UNIT - 4

MULTIPATH MITIGATION TECHNIQUES

Equalization – Adaptive equalization, Linear and Non-Linear equalization, Zero
forcing and LMS Algorithms. Diversity – Micro and Macro diversity, Diversity
combining techniques , Error probability in fading channels with diversity reception,
Rake receiver.
 FUNDAMENTAL OF EQUALIZATION
1.) Which of the following is not used to improve received 4.) An equalizer is said to be converged when it is properly
signal quality over small scale times and distance? _______
a) Modulation a) Trained
b) Equalization b) Tracked
c) Diversity c) Installed
d) Channel coding d) Used

2.) Equalization is used to compensate __________ 5.) Time for convergence of an equalizer is not a function of
a) Peak signal to noise ratio _______
b) Intersymbol interference a) Equalizer algorithm
c) Channel fading b) Equalizer structure
d) Noises present in the signal c) Time rate of change of multipath radio channel
d) Transmitter characteristics
3.) Training and tracking are the operating modes of
_________ 6.) Equalizer is usually implemented in __________
a) Diversity techniques a) Transmitter
b) Channel coding techniques b) Baseband or at IF in a receiver
c) Equalization techniques c) Radio channel
d) Demodulation techniques d) Modulator stage
 FUNDAMENTAL OF EQUALIZATION
7.) Equalizer is ________ of the channel. 10.) Which of the following is a blind algorithm?
a) Opposite a) Linear adaptive algorithms
b) Same characteristics b) Constant modulus algorithm
c) Inverse filter c) Non-linear adaptive algorithms
d) Add on d) Spatially adaptive algorithms

8. ) ______ controls the adaptive algorithm in an equalizer. 11.) Equalization techniques can be categorised into _______
a) Error signal and ______ techniques.
b) Transmitted signal a) Linear, non linear
c) Received signal b) Active, passive
d) Channel impulse response c) Direct, indirect
d) Slow, fast
9.) The adaptive algorithms in equalizer that do not require
training sequence are called ________ 12.) Equalization is linear if an analog signal is fed back to
a) Linear adaptive algorithms change the subsequent outputs of the equalizer.
b) Blind algorithms a) True
c) Non-linear adaptive algorithms b) False
d) Spatially adaptive algorithms
 FUNDAMENTAL OF EQUALIZATION
13.) In the context of equalizers, LTE stands for ________ 16.) Non-linear equalizers are used in applications where
a) Long transversal equalizer channel distortion is not severe.
b) Least time-varying equalizer a) True
c) Linear transversal equalizer b) False
d) Linear time-varying equalizer
17.) Which of the following is not a non-linear equalization
14.) Which of the following is not a characteristic of FIR filter? technique?
a) Many zeroes a) Decision feedback equalization
b) Poles only at z=0 b) Maximum likelihood symbol detection
c) Transfer function is a polynomial of z-1 c) Minimum square error detection
d) Many poles d) Maximum likelihood sequence detection

15.) Which of the following is not an advantage of lattice 18.) Which of the following does not hold true for MLSE?
equalizer? a) Minimizes probability of sequence error
a) Simple structure b) Require knowledge of channel characteristics
b) Numerical stability c) Requires the statistical distribution of noise
c) Faster convergence d) Operates on continuous time signal
d) Dynamic assignment
 ZERO FORCING AND LMS ALGORITHM
1.) Which of the following factor could not determine the 4.) Choice of equalizer structure and its algorithm is not
performance of algorithm? dependent on ________
a) Structural properties a) Cost of computing platform
b) Rate of convergence b) Power budget
c) Computational complexity c) Radio propagation characteristics
d) Numerical properties d) Statistical distribution of transmitted power

2.) Rate of convergence is defined by __________ of algorithm. 5.) Coherence time is dependent on the choice of the
a) Time span algorithm and corresponding rate of convergence.
b) Number of iterations a) True
c) Accuracy b) False
d) Complexity
6.) Which of the following is an algorithm for equalizer?
3.) Computational complexity is a measure of ________ a) Zero forcing algorithm
a) Time b) Least mean square algorithm
b) Number of iterations c) Recursive least square algorithm
c) Number of operations d) Mean square error algorithm
d) Accuracy
 ZERO FORCING AND LMS ALGORITHM
7.) Which of the following is a drawback of zero forcing 10. For N symbol inputs, LMS algorithm requires ______
algorithm? operations per iterations.
a) Long training sequence a) 2N
b) Amplification of noise b) N+1
c) Not suitable for static channels c) 2N+1
d) Non zero ISI d) N2

8. Zero forcing algorithm performs well for wireless links. 11. Stochastic gradient algorithm is also called ________
a) True a) Zero forcing algorithm
b) False b) Least mean square algorithm
c) Recursive least square algorithm
9. LMS equalizer minimizes __________ d) Mean square error algorithm
a) Computational complexity
b) Cost 12. Convergence rate of LMS is fast.
c) Mean square error a) True
d) Power density of output signal b) False
 DIVERSITY
1.) Diversity requires a training sequence. 4.) ____________ is used to prevent deep fade for rapidly
a) True varying channel.
b) False a) Modulation
b) Demodulation
2.) Diversity decisions are made by ____________ c) Macroscopic diversity technique
a) Receiver d) Microscopic diversity technique
b) Transmitter
c) Channel 5.) Large scale fading can be mitigated with the help of _____
d) Adaptive algorithms a) Modulation
b) Demodulation
3.) Small scale fades are characterized by ____________ c) Macroscopic diversity technique
amplitude fluctuations. d) Microscopic diversity technique
a) Large
b) Small 6.) Space diversity s also known as ________
c) Rapid a) Antenna diversity
d) Slow b) Time diversity
c) Frequency diversity
d) Polarization diversity
 DIVERSITY
7.) Which of the following is not a category of space diversity 10. )Which of the factor does not determine the correlation
technique? coefficient?
a) Selection diversity a) Polarization angle
b) Time diversity b) Cross polarization discrimination
c) Feedback diversity c) Offset angle from the main beam direction
d) Equal gain diversity d) Coherence time

8.) In selection diversity, the gain of each diversity branch 11.) Frequency diversity is implemented by transmitting
provides different SNR. information on more than one ___________
a) True a) Carrier frequency
b) False b) Amplitude
c) Phase
9.) Polarization diversity uses the ________ as the diversity d) Modulation scheme
element.
a) Modulation index 12.) Frequency diversity uses ________ as a diversity element.
b) Carrier frequency a) Correlation coefficient
c) Reflection coefficient b) Coherence time
d) Coherence time c) Coherence bandwidth
d) SNR
 DIVERSITY
13. Frequency diversity is good for low traffic conditions.
a) True
b) False

14.) Time diversity repeatedly transmits information at time

spacings that exceed ___________
a) Coherence bandwidth
b) Dwell time
c) Run time
d) Coherence time

15.) In maximal ratio combining, the output SNR is equal to

__________
a) Mean of all individual SNRs
b) Maximum of all SNRs
c) Sum of individual SNR
d) Minimum of all SNRs
 RAKE RECEIVER
1. ) In CDMA spread spectrum systems, chip rate is less than 4.) Each correlation receiver in RAKE receiver is adjusted in
the bandwidth of the channel. ____________
a) True a) Frequency shift
b) False b) Amplitude change
c) Phase shift
2.) A RAKE receiver collects the __________ versions of the d) Time delay
original signal.
a) Time shifted 5. ) The range of time delays that a particular correlator can
b) Amplitude shifted search is called ________
c) Frequency shifted a) Search window
d) Phase shifted b) Sliding window
c) Time span
3. ) RAKE receiver uses separate _________ to provide the d) Dwell time
time shifted version of the signal.
a) IF receiver 6.) RAKE receiver is used for _______ technique.
b) Equalizer a) CDMA
c) Correlation receiver b) TDMA
d) Channel c) FDMA
d) OFDM
 RAKE RECEIVER
7. ) A RAKE receiver uses __________ to separately detect 10.) A rake receiver uses multiple ______
the M strongest signals. a) Delay circuits
a) Single correlator b) Correlators
b) Multiple correlator c) Detectors
c) Single IF receiver d) Flip flops
d) Multiple IF receivers
11.) Interleaving is used to obtain ___________ diversity.
8.) In a RAKE receiver, if the output from one correlator is a) Time
corrupted by fading, all the other correlator’s output are also b) Frequency
corrupted. c) Polarization
a) True d) Antenna
b) False

9. ) A RAKE receiver uses __________

a) Equalization
b) Channel coding
c) Diversity
d) Encryption