DEDICATION

This Siwes report is dedicated to God almighty who made it a success, To my

parents for their financial and above all spiritual support.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would also like to express my gratitude towards my parents and sibling for their
kind co-operation and encouragement. Special thanks to my industry based
supervisor MR OKAFOR CHUKWUKA. Thanks and God bless you all.

ABSTRACT
This report is centered on a six (6) months student’s industrial work experience
scheme (SIWES) training program with Innoson Technical and Industrial Co. Nig.
Limited. With highlights on plastic production such as Seats, jerrycans, bowls,
cups, plates and lots more. Giving a full enlightenment on equipment used in
plastic production, as well as the components of plastics and the production /post-
production steps and processes. Giving a clear idea of the student involvement in
all operational activities carried out in the plastic factory.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Title

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction about siwes

Brief history about siwes

Objective of the scheme

Probably achievement of the siwes program

CHAPTER TWO

Plastic industry

About innoson technical and industrial company limited

List of some product manufactured by innoson technical and industrial company limited

Safety kits in plastic production

Precaution against industrial accident

Maintenance of the machines in the factory

CHAPTER THREE

Description of injection moulding and material mixing

Injection process

Process cycle
Possible defect on plastic products

MATERIAL MIXING DEPARTMENT

Major materials used in innoson technical and industrial company

Polyethylene

Properties of polyethylene

CHAPTER FOUR

Quality operation

Quality control

Definition of terms

Quality control parameters and requirement test method and procedures

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION ABOUT SIWES

Students Industrial Work Experience scheme is a program designed by the university to expose students
to the practical aspects of his/her course of study. It involves the attachment of a student to an
organization in line with his/her respective course of study that can provide the training and experience
required in the industry, as these experience and training cannot be obtained in the lecture rooms but
the theoretical knowledge taught in lecture rooms shall be applied by the student in real industrial
situations. This training/work experience, is an essential component in the development of the practical
and professional skills required of each student by their respective course of study and also stands as an
aid to prospective employment.

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is an accepted skills programme which forms
part of the approved academic standards in the degree programme for Nigerian Universities. In 1974,
the Federal Government of Nigeria introduced the national policy on Industrial training, called the
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). This programme is under the umbrella of the
Ministry of Education through the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), was designed to help students acquire
the necessary practical education/experience in their fields of study and other related professions. This
is an effort which was created in order to bridge the existing gap between the theory taught in the
classroom and practice of science, agriculture, medicine, engineering, technology and other professional
programmes in the Nigerian tertiary institutions. This programme is aimed at exposing the students to
the use of various machines and equipment’s, professional work methods and ways of safeguarding the
work areas in industries as well as other organizations and parastatals.

The programme was established basically to impact elaborate practical understanding to students with
respect to their various disciplines. It is also intended that the student through a process of relation to
academic knowledge and practical industrial application would understand the underlying principles and
become better focused and acquire the practical applications towards excellence in his or her
discipline.The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) programme involves the student,
the Universities and the industries. This training is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria and
jointly coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National Universities Commission (NUC).

1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

SIWES was established by ITF in the year 1973 to serve the problem of lack of adequate practical skills
preparatory for employment in industries by Nigeria tertiary institutions graduates. The scheme
educates students on industrial based skills essential for smooth transition from the classroom to the
world of work. Students of tertiary institutions are given the opportunity of bring familiarized and
exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which are usually not available
in the educational institutions. Partaking in SIWES has become a crucial pre-condition for award of
degree certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in Nigeria in line with the
government education policies. The operators are; the ITF, the coordinating agencies (NUC, NCCE,
NBTE), employers of labour and various institutions. Funding the federal government of Nigeria l
beneficiaries are undergraduate students of the following disciplines: Natural Sciences, Engineering and
Technology, Education, Agriculture, Medical Science, Environmental, and pure and applied sciences.
Duration in four months and one year for polytechnics and colleges of education respectively, six
months for the universities.

1.1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE SCHEME

1. Provide avenues for students to acquire Industrial Skills for experience during their course of study.

2. Expose student to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machineries that may
not be available in the university.

3. Prepare students for Industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.

4. Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real work situation,
thereby bringing the gaps between theories for practice.

5. To make the transmission from the schooling to world of work easier through enhancing student
contact for later job placement.

1.1.2 PROBABLE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE SIWES PROGRAMME

The SIWES programme has gained tremendous progress which includes the following:

1. The students have exhibited greater alignments on their return to complete their courses.
2. Some brilliant undergraduate hand sprung surprises to highly technological, sophisticated industries
during their industrial training.

3. The benefit of the programme to the employer include among others, that he could through properly
structured industrial training programme train the students in a manner that could suits his
requirements so that on the students return on completion of their courses to the company, less time
and money would be suspended on their industrial training.

4. It has helped to indicate in the students’ organizational office culture, which help them to readily fit
into any establishment after graduation.

CHAPTER TWO

1.2 PLASTIC INDUSTRY

Plastic Industry is an industry that offers services in plastics important to a range of industries, including
packaging, building and construction, electronics, aerospace and transportation.

1.2.1 ABOUT INNOSON TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COMPANY LIMITED

Innoson Plastics Company is owned by Dr. Innocent I. Chukwuma. It is a private organization that have 2
branches (in Lagos and at Enugu) with the utmost aim of profit maximization. The company is involved in
the production of all kinds of plastic products by blow, compression, rotational, extrusion, and injection
molding from the use of both raw materials and recycled waste materials. It is located at Plot W/L
Emene Industrial Layout Emene, Enugu State.
1.2.3 LIST OF SOME PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BY INNOSON TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
COMPANY LIMITED

INJECTION

1. Glamour chairs

2. Duke chair

3. Teenage chair

4. Waste bin

5. Dining table top

6. Table legs

7. Executive chair

8. Stadium chairs

BLOW

1. Mannequins

2. 1000L water tanks

3. 4L jerrycan

4. 100L water drums

5. 25L Jerry can

PICTURES OF SOME OF INNOSON’S PRODUCTS

FAN BLADE. ROUND SIT OF EIGHT

MELAMINE TABLE WARE. BREAKABLE CUP

STADIUM CHAIR. PLASTIC CHAIR AND DESK

SAFETY IN INNOSON TECHNICAL

industrial safety is needed to check all the possible chances of accidents for
preventing to machine and permanent disability of any industrial employee, any
damage to machine and material as it leads to the loss to the whole
establishment.

it is needed to eliminate accidents causing work stoppage and production loss.

it is needed to prevent accidents in industry by reducing any hazard to minimum.

it is needed to reduce workman’s compensation, insurance rate and all the cost of
accidents.

it is required to educate all members regarding the safety principles to avoid

accidents in industry.

it is needed to achieve better morale of the industrial employees.

it is required to have better human relations within the industry.

it is needed to increase production means to a higher standard of living.

SAFETY KITS USED IN PLASTIC PRODUCTION

Safety Overall: This is 100% cotton thermal protective clothing. The following are
sown into it fire resistant reflective tape, brass zipper, storage pockets, adjustable
elastic suspenders and elastic waist zipper. It is worn by engineers and machine
operators.

Foot Wear: The safety footwear is a durable boot or shoe that has a protective
reinforcement in the toe which protects the foot from falling objects or
compression, usually combined with a mid-sole plate to protect against punctures
from below. It is made from steel while the reinforcement can be from
composites, plastic or even aluminum.

Safety Helmet: This is worn to protect the head from injury by falling objects,
impact with other objects, debris, bad weather and electric shock. Inside the
helmet is a suspension that spreads the helmet’s weight over the top of the
head. It also provides a space of approximately 30mm between the helmet’s
shell and the wearer’s head so that if an object strikes the shell, the helmet
shell has a mid-line reinforcement ridge, which strengthens it against impact.

Ear Muff: Earmuffs are objects designed to cover a person’s ears for
protection. They consist of a thermoplastic or metal head-band that fits over
the up or back of the head, and a pad at each end, to cover the external ears.
Ear defenders protect the wearer from extreme noises that can cause
terminal damage to the internal tissues of the ear.

Face Mask: These are masks that provide protective covering for the face
and protecting from respiratory tract infections. It is often worn by the
mechanical engineering tean when carrying out repairs on a machine that is
under operation.

Safety Hand Glove: the workplace can create many hazards for the hands,
whether from chemicals, cuts or burns. The hand gloves are worn to protect
the hands from electric shock during electrical works, mechanical injuries,
heat etc. there is variety of gloves worn. It is very important the hands.

COMMON CAUSES OF INJURY IN THE FACTORY

An industrial accident is an accident that occurs when an employee is at work. It
includes any type of accident or injury caused from a person’s workplace.
Industrial accidents are unforeseen incidents that are not scheduled or planned
and cause injuries to employees. The results of a workplace accident can be
minimal or tragic, causing minor injury, damage to equipment or even in some
cases, major injury or death. A host of causes created industrial accidents, and
those causes can be placed into different categories. The common causes of these
accidents include:

Tiredness: this is one of the leading causes of workplace accidents. When you are
tired, you are not as alert and aware. You might daydream or get distracted easier
than when you are well rested. The key is to be consistent: one night of little sleep
can throw you off for several days or more.

Overexertion: overexertion is another leading cause of accidents that often result

to injury at the workplace. Working too hard, too fast, or too much might cause
overexertion. Also, too many house chores or errands each day can lead to
overexertion. There is need to find time to relax during the day, and when at
work, there is need to take periodic break from the job to help you stay fresh and
alert.

Carelessness: carelessness is another cause of accidents at work. Some people

can multitask while others need to focus on one thing at time. Understanding of
the most suitable way to work is very important. In any faceoff with distraction, it
is preferable to step away for a minute to refocus, and then go back to doing what
you are doing. The managers and co-workers are always advised not to constitute
distraction to busy mind. Be alert of your surroundings and pay attention to the
work you are doing.

Improper Techniques: Improper technique or lack of training also can cause

accident at work, especially when dealing with machinery or manually operated
equipment. It is wrong to operate a piece of equipment without a complete
training and instructions session. Ask any question you have. It is advised that one
understands how the equipment works before operating it. It is helpful to have
someone familiar with the equipment first to lead the way, and then watch you
operate it for a while until you are both comfortable you know what you are
doing.

Manufacturing Defects: Industrial accidents also occur because of a

manufacturing defects in a piece of equipment or material. During the course of
manufacturing several quality-control steps are taken to ensure the equipment is
within safety tolerances. Because most of these quality controls are handled by
humans, there is a chance that a piece of equipment can have a defect that is
missed during the process.

Maintenance: One of the common cause of industrial accidents is improper

maintenance procedures or lack of preventive maintenance programs. Equipment
cannot run without having maintenance performed on a scheduled basis. Most
equipment manufacturers publish some recommended preventive maintenance
personnel are responsible for carrying out these preventive maintenance
programs.

PRECAUTIONS AGAINST INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

Safety hazards pervasive in industrial work environment have the potential to
cause accidental injuries. Prevention on injuries is imperative.

Protective Gears: It is most important to supply all employees with the type of
protective gear(s) that their specific job call(s) for. Helmets should be provided as
well as goggles on equipment that may be hazardous to a person’s sight. Some
industrial jobs have deafening noises as in plastic industry. Worker wear ear
protection to prevent hearing loos. The gear should be kept in good condition and
changed out with new gear on regular basis.

Inspection: Employers can prevent accidents and promote industrial safety by

performing safety inspections to ensure that equipment is in safe and operating
order. The process includes determining if safeguards are firmly secured, points of
operation are covered and chain belts are exposed.

Adherence to Instruction: It is best to heed the sequence of operation and

operate equipment the way it was intended to be used because many industrial
accidents happen due to misuse of equipment. Accidents can occur simply
because an employee feels that they can operate the equipment without having
the guard in place. This becomes more important in this age when almost all
factory machines and equipments are automated.

Safety Tips: Adhere strictly to tips that will allow you to avoid accidents involving
slips and falls because these are the most common type of industrial accidents.
Things that should be kept in mind include grabbing tools firmly, diligence in
opening and closing working machine, using wet floor signs when needed and
cleaning up spills as soon as they occur.
Safety Signs: The failure to exercise industrial safety standards poses a number of
risks. Accidents and unwanted events may take place, which can cause injury and
even death to the workers involved. This may also lead to a waste of capital, since
employers would have to spend more on paying for the damages caused by the
mishaps and even face lawsuits from their employees. Investing in adequate
safety measures will help the employer to secure not only their profits but their
relationship with the workers under their care.

MAINTENANCE OF THE MACHINES IN THE FACTORY

Regular preventive maintenance is to protect the machines to work as an

effective way. The so-called preventive maintenance is a series of prevention and
inspection. In order to achieve the best performance and extend the life of
machines, the machine is regularly checked by the factory engineers.

Preventive maintenance carried out are:

Reduce downtime and maintain normal operating speed can improve
production efficiency.

Timely replacement of worn or worn parts can maintain the level of machine
precision.

Frequent inspection of the major electrical components

Lubricating of all movable pars to prevent stick up of parts.

Adhering strictly to the machine operation manual

 CHAPTER THREE

DESCRIPTION OF INJECTION MOULDING AND MATERIAL MIXING

THE INJECTION MOULDING PROCESS

Injection moulding is a process of forming an article by forcing molten plastic

material under pressure into a mould where it is cooled, solidified and
subsequently released by opening the two halves of the mould. It is a major
technique in plastic processing and is used for the processing of thermoplastic
materials into all sorts of products. Thermosets can all be processed using this
technique but with the complete modification of some features of the machine

Injection moulding process can be summerised into three main stages:

Plasticizing of the plastic material into a melt; the material is melted primarily by
turning of the screw which converts mechanical energy into heat. It also picks up
some heat from the heater bands on the extruder Kbarrel or cylinder. As the
material melts, it moves forward along the screw flights to the front end of the
screw.

Injection (transferring of the molten plastic into a cool mould; the moves forward
injecting (pushing) the plastisiced material (melt) in front of it though the nozzle
sprue brush and runners into the mould.

Extraction (ejection) of the article or moulding from the mould. When the
moulding i.e. article is sufficiently cooled, the mould opens and the ejector
mechanism (pins, rods, bars or air) pushers out the article from the mould.
 AN INJECTION
MOULDING
MACHINE

PROCESS CYCLE

The process cycle for injection molding is very short, typically between two
seconds to the minutes and consists of the following four stages

Clamping: Prior to the injection of the material into the mold, the two halves of
the mold must first be securely closed by the clamping unit. Each half of the mold
is attached to the injection molding machine and one half is allowed to slide. The
hydraulically powered clamping unit pushes the mold halves together and exerts
sufficient force to keep the mold securely closed while the material is injected.
The time required to close and clamp the mold is dependent upon the machine -
larger machines (those with greater clamping forces) will require more time. This
time can be estimated from the dry cycle time of the machine.
Injection: Plastic pellets are fed by means of a hopper into the injection moulding
machine. These pellets move towards the mould by the injection unit. The heat
surrounding the barrel and the pressure serve to melt the pellets. The volume of
material injected is called the ‘shot’. This injection time finished when 95%-99% or
the mould is filled. It is hard to calculate exactly the injection time because the
flow of the plastic is always changing and dynamic. Injection time can be
estimated by other factors such as injection pressure, power and shot volume.
The injection pressure can range from 35-140 MPa. The rate of injection and the
pressure which can be reached are determined and controlled by the hydraulic
system in the machine.

Cooling: The cooling process involves the plastic inside the mould beginning to
cool after it makes contact with the interior mould. As the plastic cools when it
hardens it will take the desired shape. The part may shrink slightly during cooling.
Only when the cooling period has elapsed can the mould be opened. It is from the
wall thickness of the part and the thermodynamic properties of the plastic that
the cooling time can be estimated.

Ejection: After sufficient time has passed, the cooled part may be ejected from
the mold by the ejection system, which is attached to the rear half of the mold.
When the mold is opened, a mechanism is used to push the part out of the mold.
Force must be applied to eject the part because during cooling the part shrinks
and adheres to the mold. In order to facilitate the ejection of the part, a mold
release agent can be sprayed onto the surfaces of the mold cavity prior to
injection of the material. The time that is required to open the mold and eject the
part can be estimated from the dry cycle time of the machine and should include
time for the part to fall free of the mold. Once the part is ejected, the mold can be
clamped shut for the next shot to be injected.

Dwelling – once the molten plastic is injected into the mould, more pressure is
exerted to make sure all the mould’s cavities are filled, using hydraulic or
mechanical pressure.

Opening – the movable platen is separated from the fixed platen to separate the
mould.

POSSIBLE DEFECTS ON PLASTIC PRODUCTS

A. Flow line

Description: Flow lines are streaks, patterns, or lines - commonly off-toned in

color that show up on the prototype part as a consequence of the physical path
and cooling profile of the molten plastic as it flows into the injection mold tooling
cavity. Injection molded plastic begins its journey through the part tooling via an
entry section called a “gate.” It then flows through the tool cavity and cools
(eventually hardening into a solid).

Causes: Flow line defects are caused by the varying speed at which the molten
plastic flows as it changes direction through the contours and bends inside the
mold tool. They also occur when the plastic flows through sections with varying
wall thickness, or when the injection speed is too low causing the plastic to
solidify at different speeds.
Remedies:
Increase injection speeds and pressure to the optimal level, which will ensure the
cavities are filled properly (while not allowing the molten plastic time to start
cooling in the wrong spot). The temperature of the molten plastic or the mold
itself can also be elevated to ensure the plastic does not cool down sufficiently to
cause the defect.

Round corners and locations where the wall thickness changes to avoid sudden
changes in direction and flow rate.

Locate the gate at a spot in the tool cavity with thin walls.

B. Sink Marks

Description: Sink marks are small craters or depressions that develop in thicker
areas of the injection molded prototype when shrinkage occurs in the inner
portions of the finished product. The effect is somewhat similar to sinkholes in
topograph.

Causes: Sink marks are often caused when the cooling time or the cooling
mechanism is insufficient for the plastic to fully cool and cure while in the mold.
They can also be caused by inadequate pressure in the cavity, or by an excessive
temperature at the gate. All else being equal, thick sections of the injection molded
part take longer to cool than thin ones and so are more likely to be where sink
marks are located.

Remedies: Mold temperatures should be lowered, holding pressure increased, and

holding time prolonged to allow for more adequate cooling and curing.
Reducing the thickness of the thickest wall sections will also ensure faster cooling
and help reduce the likelihood of sink marks.

C. Vacuum Voids

Description: Vacuum voids are pockets of air trapped within or close to the
surface of an injection molded prototype.

Causes: Vacuum voids are often caused by uneven solidification between the
surface and the inner sections of the prototype. This can be aggravated when the
holding pressure is insufficient to condense the molten plastic in the mold (and
thereby force out air that would otherwise get trapped). Voids can also develop
from a part that is cast from a mold with two halves that are not correctly aligned.

Remedies: Locate the gate at the thickest part of the molding.

Switch to a less viscous plastic. This will ensure that less gas is trapped as air is
able to escape more rapidly.

Increase holding pressure as well as holding time.

Ensure that mold parts are perfectly aligned.

D. Surface Delamination
Description: Surface delamination is a condition where thin surface layers appear
on the part due to a contaminant material. These layers appear like coatings and
can usually be peeled off (i.e. “delaminate”).
Causes: Foreign materials that find their way into the molten plastic separate from
the finished product because the contaminant and the plastic cannot bond. The
fact that they cannot bond not only has an effect on the appearance of the
prototype, but also on its strength. The contaminant acts as a localized fault
trapped within the plastic. An over-dependence on mold release agents can also
cause delamination.

Remedies: Pre-dry the plastic properly before molding.

Increase the mold temperature.

Smooth out the corners and sharp turns in the mold design to avoid sudden
changes in melt flow.

Focus more on the ejection mechanism in the mold design to reduce or eliminate
the dependence on mold release agents.

MATERIAL MIXING DEPARTMENT

In the department, materials are been mixed with master batches and fillers for production in both
injection molding and blow molding departments. For blow molding, the materials used is high density
polyethylene (HDPE), it was mixed with masterbatch in the ratio of 1:100 i.e. masterbatch that weighs
250 grams was mixed with a neutral material that weighs 25kg per bag. For injection molding, the
material and masterbatch are also mixed in the same ratio. But when palletize materials are used then
the mixing ratio changes to 2:100, i.e. masterbatch of 500grams with neutral material of 25kg. It was so
because palletize material is coloured and will overshadow or kill the masterbatch if added in a little
quantity, so to avoid an error in colour for the production, there was an increment in masterbatch.

INJECTION MATERIALS
MAJOR MATERIALS USED IN INNOSON TECHNICAL AND INDUSTRIAL COMPANY LIMITED The company
used polypropylene and polyethylene as the major materials.

POLYETHYLENE

Chemical formula (C2H4)n

Melting point -----115-135oC

Density ------------ 0.9-0.96g/cm

3 Polyethylene is the most common plastic. Its primary use is in packaging, container. Thus PE is usually
a mixture of similar polymer of ethylene with various values of n.

PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE

1. It feels waxy when touched.

2. Its temperature varies strongly with the type of PE; it ranges from 120-180oC.

3. PE can become brittle when exposed to sunlight; carbon black is usually used as a UV stabilizer.

4. PE is an insulator.

PE can vary between almost clear (transparent), milky-opaque (translucent) or opaque.

POLYPROPYLENE

Chemical formular ---- (C3H6)n

Melting point ------- 130–171oC

Density ------- 0.946g/cm³

Crystalline ------- 0.855g/cm³

Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of application including packaging and
labeling, stationary, textiles, plastic parts and reusable container of various types etc.
It is rugged and usually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases and joining of Polypropylene is often
done using welding process.

PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE

1. These properties of PP depend on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution,
crystallinity, type and proportion of commoner (if used).

2. PP is the commodity plastic with lowest density.

3. PP is reasonably economical.

4. PP has good resistance to fatigue.

5. PP is liable to chain degradation from exposure to heat and UV radiation.

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 QUALITY OPERATION

This involves the checking of the final products to ensure its quality and to satisfy customer’s desires.

4.1 QUALITY CONTROL

It is the measure of quality of the product. Tests are being carried out on the plastics which confirm the
quality of the plastic that the plastic industries produced. The following requirements are being set out
for plastics by standard organization of Nigeria: Reversion, splitting, surface, distortion and overload
tests.

4.2 NIGERIA STANDARD ON PLASTIC PRODUCTS MADE FROM POLYETHYLENE

■ SCOPE: This Nigeria standard specifies requirements and tests method for the

quality of buckets made from polyethylene for domestic use.

■ DESCRIPTION: Buckets shall be described by their capacity in litres.

4.3 DEFINITION OF TERMS

■ DELAMINATION: Separation into constituent layer.

■ FISSURE: A narrow opening or crack of some length and considerable depth occurring from some
breaking, rending or parting.

■ SPRUE: The waste plastic piece formed in the hole through which molten plastic flows into the gate of
the mould cavity.

■ FLASHES: Thin plastics of larger molecules from smaller one.

4.4 QUALITY CONTROL PARAMETERS AND REQUIREMENT TEST METHOD/PROCEDURES

TEST APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT

The apparatus used in the quality control laboratory are as follows:

■ Vernier caliper

■ Test tube(16x450mm)

■ Water bath(14 litres)

■ Retort stand and clamp

■ Electrothermal heating mantle

■ Micrometer screw guage

■ Metre rule

■ Cutler (sharp knife)

4.4.1 REVISION TEST

TEST SPECIMENS: A specimen of dimension 50mm×2.5mm is cut from the base of the bowl such that its
main axis is radical to the sprue. Five (5) specimens of the same dimensions from separate sectors of the
side are examined in ease case.

PROCEDURE: The specimens are immersed in water at 100oC ±2 o C for 30minutes. On removal they are
allowed to cool for one (1) hour after which the length is measured. Revision is the reduction in length
expressed as a percentage of the initial length of the specimen.

4.4.2 TEST FOR SURFACE TEST

The specimen is exactly similar to those employed in revision test but cut from the base of the bowl so
that the center point is 75mm from the sprue.
PROCEDURE: Four (4) specimen are immersed in carbon tetrachloride at 40oC for four (4) hours. The
solvent is immersed in water bath at 40oC±5oC. At the end of four (4) hours, the specimens are allowed
to dry for one (1) hour. The extent of declamation produced is recorded.

4.4.3 DISTORTION TEST

The distortion test is carried out by suspending the bowl filled with water at 60oC for 5 minutes in a
special apparatus and then determining the defection of the top rim and bottom of the bowl.

PROCEDURE: The bowl is suspended by the handlers or by its rim using sturdy metallic hooks having
20mm diameter flat plates at its ends. The thickness of the plates shall not be less than 2mm after 5
minutes, the between pairs of the hooks and the bottom of the bowl at the centre is measured.

The following dimension shall be measured:

a) The top of the rim of the bowl midway between the pairs of the hooks.

b) The bottom of the bowl at the centre. Changes in dimension shall be expressed as percentage of the
initial dimensions.The result from each test are recorded in SON analysis report

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION
My six (6) months industrial training programme with Innoson Technical and
Industrial Company Ltd was educating and interesting. I got better understanding
about the real life work situation and it has provided me with the opportunity of
applying my theoretical knowledge in real life situation.
My training gave me the opportunity to acquire certain skills and knowledge in
many areas beyond my course of study. It was a successful training and I have
completed my training with great joy.

SUGGESTION

1. I suggest that ITF should communicate with some companies where students
will be taken for industrial training. This will help minimize the problem of
difficulty in finding a place for attachment. Most students would end up companies
where they are not fully maximized while some engage in 3 months programme
instead of 6 months at such they would have grasped if they had started on time.

2. ITF and schools should help in making companies train a reasonable number of
students.

3. A legislator or law should be enforced so as to compel companies to accept

students and its implementation ensured.

4. The ITF should endeavor to pay IT students their allowances mapped out by the
government immediately the students comes back from the programme/scheme, to
aid them in some of the things they need to do for continuation of their programme
in school.

5. Finally, the government and cooperate bodies should establish firms and
industries where students involved in the programme can be attached, so that the
tedious search for places to be attached will reduce.