫ f ( x , t + xp )dx
−∞
1
p= τ =t
c
Fourier transform
 1 1 +∞  1  − iωτ
F ω ,  =
 c  2π ∫− ∞  τ , c  ⋅ e d τ
F
37
τ-p transform in Frequency domain
(MASW)
Observed waveform F (ω ) =
1 +∞
f (t ) ⋅ e − iω t dt
∫
F (x , ω )
2π
f (x , t )
−∞
Fourier transform
x
+∞ iω
F (τ , p ) =
+∞
f ( x , t + xp )dx F (c , ω ) = ∫ F (x , ω ) ⋅ e c
dx
∫
−∞ −∞
τ-p transform Phase shift and stack
(Slant stack)
 1 1 +∞
F ω ,  = ∫ F (τ , p ) ⋅ e − i ωτ d τ
F (c , ω )
c  2π
F (τ , p )
 −∞
Fourier transform
Phase-velocity
38
τ-p transform in Frequency domain
Time (t)
(MASW)
f (x , t )
Fourier transform Distance (x)
1 +∞ Frequency (ω)
F (ω ) = ∫ f (t ) ⋅ e − iω t
dt
2π −∞
F (x , ω )
Phase shift Stack Distance (x)
Phase velocity (c)
x
+∞ iω
F (c , ω ) = ∫ F (x , ω ) ⋅ e c
dx
−∞
F (c , ω )
Frequency (ω) 39
Spatial auto correlation (SPAC)
Calculating phase velocity from micro-
tremors (passive method)
1D 2D
MI
MICROTREMOR
CR
SITE1 SITE2
OT
SITE1 SITE2
RE
MO
R
TIME
Microtremor propagate obliquely to
TIME survey line.
Microtremor propagate parallel to The input angle is known
survey line -> phase velocity can be calculated.
Phase velocity can be calculated directly The input angle isn’t known
-> apparent velocity is higher than
true phase velocity
40
Spatial auto correlation (2D)
MICROTREMOR We can’t know the direction of microtremors
propagation before measuring.
SITE1 SITE2
And the sources of microtremors is studded.
So microtremors stationary stochastic wave.
TIME
Microtremor propagate vertically to
survey line
Phase velocity can’t be calculated.
Isotropic sensor arrangement is need.

Like triangle array
41
Spatial auto correlation (SPAC)
Cross-correlation
CC fg (ω ) = F (ω ) ⋅ G (ω ) = A f (ω ) A g (ω ) ⋅ exp i ∆ φ (ω )
Phase velocity c(ω) Substitute

ω ⋅ ∆x ω ⋅ ∆x
c (ω ) = ∆ φ (ω ) =
∆ φ (ω ) c (ω )
ω ⋅∆ x
i
CC fg (ω ) = F (ω ) ⋅ G (ω ) = A f (ω ) A g (ω ) ⋅ exp c (ω )
 ω ⋅ ∆x 
CC fg (ω ) = A f (ω ) A g (ω ) cos  
 c (ω ) 
Coherence
CC (ω )  ω ⋅ ∆x 
fg (ω ) =
fg
COH = cos  
A f (ω )A g (ω )  c (ω ) 
42
Spatial auto correlation
Time domain
cc (∆ x , t ) = f ( x , t ) ∗ f ( x + ∆ x , t )
Two traces with ∆x separation
Frequency domain
CC (∆ x , ω ) = F ( x , ω ) ⋅ G ( x + ∆ x , ω )
Coherence CC (∆ x , ω )
COH (∆ x , ω ) =
AC ( x , ω )AC ( x + ∆ x , ω )
 ω 
COH (∆ x , ω ) = cos  ∆ x 
 c (ω ) 
43
cc (∆ x , ∆ y , t ) = f ( x , y , t ) ∗ f ( x + ∆ x , y + ∆ y , t )
CC (∆ x , ∆ y , ω ) = F ( x , y , ω ) ⋅ G ( x + ∆ x , y + ∆ y , ω )
∆ x = r cos ϕ
∆ y = r sin ϕ
CC (r , ω ) = F ( x , y , ω ) ⋅ G ( x + ∆ x , y + ∆ y , ω )
CC (r , ω )
COH (r , ω ) =
AC ( x , y , ω ) AC ( x + ∆ x , y + ∆ y , ω )
 ω 
COH (r , ω ) = J 0  r  Bessel
 c (ω )  function
44
Characteristics of phase-velocity
curves (dispersion curves)
• Phase-velocity curve is to be a smooth
curved line, or a straight line.
• Phase-velocity curve reflects the averaged
velocity model beneath receiver array.
• Higher modes exist.
• The frequency range is to be fixed by the
minimum / maximum receiver spacing.
45
Characteristics of Phase-velocity curve
Phase velocity curve is to be a smooth curved line, or a straight line.
S-wave velocity structure Phase velocity curve
46
Characteristics of phase-velocity curve
Phase velocity curve reflects the averaged velocity model
beneath receiver array.
Can not change drastically
Changes gradually
47
Characteristics of phase velocity curve
Higher mode
Wave form data including higher
Dispersion curve including noise and
mode (Frequency domain)
higher mode
Fundamental mode (used for analysis)
Basic mode
Higher mode
Noise
Higher mode (no need for analysis)
48
Characteristics of phase velocity curve
The frequency range is to be fixed by the minimum /
maximum space of receivers.
Minimum space of The line that the wave length will be double of maximum space (46m) of
receivers (It is not precise enough to determine the velocity on upper side from
receivers (1m) this line.)
Velocity will be
fixed in this range
Maximum space of
receivers (23m) The line that the wave length will be double of minimum space (2m) of receivers
It is not enough to determine the velocity on left side from this line.) 49
Inversion
• Inversion
• Active Method
• Passive Method
50
Least Square Method
Simultaneous
2 x1 + x2 = 11
3 data for
equations(Q1) 4 x1 + x2 = 17 2 unknown
6 x1 + x2 = 23
Matrix notation  2 1  11 
  x1   
AX =  4 1  =  17  = Y
 6 1 x2   23 
   
Partial difference !
∂
(6 x1 + x2 − 23) = 6
∂x1 AX = Y 51
Matrix A(Jacobian matrix)
f1 = 2 x1 + x2 −11
f 2 = 4 x1 + x2 − 17
f 3 = 6 x1 + x2 − 23
 ∂ f1 ∂ f1 
 
2 1  ∂ x1 ∂x2 
   ∂f2 ∂f2 
A = 4 1 =  
6 ∂ x1 ∂x2
 1  
∂f3 ∂f3

 
 ∂ x1 ∂x2 
 
52
Errors:e e = AX − Y
Minimize the sum of squares of errors
E = ( AX − Y ) ( AX − Y ) = AX − Y
T 2
⇒ Minimize
Set differential of E to zero

dE
= 2 AT ( AX − Y ) = 0
dX
Solve for X
(A A)X = A Y
T T Normal equation
53
Example(Q1)
2 x1 + x 2 = 11
4 x1 + x 2 = 17
6 x1 + x 2 = 23
 2 1  11 
 2 4 6    x1   2 4 6  
( )
A A X = 
T
 4 1  =   17  = AT Y
 1 1 1  6 1 x2   1 1 1  23 
   
 56 12  x1   228 
( )
A A X = 
T
  =   = AT Y Normal equation
 12 3  x2   51 
 0.125 - 0.5  228   3 

X= A A( T
)
−1
A Y = 
T
  =  
SAGEEP2003
 - 0.5 2.3333  51   5  54
Active and Passive Surface Waves
Non-linear least square method
If the Jacobian matrix is not a constant,
y (Z ) = x1Z − x2 e − Zx3
 ∂y (z1 ) ∂y (z1 ) ∂y ( z1 ) 
 
 ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3   z1 − e − Z 1 x3 − x2 Z1e − Z1x3 
 ∂y (z 2 ) ∂y (z 2 ) ∂y ( z 2 )   z − e − Z 2 x3 − x2 Z 2 e − Z 2 x3

 ∂x   2 
∂x2 ∂x3
A= 1
 =  

 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
 
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅   − Z m x3 
 ∂y ( z m ) ∂y (z m ) ∂y (z m )  z m
 − e − Z m x3 − x2 Z m e 
 
 ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3 
parameter x is in the matrix A! 55

Iterative solution of non-linear
least square method
1 : Calculate theoretical value Y0 for initial Y0 (Z ) = Y (Z , X 0 )
value X0.
2 : Calculate residuals (∆Y) between theoretical ∆Y = Y − Y0
value Y0 and observed value Y.
3 : Calculate correction value for X (∆Y) by the

least square method.
(A A)∆X = A ∆Y
T T
4 : Calculate new estimate X1. X 1 = X 0 + ∆X
5 : Return to step 1.
6 : Stop if the residuals are enough small.

56
Example(Q3)
Model y (Z ) = x1Z − x2 e − Zx3
 x1   1 
   
True X =  x2  =  2 
solution(answer)  x  1
 3  
z y(z)
0 -2
1 0.264241
2 1.729329
Eleven observed data 3
4
2.900426
3.963369
5 4.986524
6 5.995042
7 6.998176
8 7.999329
9 8.999753
10 9.999909
57
∂y ∂y ∂y
Partial =Z = −e − Zx3 = x2 Ze − Zx3
differential ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
 x1   2 
   
Initial model X 0 =  x2  =  3 
 x   2
 3  
0 −1 0 
Jacobian matrix A 
1 - 0.1353352832 0.4060058497 

 ∂y ( z1 ) ∂y ( z1 ) ∂y ( z1 )  2 - 0.0183156389 0.1098938333 
   
 ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3   z1 − e − Z1x3  3
− Z1 x3
− x2 Z1e - 0.0024787522 0.0223087696 
 ∂y ( z 2 ) ∂y ( z 2 ) ∂y ( z 2 )   z − e − Z 2 x3
 
− x 2 Z 2 e − Z 2 x3   4 0.0040255515 
 ∂x  2 - 0.0003354626
∂x2 ∂x3   = 5
A0 =  1 = - 0.0000453999 0.0006809989 
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅     
 ⋅   6 - 0.0000061442 0.0001105958 
⋅ ⋅   
 ∂y ( z11 ) ∂y ( z11 ) ∂y ( z11 )   z11 − e − Z11 x3 − x2 Z11e − Z11 x3   7 - 0.0000008315 0.0000174621 
   
 ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3  8 - 0.0000001125 0.0000027008 
9 - 0.0000000152 0.0000004112 
 
10 - 0.0000000021 0.0000000618 
58
Observed data
Y T = (- 2.0000 0.264241 1.729329 2.900426 3.963369 4.986524 5.995042 6.998176 7.999329 8.999753 9.999909 )
Theoretical data for initial the model
Y0T = (- 3.0000 1.5940 3.9451 5.9926 7.9990 9.9999 12.0000 14.0000 16.0000 18.0000 20.0000 )
Residual vector ∆Y = Y0 − Y
∆Y0T = (- 1.0000 1.3298 2.2157 3.0921 4.0356 5.0133 6.0049 7.0018 8.0007 9.0002 10.0001 )
RMSE(Root Mean Square Error)
∆Y0T ∆Y0
RMSE0 = = 5.9449
11 59
 385 - 0.181 0.71304   386.3 
   
A0T A0 =  - 0.181 1.0187 - 0.057  A0 ∆Y0 =  0.7702 
T
 0.71304 - 0.057 0.17743   0.8728 

   
1.0016 
Solve (A A )∆X
T
0 0 0 = A0T ∆Y0 get
 
∆X 0 =  1.0021 
1.2162 
 
New estimated value for X (X1) X 1 = X 0 − ∆X
 2  1.0016   0.9984 
     
X 1 =  3  −  1.0021  =  1.9979 
 2  1.2162   0.7838 
     
60
Calculate residuals ∆Y1T ∆Y1
(RMSE) from new RMSE1 = = 0.0793
11
estimation of X (X1)
In the 2nd calculation  385 - 1.543 8.19332   - 1.854 
  T  
A ∆
A1 A1 =  - 1.543 1.2635 - 0.6652  1 1 
T
Y = 0.123 
 8.19332 - 0.6652 2.02955   - 0.372 
   
Correction is Corrected model is

 - 0.001   0.9984   - 0.001   0.9994   1 
         
∆X 1 =  0.002  X 2 =  1.9979  −  0.002  =  1.9959  ≅  2 
 - 0.179   0.7838   - 0.179   0.9625   1 
         
Residuals are
∆Y2T ∆Y2
RMSE2 = = 0.0122 ≅ 0
SAGEEP2003 11
61
Inversion in surface wave methods
S-velocity model
x = (Vs1 , Vs 2 ,⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅, Vs M )
T
Objective function
∑(f (Vs1 ,Vs2 ,⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅Vs N )) ( )
N N
= ∑ f i obs − f i cal ( x )
2 2
i
obs
− fi cal
Minimize
i i
62
Now, f i = f i cal ( x ) (i N N is the number of
observed data)
Jacobian matrix (a) goes to

 ∂f 1 ∂f1 ∂f 1 
 ⋅ 
 ∂Vs1 ∂Vs 2 ∂Vs N  Unknown x is in the
 ∂f 2 ∂f 2 ∂f 2  partial differentials !
 ∂Vs ⋅ 
 1 ∂Vs 2 ∂Vs N 
a =  ∂f 3 ∂f 3 ∂f 3 
 ∂Vs1 ∂Vs 2
⋅
∂Vs N  Non-linear problem
 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
 ∂f ∂f n ∂f n 
 n ⋅ 
 ∂Vs ∂Vs 2 ∂Vs N 
 1 
Iteration
63
Residual vector y is
 f1obs − f i cal ( x )
 
 f 2 − f 2 ( x )
obs cal
y= f 3obs − f 3cal ( x )


 ⋅ 
 
 f Nobs − f Ncal ( x )
Observed Calculated
Correction vector ∆x is,

(a T
)
a + εI ∆x = a y T
Damping parameter
New model estimation xl+1 in lth iteration is,
x l +1
= x + γ∆x
l
64
Dispersionc
u
r
v
e
I
n
i
t
a
lmodel
Observed and Forward modeling Modified model

calculated data
Modified vector
Comparison Iteration Matrix inversion
Jacobian matrix
Residual Converge? P
a
r
t
i
l
d
f
e
n
Analysis result
65
Active Method
• Phase Velocity and Dispersion Curve
• Inversion
• Active Method
• Passive Method
66
Seismic survey with reflection
method and Surface wave
Single channel Shot gather CDP gather
method
Reflection
Old style for surfave wave Multi-channel analysis

analysis (SASW) (MASW) CMP analysis
Surface wave
67
Schematic diagram of
data acquisition
Data acquisition
Shot mark
Short wavelength surface waves

Seismograph
CDP cables, takeout cables
Receivers
Long wavelength surface wave

68
Data acquisition for the
surface-wave method
Source : sledge hammer
Penetration depth 0 to
20m
Data acquisition
20 minutes
Analysis:
15 minutes
Survey line length :

20 30m
Receivers 1m spacing x 24
Sources (sledge hammer)

1m spacing x 25 points
69
Data acquisition for the surface-wave method
70
Data example
Typical setting:
Sampling rate : 1msec Do not saturate !
Data length : 1024 Keep all waveforms !
71
Source and receiver configuration for
two-dimensional survey
In the two-dimensional surface-wave method,
several source-receiver configurations can be
used in data acquisition.
A)Fixed receivers
B)Continuous fixed receivers
C)End-on-spread
72
Survey line(distance)
A) Fixed receiver
Sources are placed in between
receivers and both ends (outside)
of survey line . Receivers
# of sources=# of receivers +1
At the both ends of survey line,
accuracy of deeper part analysis
result can be bad. Source
Survey line length

Data acquisition
Survey line length : a
SAGEEP2003
Survey depth : a/2 73
B) Continuous fixed receivers Survey line (distance)
If source arrived at the

middle of spread, first
half of spread is moved Spread length Move
to a new spread. This half
spread moving is spread
performed
continuously.
One spread length : a

Data acquisition Survey depth : a/4 to a/2 74
C) End-on-spread Survey line (distance)
Data acquisition
pattern is similar
Spread length
to the ordinal 2D
End-on-spread
reflection. It can
be performed with
CDP switch.
Fixed
receivers
Spread length : a
Data acquisition Survey depth : a/2 75
Dispersion curve and its analysis
Phase-velocity image in frequency

Common shot gather domain (dispersion curve)
Dispersion curve inversion 1D S-wave velocity model 76

Comparison of the original waveforms
River bottom Diluvial plateau High embankment
(Soft) (Middle) (Hard)
Source : Sledge hammer, Geophone : 4.5Hz, Receivers : 1m spacing x 48 points 77

Comparison of the dispersion curves
River bottom Diluvial plateau High embankment
78
Comparison of the S-wave velocity structures
Riverbank Diluvial plateau High embankment
79
Passive Method
• Inversion
• Active Method
• Passive Method
80
Week end Week end Year-end
The soueces of microtremors
Fourier Amplitude(mkine*s)
0.8 Short
ZŽ
’ üŠ period(0.2-0.5s)
ú period(0.2-0.5sec)
(Ž
üŠú 0.2` 0.5•
bj
0.6
Short period microtremor daily change 0.4
traffic noise and factory vibration 0.2
7
’ ü Long
·Long
Ž Š ®period(1-3s)
ú period(1-3sec)
”
÷“ iŽüŠú 1` 3•bj
Fourier Amplitude(mkine*s)
6
High
Long period microtremors correlation
5
4
ocean waves and winds with the ocean 3
wave height 2
1.4
Ocean wave
Ocean
Wave wave
hight height
H e ig h t (m )
1.2 height
a v eHight(m)
0.8
WWave
0.6
0.4
0.2 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
12/10 12/17 12/24 12/31

Data from SEO and YAMANAKA Lab. T.I.T.
Variation of Fourier amplitude of microtremors obaserved at KOBE area
and variation of sea wave hight of KOBE PORT
81
Characteristic of amplitude of surface wave
Energy concentrates near the ground surface.
Long period --> Deep depth
Short period --> Shallow depth
Surface wave dispersion

Long period --> High phase velocity
Short period --> Low phase velocity
seismo-
meter
Sources of microtremors
traffic
Shallow
Short period
microtremors
factory
Long period
microtremors
sea waves
82
SAGEEP2003 Deep
Data acquisition of
microtremors array measurements
Target 20 100m
depth
No control source
Receiver : 2Hz geophone Array size 30 60m

83
SAGEEP2003
Equipments
GPS clock antenna

Data logger
Eigenperiod is 20sec
(contains GPS clock)
84
Instrumentation check
Power spectra Power ratio
Coherence Phase difference

85
SAGEEP2003
Wave forms
Analysis of SPAC method
site
Wave forms
site
577m
site
SPAC function577m= Coh1-2+Coh1-3+ Coh1-4)/3
1000m site
SPAC function1000m=(Coh2-3+Coh2-4+Coh3-4)/3
Cohi-j means coherence between sitei and sitej
SPAC function is expressed by Bessel function

SPAC function= J ( 2π fr / c ( f ))
0
Where , r is the distance between

seismographs,c(f) is phase velocity of
microtremors, J0 is Bessel function of first kind
of order 0
86
Analysis of SPAC method4
SPAC function= J ( 2π fr / c ( f ))
0
Phase velocity is calculated from SPAC function at every

frequency.
By this method, various distance data can be unified.
The data is acquired on different day and at different time.
Bessel
function
115.5m F=1.73Hz
57.7m 200m
Frequency
100m
Phase velocity
87
Application to Engineering Problems
• Fourier Transform, Phase Velocity and
Dispersion
• Active Method
• Passive Method
88
Application of the surface-wave
method to riverbank investigation
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89
Application of the surface-wave
method to riverbank investigation
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Understanding the
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24

Application of the surface-wave method
for understanding banking area
S”
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0.26
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N=20 30
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0.16 6 6 6
0.14 N=2 6
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Result with N-value Estimated N-value structure 91

1sec
MASW
Wave forms images of dispersion curves
10sec
MAM
Wave forms images of dispersion curves 92
Dispersion curves from Active (MASW)
and Passive (MAM) surface-wave
methods
400
MASW
350
MAM
300
Phase Velocity(m/s)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Frequency(Hz)
93
S-wave Velocity and N-value
N-value from S.S.
‹Ê —¢
(m)
C B A S-wave
S”g ‘¬ “x
0.0 5 10 15 5 10 15 5 10 15 Velocity
[ 2 2 2
0.26
Depth(m)
4 4 4
5.0 0.22
6 6 6
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10.0 0.14 N-value
0.10
15.0 0.06
0.0 km/s
—‹ 10.0
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Distance(m)
2D S-wave velocity structure by MASW
S-wave velocity structure obtained
from MASW and MAM 94
Field data example
95
Field data example
Seismometer
Tsukuba Technical
R & D Center
1350m borehole
1350m borehole
50m
0 0m
10
200m
Observation
Observation sitessites in
around 96
SAGEEP2003
Tsukuba
Tsukuba Technical
and Passive SurfaceR&D
Technical
Active
R&D
Waves Center
Center
Waveforms and power spectra
Example of waveforms at 1000m array

(2Hz high cut filtered)
Example of power spectra

1000m array data
97
S-wave velocity estimation
Genetic algorism
By GA process, it is easy to
find many better models
50 better models
Non-linear least square method
Final optimum velocity model
GA and least square inversion try to search

which misfit is minimum
2
1 N
 Vo ( f i ) − Vc ( f i ) 
Misfit =
N
∑ 
i =1  σ ( fi )


98
Inversion result
Searching area
in GA process
Comparison of theoretical with PS-logging data

observed phase velocity Basement depth=625m
Black line:theoretical phase velocity curves
calculated by S-wave velocity structure (b)
(b) S-wave velocity structures misfit less than 0.056 are plotted.
99
Comparison with surface wave method data
Result of MASW (weight drop is used as a source)
A weight drop was used as a source.

Seven VSE-12cc are used as a receiver.
Low resolution range
Joint inversion result The image of
dispersion curve.
MAM
Using MAM and MASW,

S-wave velocity structure
from several meter to 700m
can be estimated.
theoretical MASW 100
Comparison with PS-logging
and N-value
Comparison with Comparison with
PS-logging N-value
700
2.8
VS from surface-wave m ethod (m /s)
600
2.6
500
2.4
log10(VS)(m /s)
400 2.2
2
300
1.8
200
1.6
100
1.4
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0
log10(N)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
VS from PS-logging(m /s)
101
Characteristics of S-wave velocity
S-wave velocity Vs is defined by shear modulus
(rigidity G and density (ρ
G E
Vs = =
ρ 2(1 + ν )ρ
E : Young’s modulus
ν : Possion’s ratio
102
Relation between N-wave
and S-wave velocity
103
Relation between N-value
and S-wave velocity
Silt and clay Sand

104
Relation between N-value
and S-wave velocity
S
i
:
t
l
V
=
0
.
1
N
^
5
C
l
a
y
:
V
S
=
0
.
5
N
^
7
)
s
/
m
k
(
y
t
i
c
o
l
e
v
a
w
-
S
S
a
n
d
:
V
s
=
0
.
5
N
^
0
.
1 G
r
a
v
e
:
l
V
s
=
0
.
6
N
^
4
5
1 1
0 1
0
N
-
v
a
l
u
e
105
Summary Characteristics of the
Surface-wave Methods
• Phase velocity of surface-waves is sensitive to
the S-wave velocity
• Both active and passive surface waves can ve
used
• You can obtain S-wave velocity of the ground
easily with surface-wave methods
• You don’t need dynamite or special vibrators
106

SAGEEP2003 SurfaceWaveShortCourse

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SAGEEP2003 SurfaceWaveShortCourse

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Data Acquisition and Analysis of Active

and Passive Surface Wave Methods

SAGEEP 2003 Short Course

Ground penetrating radar

Phase velocity differs in the frequency.

The wave of long period (low

c1 Let’s Decompose into C1 and C2 !

Waveform Vector notation

Imaginary part (cos) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

Decompose into each frequencies

Inverse Fourier transform

Real part cos

Imaginary part sin

Real part Amplitude

Imaginary part (Phase)

Amplitude and phase

Phase velocity c(ω) ω ⋅ ∆x ω ⋅ ∆x

Isotropic sensor arrangement is need.

Phase velocity c(ω) Substitute

Set differential of E to zero

 0.125 - 0.5  228   3 

parameter x is in the matrix A! 55

3 : Calculate correction value for X (∆Y) by the

4 : Calculate new estimate X1. X 1 = X 0 + ∆X

6 : Stop if the residuals are enough small.

Theoretical data for initial the model

RMSE(Root Mean Square Error)

 0.71304 - 0.057 0.17743   0.8728 

New estimated value for X (X1) X 1 = X 0 − ∆X

Correction is Corrected model is

Jacobian matrix (a) goes to

y= f 3obs − f 3cal ( x )

Correction vector ∆x is,

Observed and Forward modeling Modified model

Comparison Iteration Matrix inversion

Old style for surfave wave Multi-channel analysis

Short wavelength surface waves

CDP cables, takeout cables

Long wavelength surface wave

Survey line length :

Sources (sledge hammer)

Survey line length

If source arrived at the

One spread length : a

Phase-velocity image in frequency

Dispersion curve inversion 1D S-wave velocity model 76

Source : Sledge hammer, Geophone : 4.5Hz, Receivers : 1m spacing x 48 points 77

The soueces of microtremors

Short period microtremor daily change 0.4

traffic noise and factory vibration 0.2

12/10 12/17 12/24 12/31

Surface wave dispersion

Receiver : 2Hz geophone Array size 30 60m

GPS clock antenna

Long period seismometer

Power spectra Power ratio

Coherence Phase difference

SPAC function is expressed by Bessel function

Where , r is the distance between

Phase velocity is calculated from SPAC function at every

0 10 20 30 40 50N 11 22 33 44 N 10 20 30 40 50N 10 20 30 40 50N

18 S-4 S-9 S-8 S-3 S-1 S-2 S-7 S-6 S-5

-200-190-180-170-160-150-140-130-120-110-100 -90‹ (km/sec)