INVESTIGATING THE PERFORMANCE OF MIMO_OFDM SYSTEM IN DIFFERENT
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
BY
EGBUNUGHA CHIKA ANASTASIA

REG NO: 2017112018
(PGD)
A DISSERTATION IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY
ANAMBRA STATE
SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES,

CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY,
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING OF CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU
OJUKWU UNIVERSITY
ANAMBRA STATE.
MARCH, 2021
i
ii
INVESTIGATING THE PERFORMANCE OF
MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM IN DIFFERENT
MODULATION TECHNIQUES
BY
REG NO: 2017112018
(PGD)
iii
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to God almighty
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work investigating the performance of MIMO-OFDM
system in different modulation techniques is the product of my own research
efforts, under the supervision of Engr. Dr. S.A Akaneme and Engr. Prof. C.A
Nwabueze and has not been presented elsewhere for the award of a degree or
certificate.
All sources have been duly distinguished and appropriately acknowledged.
…….…………………….
2017112018
v
CERTIFICATION PAGE
This is to certify that the dissertation has been examined and approved for the
Award of Masters Degree in Electrical/Electronic Engineering
____________________ ____________________
Engr. Dr. S.A. Akaneme Date
Supervisor 1
___________________ __________________
Engr. Dr. C.A. Nwabueze Date
supervisor II
__________________ _________________
Engr. Dr. S.A. Akaneme Date
Head of Department
___________________ _________________
Engr. Prof. LC. Emeh Date
Dean, Faculty of Engineering
___________________ _______________
Prof. Chendo M.N Date
Dean, PG School
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Expressing warm gratitude to my supervisors: Engr. Dr. S.A. Akaneme and Engr.
Prof. C.A. Nwabueze for their guidance, support, motivation and encouragement
throughout the period of this work. Their readiness for consultation at all times,
educative, comments, concern and assistance have been invaluable.
I would like to thank: Engr. Dr. JP Iloh, Engr. Dr. J. Atuchukwu and Engr. Prof.
L.C. Emeh, Dean, Faculty of Engineering for providing valuable suggestions,
guidance and criticism during the course of this work.
Also Prof. M.N. Chendo, the dean of the School of Post graduate studies for
organizing the seminar that motivated me to speed up this work.
I would like to offer my sincere thanks to good friends and relatives; Pharm. H.I.
Ezeh, Mr. John Ezeagu, Mr. Chigozie Ezeagu, Dr. Mrs. Ogechi Igwebuike, Engr.
A.I. Nsunwara, Engr. Dr. Greg Obiechefu and the host of others for helping to
ensure that this work becomes a reality. Also my sincere gratitude goes to the
members of my family especially my husband, Mr. Michael Egbunugha and my
children, Chizitere, Nnaemeka, Udochukwu and Adaugo and my well wishers
whose prayers and moral support played a significant role in motivating me to
work relentlessly on the Dissatation
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Approval Page ii
Dedication iii
Declaration iv
Certification Page v
Acknowledgement vi
Table of Contents vii
Abstract viii
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Problems Statement 4
1.3 Aim and Objectives Of Study 4
1.4 Scope of the Study 5
1.5 Justification of the Study 5
1.6 Organization of the Study 6
Chapter Two
Literature Review
2.1 Concept of Digital Modulation 7
2.1.1 Phase Shifting Keying 7
2.1.2 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 9
2.2 Wireless Communication Channel 9
2.2.1 Impairment Mechanism in Wireless Network Channel 10
2.2.2 Additive White Guassian Noise 13
2.3 OFDM Techniques 14
2.3.1 Definition of OFDM Terms 17
viii
2.3.2 Factors in OFDM Design 20
2.3.3 Merits and Demerits of OFDM 21
2.4 MIMO Techniques 22
2.5 MIMO-OFDM Technique 25
2.6 Review of Related Literature 27
2.7 Summary and Research Gap 34
Chapter Three
Methodology
3.1 System Model 36
3.2 Channel Model 38
3.2.1 Additive White Guassian Noise 38
3.2.2 Multi Path Fading Channels 39
3.3 Digital Modulation Schemes 41
3.3.1 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 41
3.3.2 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 45
3.3.3 Modulation Phase Shift Keying 48
3.4 MIMO OFDM System Simulink Model 50
3.5 Simulation Parameters 63
Chapter Four
Results and Analysis
4.1 Results 64
Chapter Five
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Discussion 77
5.2 Summary of Result 78
5.3 Conclusion 80
5.3 Contribution to Knowledge 81
ix
5.4 Recommendations 81
References 83
Appendix A 86
Appendix B 90
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Simulation Parameter 63
Table 4.1 Performance analysis for BER vs SNR for differennt

M-PSK modulation scheme in AWGN channel 65

M-PSK modulation scheme in Rayleigh fading channel 66
QAM modulation scheme in AGWN channel 68
QAM modulation scheme in Rayleigh fading channel 69
modulation schemes in AWGN channel 71
modulation schemes in Rayleigh fading channel 72
Table 4.7 Performance analysis for BER vs SNR for QPSK, 8-PSK,
8- QAM and 16-QAM modulation schemes in AGWN channel 74
Table 4.8 Performance analysis for BER vs SNR for QPSK, 8-PSK,
8-QAM, and 16-QAM modulation scheme in Rayleigh fading
channel 75
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Multi-path spread 11
Figure 2.2 Basic Structure of OFDM transmitter system 15
Figure 2.3 Basic structure of OFDM receiver system 15
Figure 2.4 Block diagram of OFDM system 16
Figure 2.5 OFDM signal with cyclic prefix 17
Figure 2.6 Basic MIMO structure 23
Figure 2.7 Basic structure of transmit selection diversity 25
Figure 2.8 MIMO OFDM structure 27
Figure 2.9 Simulink model of OFDM system 33
Figure 3.1 Block diagram representation 36
Figure 3.2: 2×2 channel model 37
Figure 3.3 Structure of QPSK modulator 42
Figure 3.4 Block diagram of QPSK demodulation 44
Figure 3.5 Structure of QAM modulator 46
Figure 3.6 Structure of QAM demodulator 47
Figure 3.7 Block diagram of PSK modulator 49
Figure 3.8 Block diagram of PSK demodulator 50
Figure 3.9 Block diagram of MIMO-OFDM system 51
Figure 3.10a Susbystem of OFDM transmitter 52
xii
Figure 3.10b Subsystem of OFDM receiver 52
Figure 3.10c Subsystem of 2x2 fading channel 53
Figure 3.10 Simulink block of PN sequence generator/block parameters 57
Figure 3.11 Block diagram of Alamouti space time encoder with
two transmit antennas 58
Figure 3.12 Simulink block for Alamouti encoder and combiner 59
Figure 3.13 Flowchart of implementation process 62
Figure 4.1 BER against SNR for different M-PSK modulation scheme in
AGWN channel 64
Figure 4.2 BER against SNR for different M-PSK modulation scheme in
Rayleigh channel 66
Figure 4.3 BER against SNR for different QAM modulation in AGWN
Channel 67
Figure 4.4 BER against SNR for different QAM modulation scheme in
Rayleigh channel 69
Figure 4.5 BER against SNR for different modulation schemes in
AGWN channel 70
Figure 4.6 BER against SNR for different modulation schemes in
Rayleigh channel 72
Figure 4.7 BER against SNR for QPSK, 8-PSK, 8-QAM, 16-QAM 73
Figure 4.8 BER against SNR for QPSK, 8-PSK, 8-QAM AND
xiii
16-QAM in Rayleigh fading channel 75
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
3GLTE 3rd Generation Long Term Evolution
4G 4th Generation Network.
A Amplitude
ASK Amphitade shift keying
ASTE Alamouti Space Time Code Encoder
AWGN Additive White Guassian Noise.
BER Bit Error Rate
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
CDMA Coded Division Multiple Access
DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying
FC Coherent Bandwidth
FFT Fast Fourier Tranform
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
HSPA High Speed Packet Access.
ICI Intercarrier Interference
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
ISI Intersymbol Interference
MATLAB Matrix Laboratory
xiv
MIMO OFDM Combination of MIMO and OFDM
MIMO Mulple Input Multiple Output
M-PSK Modulation Phase Shift Keying
OFMD Orthorgonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OOK On- Off Keying
P/S Parallel To Serial
PSK Phese Shift Keying
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulator
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RS Encoder Reed Solomon Encoder
RX Receive Antenna
S/P Serial to parallel
S1&S2 Symbols of Time (S1&S2)
SNR Signal to Noise Ration
T1 & T2 Tramitted Time For Two Symbols
TG Guard Period
TM Duration Time
Ts Symbol Time
TX Transmit Antenna
VLSI Very Large Scale Integration
xv
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network.
ABSTRACT
Multiple Input and Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(MIMO-OFDM) employs multiple transmit and receive antennas to aid high
throughput performance without requiring extra bandwidth or transmission power.
The main basic components for selecting modulation technique are Bit Error Rate
(BER) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). This work investigated the performance
of different modulation in MIMO-OFDM system. A model of 2 × 2 MIMO-
OFDM has been developed utilizing the communication tools of
MATLAB/Simulink. The model was used to carry out comprehensive analysis of
the performance of different digital modulation techniques namely, 8-PSK, 16-
PSK, 32-PSK, 64-PSK, 8-QAM, 16-QAM, 32-QAM, 64-QAM and QPSK in terms
of BER with respect to SNR over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and
Rayleigh fading channels. Having conducted extensive simulation and
performance evaluation, results indicated that lower order modulation techniques
outperform the higher order schemes for transmission of data over both AWGN
and Rayleigh fading channels such that for M-PSK modulation, 8-PSK offered the
lowest BER of (0.0010 and 0.0333) while 16-PSK, 32-PSk, and 64-PSK showed
BER of (0.0202 and 0.0792), (0.061 and 0.1317), and (0.116 and 0.1832) against
increasing SNR at 10dB in AWGN and Rayleigh channels respectively. Similarly,
for QAM modulation, 8-QAM provided the finest BER with value of (0.000652
and 0.0231), while 16-QAM, 32-QAM, and 64-QAM yielded BER performance of
(0.017 and 0.0301), (0.0161 and 0.0665), (0.0265 and 0.0792) with respect to
increasing SNR at 10 dB in AWGN and Rayleigh channel. However, this comes at
the cost of the data rate since lower order techniques have lower data rates than
their higher order counterpart. Furthermore, it was found that the performance over
AWGN channel was better than the performance over Rayleigh fading channel for
all considered modulation schemes. On which modulation technique provided the
best BER performance, it was observed that QPSK modulation technique
outperformed other modulation schemes with BER of 3.8 ×10 -6 in AWGN channel
and 0.0010 in Rayleigh fading channel at SNR of 10 dB. Generally, the simulation
results showed that the BER performance improves as the SNR increases.
xvi

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INVESTIGATING THE PERFORMANCE OF MIMO_OFDM SYSTEM IN DIFFERENT

EGBUNUGHA CHIKA ANASTASIA

A DISSERTATION IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC

SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES,

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

MIMO-OFDM SYSTEM IN DIFFERENT

EGBUNUGHA CHIKA ANASTASIA

REG NO: 2017112018

This work is dedicated to God almighty

I hereby declare that the work investigating the performance of MIMO-OFDM

system in different modulation techniques is the product of my own research

All sources have been duly distinguished and appropriately acknowledged.

EGBUNUGHA CHIKA ANASTASIA

educative, comments, concern and assistance have been invaluable.

L.C. Emeh, Dean, Faculty of Engineering for providing valuable suggestions,

guidance and criticism during the course of this work.

organizing the seminar that motivated me to speed up this work.

members of my family especially my husband, Mr. Michael Egbunugha and my

children, Chizitere, Nnaemeka, Udochukwu and Adaugo and my well wishers

whose prayers and moral support played a significant role in motivating me to

work relentlessly on the Dissatation

Table 3.1 Simulation Parameter 63

Table 4.1 Performance analysis for BER vs SNR for differennt

Table 4.2 Performance analysis for BER vs SNR for differennt

modulation schemes in AWGN channel 71

Table 4.6 Performance analysis for BER vs SNR for differennt

modulation schemes in Rayleigh fading channel 72

8- QAM and 16-QAM modulation schemes in AGWN channel 74

8-QAM, and 16-QAM modulation scheme in Rayleigh fading

Figure 2.1 Multi-path spread 11

Figure 2.2 Basic Structure of OFDM transmitter system 15

Figure 2.3 Basic structure of OFDM receiver system 15

Figure 2.4 Block diagram of OFDM system 16

Figure 2.5 OFDM signal with cyclic prefix 17

Figure 2.6 Basic MIMO structure 23

Figure 2.7 Basic structure of transmit selection diversity 25

Figure 2.8 MIMO OFDM structure 27

Figure 2.9 Simulink model of OFDM system 33

Figure 3.1 Block diagram representation 36

Figure 3.2: 2×2 channel model 37

Figure 3.3 Structure of QPSK modulator 42

Figure 3.4 Block diagram of QPSK demodulation 44

Figure 3.5 Structure of QAM modulator 46

Figure 3.6 Structure of QAM demodulator 47

Figure 3.7 Block diagram of PSK modulator 49

Figure 3.8 Block diagram of PSK demodulator 50

Figure 3.9 Block diagram of MIMO-OFDM system 51

Figure 3.10a Susbystem of OFDM transmitter 52

Figure 3.10c Subsystem of 2x2 fading channel 53

Figure 3.10 Simulink block of PN sequence generator/block parameters 57

Figure 3.11 Block diagram of Alamouti space time encoder with

two transmit antennas 58

Figure 3.12 Simulink block for Alamouti encoder and combiner 59

Figure 3.13 Flowchart of implementation process 62

3GLTE 3rd Generation Long Term Evolution

4G 4th Generation Network.

ASK Amphitade shift keying

ASTE Alamouti Space Time Code Encoder

AWGN Additive White Guassian Noise.

BER Bit Error Rate

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

CDMA Coded Division Multiple Access

DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying

FFT Fast Fourier Tranform