Phlebotomy Vocabulary (Artifact One)

Nosocomial Infection: An infection someone acquires after being admitted to a health-care

facility
Hemolyzation: When blood cells are ruptured or broken and destroyed. Can be from shaking
blood collection tubes or using too small of a needle
Thrombin: The agent in the clotting process that causes the firm fibrin clot to form
Syncope: "Fainting" Caused by lack of oxygen to the brain
Hemoconcentration: A build-up of blood cells which results in the red cells compressing
against each other and releasing potassium, thus giving erroneous test results
Capillaries: Tiny, microscopic vessels that connect or link arteries and veins. They can be so
small that only one blood cell may pass through at a time. They are the only vessels that permit
the exchange of gases and other molecules between blood and surrounding tissues. They have
both venous and arterial blood.
Buffering: Term used to describe the body's ability to control the delicate pH of the blood
Serum: The liquid portion of the blood WITHOUT the clotting factors
Homeostasis: Literally means "reamaining the same". Also known as a steady state condition. It
is a snormal state that allows the body to stay in a healthy balance by continually compensating
with necessary changes. The body's way of staying in balance.
Hemostasis: A complex series of processes in which coagulation occurs to control bleeding
while at the same time maintaining circulating blood in the liquid state. Enables the body to
retain blood in vascular system by preventing blood loss.
Infection: When the body is invaded with pathogenic micro-organisms
Normal Anatomic Position: Erect standing or sitting position with arms at rest and palms
forward
Supine Position: Lying or reclining face up on his or her back
Prone Position: Lying face down on his or her stomach
Lateral Recumbant Position: Lying on left or right side
Blood-Borne Pathogen (BBP): Any micro-organism present in blood and/or other body fluids
and tisses that can cause infectious disease.
Communicable Disease: If a micro-organism can be transmitted to an individual by direct or
indirect contact, it is a communicable disease.
Aseptic: Clean; flora greatly reduced
 Schedule/Timeline (Artifact Two):
1/5/2021: Start fundamentals of Python YouTube video (watch throughout week)
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwHCpl22tLU)
1/6/2021: Start googling vocab words related to my topic and understand them.
1/11/2021: Start to do research on the anatomy of human beings.
1/18/2021: Start learning the vein structures that are related to vein finders.
1/26/2021: Start watching Circulatory System YouTube video:
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmoOicZqXhI)
2/2/2021: Start learning what a vascular surgeon is and what they do.
2/11/2021: Start to learn the difference of a vascular surgeon and a phlebotomist
2/17/2021: Start doing research on vein finders
2/23/2021: Start making my first vein finder CAD
3/9/2021: Finish/wrap up vein finder CAD
3/11/2021: Printout CAD design at freeman Harris county library.
3/12/2021: Redesign CAD
3/17/2021: Start ordering parts for vein finder.
4/3/2021: Finish CAD and print out the CAD
From this point on, I will be mainly focusing on making my product and final power point.
4/7/2021: Start constructing the vein finder
4/23/2021: Finish vein finder
4/26/2021: Start writing vein finder instruction manual
4/30/2021: Finish manual
5/10/2021: Start making the final power point
5/14/2021: Finish power point.
 Background Information/ Medicine Timeline (Artifact Three)
2600 BC The Egyptian Imhotep describes the diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases
500 BC Alcmaeon of Croton distinguished veins from arteries
460 BC Birth of Hippocrates, the Greek father of medicine begins the scientific study of
medicine and prescribes a form of aspirin
300 BC Diocles wrote the first known anatomy book
280 BC Herophilus studies the nervous system
130 AD Birth of Galen. Greek physician to gladiators and Roman emperors
60AD Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica
910 Persian physician Rhazes identifies smallpox
1010 Avicenna writes The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine
1249 Roger Bacon invents spectacles
1543 Vesalius publishes findings on human anatomy in De Fabrica Corporis Humani
1590 Zacharius Jannssen invents the microscope
1656 Sir Christopher Wren experiments with canine blood transfusions
1670 Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovers blood cells
1683 Anton van Leeuwenhoek observes bacteria
1747 James Lind publishes his Treatise of the Scurvy stating that citrus fruits prevent scurvy
1763 Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy
1796 Edward Jenner develops the process of vaccination for smallpox, the first vaccines for any
disease
1800 Sir Humphry Davy discovers the anesthetics properties of nitrous oxide
1818 James Blundell performs the first successful transfusion of human blood
1847 Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent the transmission of puerperal fever
1853 Charles Gabriel Pravaz and Alexander Wood develop the syringe
1857 Louis Pasteur identifies germs as clause of disease
1870 Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur establish the germ theory of disease
1879 First vaccine developed for cholera
1881 First vaccine developed for anthrax by Louis Pasteur
1887 First contact lenses developed
1890 Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and develops tetanus and diphtheria vaccines
1895 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers X-rays
1896 First vaccine developed for typhoid fever
1897 First vaccine developed for Bubonic plague
1899 Felix Hoffman develops aspirin
1901 Karl Landsteiner introduces the system to classify blood into A, B, AB, and O groups
1913 Dr. Paul Dudley White pioneers the use of the electrocardiograph - ECG
1922 Insulin first used to treat diabetes
1923 First vaccine developed for diphtheria
1928 Sir Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
1935 First vaccine developed for yellow fever
1937 First vaccine developed for typhus
1954 Gertrude Elion patented a leukemia-fighting drug
1963 Thomas Fogarty invented the balloon embolectomy catheter
1964 First vaccine developed for measles
1967 First vaccine developed for mumps
1970 First vaccine developed for rubella
1974 First vaccine developed for chicken pox
1975 Robert S. Ledley invents CAT-Scans
1977 First vaccine developed for pneumonia
1978 First test-tube baby is born
1981 First vaccine developed for hepatitis B
1983 HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is identified
1992 First vaccine developed for hepatitis A
1996 Dolly the sheep becomes the first clone
2006 First vaccine to target a cause of cancer
We are now in the modern era.
 Work Cited
Hajar, Rachel. “History of Medicine Timeline.” Heart Views : the Official Journal of the Gulf

Heart Association, Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd, 2015,

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4379645/.

“Medical Advances Timeline.” Infoplease, Infoplease, www.infoplease.com/math-

science/health/medical-advances-timeline.

“Timeline of Discovery.” Timeline of Discovery | Harvard Medical School,

hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/history-hms/timeline-discovery.
 Phlebotomy Techniques (Artifact Four)
This artifact will mainly just give the steps for a technique for a safe phlebotomy.
Step for Background information on best practices in phlebotomy:
1. Planning ahead
2. Using an appropriate location
3. Quality control
4. Quality care for patients and health workers
5. Quality of laboratory sampling
Practical guidance on best practices in phlebotomy:
1. Assemble equipment
2. Identify and prepare the patient
3. Select the site
4. Perform hand hygiene and put on gloves
5. Disinfect the entry site
6. Take blood
7. Fill the laboratory sample tubes
8. Draw samples in the correct order
9. Clean contaminated surfaces and complete patient procedure
10. Prepare samples for transportation
11. Clean up spills of blood or body fluids
Work cited:

“Best Practices in Phlebotomy.” WHO Guidelines on Drawing Blood: Best Practices in

Phlebotomy., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970,

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK138665/.

Herrera, Karen. “Master's Guide to Venipuncture: Pro Tips for Performing Venipuncture.”

Unitek College, Karen Herrera Https://Www.unitekcollege.edu/Wp-

Content/Uploads/2017/07/Unitek-College-Logo-01.Svg, 22 Mar. 2021,

www.unitekcollege.edu/blog/stick-like-a-pro-tips-for-mastering-the-art-of-venipuncture/.
 Sample/Simulation of Final Product (Artifact Five)

This artifact will show my CAD design for my vein finder and will basically show a stimulation
of it. My final CAD for my vein finder is made up of three different parts. I uses reference of real
vein finders and other CAD designs that I found online to my design
 Vascular Anatomy Structure (Artifact Six)
The vasculature is a network of blood vessels connecting the heart with all other organs and
tissues in the body. Arteries and arterioles bring oxygen-rich blood and nutrients from the heart
to the organs and tissues, while venules and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
The exchange of gases and transfer of nutrients between blood and tissues take place in the
capillaries. A solid understanding of how the vasculature works is key to understanding what can
go wrong with it.
Arteries:
Arteries play a major role in nourishing organs with blood and nutrients. Arteries are always
under high pressure. To accommodate this stress, they have an abundance of elastic tissue and
less smooth muscle. The presence of elastin in the large blood vessels enables these vessels to
increase in size and alter their diameter. When an artery reaches a particular organ, it undergoes a
further division into smaller vessels that have more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue. As the
diameter of the blood vessels decreases, the velocity of blood flow also diminishes. Estimates are
that about 10% to 15% of the total blood volume is contained in the arterial system. This feature
of high systemic pressure and low volume is typical of the arterial system. There are two main
types of arteries found in the body: (1) the elastic arteries, and (2) the muscular arteries.
Muscular arteries include the anatomically named arteries like the brachial artery, the radial
artery, and the femoral artery, for example. Muscular arteries contain more smooth muscle cells
in the tunica media layer than the elastic arteries. Elastic arteries are those nearest the heart (aorta
and pulmonary arteries) that contain much more elastic tissue in the tunica media than muscular
arteries. This feature of the elastic arteries allows them to maintain a relatively constant pressure
gradient despite the constant pumping action of the heart.
Arterioles:
Arterioles provide blood to the organs and are chiefly composed of smooth muscle. The
autonomic nervous system influences the diameter and shape of arterioles. They respond to the
tissue's need for more nutrients/oxygen. Arterioles play a significant role in the systemic vascular
resistance because of the lack of significant elastic tissue in the walls. The arterioles vary from 8
to 60 micrometers. The arterioles further subdivide into meta-arterioles.
Capillaries:
Capillaries are thin-walled vessels composed of a single endothelial layer. Because of the thin
walls of the capillary, the exchange of nutrients and metabolites occurs primarily via diffusion.
The arteriolar lumen regulates the flow of blood through the capillaries.
Venules:
Venules are the smallest veins and receive blood from capillaries. They also play a role in the
exchange of oxygen and nutrients for water products. There are post-capillary sphincters located
between the capillaries and venules. The venule is very thin-walled and easily prone to rupture
with excessive volume.
Veins:
Blood flows from venules into larger veins. Just like the arterial system, three layers make up the
vein walls. But unlike the arteries, the venous pressure is low. Veins are thin-walled and are less
elastic. This feature permits the veins to hold a very high percentage of the blood in circulation.
The venous system can accommodate a large volume of blood at relatively low pressures, a
feature termed high capacitance. At any point in time, nearly three-fourths of the circulating
blood volume is contained in the venous system. One can also find one-way valves inside veins
that allow for blood flow, toward the heart, in a forward direction. Muscle contractions aid the
blood flow in the leg veins. The forward blood flow from the lower extremities to the heart is
also influenced by respiratory changes that affect pressure gradients in the abdomen and chest
cavity. This pressure differential is highest during deep inspiration, but a small pressure
differential is observable during the entire respiratory cycle.
 Work Cited

Arterial System, www.sharinginhealth.com/biology/arterial_system.html.

Tucker, William D. “Anatomy, Blood Vessels.” StatPearls [Internet]., U.S. National Library of

Medicine, 12 Feb. 2021, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470401/#:~:text=Aside

%20from%20capillaries%2C%20blood%20vessels,internal%20diameter%20of%20the

%20vessel.
 Types/Categories of Vein Finders (Artifact Seven)
There are so many kinds of vein finder in the market.
1) Infrared light Projected Vein Finder
Infrared light Projected Vein Finder is now the most popular kind of vein finder, it’s mostly
light-weight and handy. But what makes Infrared light Projected Vein Finder so popular is that
the device can project the vein images right on the surface of patient’s skin. It’s very convenient
in the daily use. And most of them come with a support/stand, so it won’t need another person to
hold the device, it can be fixed on a desk for everyday use.
2) Infrared light Screen Display Vein Finder
Infrared light Screen Display Vein Finder means when the device have capture the images of the
veins, it shows the images on a screen. the device always come with a probe and a screen.
3) LED Transmitting Vein Finder
This kind of vein finder also called Portable Vein Finders is always come in a small size. It use a
lot of bright light, Placing gentle pressure on the illuminator stretches the skin and engorges the
vein for easier needle insertion. This device are mostly used in hand since it’s small. and we
cannot have a complete view.
Work Cited

Chiao, F. B., et al. “Vein Visualization: Patient Characteristic Factors and Efficacy of a New

Infrared Vein Finder Technology†.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 5 Feb.

2013, academic.oup.com/bja/article/110/6/966/245870.

Drake, Hannah. “Best Vein Finders for 2021 [TOP 5 REVIEWS].” Nurse Focus, 25 Jan. 2021,

nursefocus.net/top-5-best-vein-finders-reviews/.

“How Does a Vein Finder Work? 3 Basic Things You Should Know About Vein Finder.” Vein

Finder | Vein Finder Review, 9 Sept. 2020, www.vein-finder.com/how-does-vein-finder-

works-basic-things-you-should-know-about-vein-finder/.
 Vascular Disease: Symptoms and Treatment (Artifact Eight)
Coronary artery disease: The usual cause is the buildup of plaque. This causes coronary
arteries to narrow, limiting blood flow to the heart.

Symptoms: Coronary artery disease can range from no symptoms, to chest pain, to a heart attack.

Treatments: include lifestyle changes, medications, angioplasty, and surgery.

High Blood Pressure: A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too
high.
Symptoms: High blood pressure often has no symptoms. Over time, if untreated, it can cause
health conditions, such as heart disease and stroke.
Treatment: Eating a healthier diet with less salt, exercising regularly, and taking medications
can help lower blood pressure.
Cardiac arrest: Sudden, unexpected loss of heart function, breathing, and consciousness.
Symptoms: The main symptom is loss of consciousness and unresponsiveness.
Treatment: This medical emergency needs immediate CPR or use of a defibrillator. Hospital care
includes drugs, an implantable device, or other procedures.
Congestive heart failure: A chronic condition in which the heart doesn't pump blood as well as
it should.
Symptoms: Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, swollen legs, and rapid heartbeat.
Treatments: Treatments can include eating less salt, limiting fluid intake, and taking prescription
medications. In some cases a defibrillator or pacemaker may be implanted.
Arrhythmia: Improper beating of the heart, whether irregular, too fast, or too slow.
Symptoms: There may be no symptoms. Or, symptoms may include a fluttering in the chest,
chest pain, fainting, or dizziness.
Treatments: If needed, treatment includes anti-arrhythmic drugs, medical procedures,
implantable devices, and surgery.
Peripheral artery disease: A circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce
blood flow to the limbs.
Symptoms: Symptoms may include leg pain, particularly when walking.
Treatments: Tobacco cessation, exercise, and a healthy diet are often successful treatments.
When these changes aren't enough, medications or surgery can help.
Stroke: Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply.
Symptoms: Symptoms of stroke include trouble walking, speaking, and understanding, as well as
paralysis or numbness of the face, arm, or leg.
Treatments: Early treatment with medications like tPA (clot buster) can minimize brain damage.
Other treatments focus on limiting complications and preventing additional strokes.
Congenital heart disease: An abnormality in the heart that develops before birth.
Symptoms: Symptoms include abnormal heart rhythms, blue-tinted skin, shortness of breath,
failure to feed or develop normally, and swollen body tissue or organs.
Treatments: Treatments include medications to lower blood pressure and control heart rate, heart
devices, catheter procedures, and surgery. Serious cases may require a heart transplant.
Work Cited
Harris, Ken. “Know the Signs of Vascular Disease.” OSF HealthCare Blog, 31 Jan. 2020,

www.osfhealthcare.org/blog/know-the-signs-of-vascular-disease/.

“Vascular Disease.” MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 12 Apr. 2021,

medlineplus.gov/vasculardiseases.html.

“Vascular Disease: Types, Causes, Treatment, Prevention.” WebMD, WebMD,

www.webmd.com/heart-disease/vascular-disease.
 Problems and Solutions (Artifact Nine)
Throughout this semester and making products, I had encountered two main problems. Theses
problem were picking the wavelength of the lights of my vein finder and defining which study of
medicine does a vascular surgeon fall under.
1) Wavelength:
Different wavelengths of lights are better for different people, so I decided to make a
chart to help see which wavelength is the best.

2) Field of Study:
At the beginning of the semester I thought a vascular surgeon studied the field of
vasculogy, but I learned quickly the vasculogy isn’t an official field of study, so I was
confused on which field of study I should be focusing. The problem was only solved
through research. I research many different fields of study in the medical world and
found phlebotomy, which closely resembled the job of a Vascular Surgeon. After further
research I learned the vascular surgeons don’t have a specific field of study, but if you
had to pick a field for them, phlebotomy would be the closest field.
Pamphlet/Brochure (Artifact Ten)