My It Technical Report

SIWES REPORT 2019|LMU/CSE/CHE/15BBB003938
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................................................ I
DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................................II
CERTIFICATION .......................................................................................................... iii
DEDICATIDON……………………………………………………………………………………..IV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………...V
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………….VI
CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF SIWES……………………………………………………………1

1.1.1 MEANING OF SIWES………………………………………………………………………...1
1.1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES…………………………………………………......1-2
1.1.3 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF SIWES …………………………………………………………2
1.1.4 ORGANIZTION AND OPERATION OF SIWES……………………………………………2-3
FIGURE 1: RELATIONSHIP AMONG STAKEHOLDERS………………………………………3
1.1.5 BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING…………………………………………………...4
1.1.6 COMPANY PROFILE…………………………………………………………………………5
1.1.6.1 ORGANOGRAM OF THE COMPANY…………………………………………………….5
FIGURE 1.1……………………………………………………………………………….............6
CHAPTER 2………………………………………………………………………………………….7
2.1: PROJECTS CARRIED OUT………………………………………………………………….8
2.1.1: BRIEF BACKGROUND OF PAINTS ………………………………………………………..8
2.1.2: CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS………………………………………………………….8-11
2.1.2.1: BASIC COMPONENTS OF PAINT …………………………………………………….11-18
FIGURE 2.1: PVA…………………………………………………………………………………..14
FIGURE 2.1.1: TITANIUM DIOXIDE……………………………………………………………...15
FIGURE 2.1.1.2: BAG OF CALCIUM CARBONATE……………………………………………..16
FIGURE 2.1.1.3: THICKENER…………………………………………………………………….17
FIGURE 2.1.1.4: 25 LITERS OF BIOCIDE………………………………………………………...18
FIGURE 2.1.1.5: CALGON………………………………………………………………………….18
2.1.3: PAINT FORMULATION……………………………………………………………………19
2.1.4: PRODUCTION OF WATER BASED PAINT………………………………………………..19
FIGURE 2.1.1.6: HIGH SPEED DISPERSER MACHINE…………………………………………20
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2.1.5: PRODUCTION OF BAYLUX EMULSION PAINT…………………………………...19-20p

2.1.6: PRODUCTION OF BAYBOND SCREEDING………………………………………….21-22
2.1.7: PRODUCTION OF BAYLUX TEXCOAT PAINT……………………………………….23-24
2.1.8: PRODUCTION OF BAYLUX SEMI GLOSS PAINT………………………………………24
2.1.8.1: BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTIONS OF COMPONENTS USED IN WATER BASED
PAINTS…………………………………………………………………………………………24-25
FIGURE 2.1.1.7: MARBLE DUST………………………………………………………26
2.1.9: PROPERTIES OF PAINTS……………………………………………………………..26-27
CHAPTER 3
3.1: PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND PROBLEMS SOLVED………………………28
3.1.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED………………………………………………………………28
3.1.2: PROBLEMS SOLVED………………………………………………………………………..28
CHAPTER 4
4.1:SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...................................................... 29

4.1.1: SUMMARY…………………………………………………………………………………..29
4.1.2: CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………..29
4.1.3: RECOMMENDATIONS…………………………………………………………………..29-30
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………….31
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DECLARATION
I Eze Princewill Nnaneme declare that the work in this industrial training report is
authentic and carried out by me under the supervision of Engr, Chikezie Ezeh with the aid
of the organization other references. To the best of my knowledge, I have tried my
heartiest efforts to make this report vivid to the reader. This industrial training report is
completely open to the public domain. Any form of publishing, copying and so forth does
not require the consent of the student.
Signature: __________________
Date: August 2019.
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CERTIFICATION PAGE
This SIWES Report by Eze Nnaneme Princewill meets the requirements governing
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering and is approved
for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation.
-------------------------------------------------- …………………………….
Supervisor Date
-------------------------------------------------- ………………………………….
Department SIWES officer Date
------------------------------------------------ ……………………………………
Head of department Date
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I hereby appreciate God almighty for giving me the grace opportunity and strength for
completing my industrial training successfully. I am indeed grateful to all who in one way or
the other made my industrial training a successful one.
My profound gratitude goes to Landmark University for creating an avenue for me to

participate in this program in order to gain experience within and outside my course of study,
and the host company, Wall Care Paints and Lacquer company, for giving me the
opportunity to undergo my SIWES with them.
I also wish to express my gratitude for the effort made by the management and staff of
Wall Care Paints and Lacquer company most especially Engr. Chikezie Ezeh (the
executive chairman of Wall Care Paints and Lacquer company), Mr. Ndubisi Ugochukwu
(production manager/color matcher), Mrs. Oluchi Umeaku (sales manager) for their
exposure, support, knowledge, experience and assistance.
Lastly I am indebted to my beloved Parents, siblings for always giving me all the support
before, during and after my SIWES period.
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ABSTRACT
The introduction of Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) into the
normal schools’ curriculum has opened up an avenue to expose and prepare students of
polytechnics, universities and colleges of education to acquire a lot of practical work
experience, skills, information and knowledge in order to supplement the theoretical
background of their chosen course of study and the work situation they are likely to meet
after graduation. This report is centered on a six months between January and June 2019
Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) training program Wall Care Paints
and Lacquer company Anambra state, with highlight on paint production such as emulsion
paint, semi-gloss paints and texcoat paints. This document gives a full enlightenment on the
classification of paints, as well as the components of paint and the production processes,
giving a clear idea of the student involvement in all operational activities carried out at the
paint factory.
The first chapter gives an overview of the SIWES program, its benefits, objectives and
gives the profile of the host company Wall Care Paints and Lacquer company. Chapter
two sets a foundation on some concepts involved with paint, classification of paints, paint
components, manufacturing processes and properties while the fourth chapter captures all the
experience gained. The fifth and final chapter outlines the challenges encountered during the
period alongside conclusions drawn from the program as well as recommendations.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF SIWES
1.1.1 MEANING OF SIWES

The five capitalized letters SIWES stand for the Student Industrial Work Experience
Scheme that was created to help students from Nigeria get practical knowledge and wide
horizons based on their future profession while they are studying at the university.
1.1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

At the early stages of the development of education in Nigeria, there was a problem
of the gap between theory and practical skills of students. Therefore, there was a need to give
students the opportunity to get real work experience.
The program was created to give students experience in addition to theoretical learning. The
industrial training policy was introduced by Federal Government of Nigeria in 1973 to
improve practical skills of students.
Before establishment of the scheme, there was a growing concern among our industrialists
that graduates of institutions of higher learning lacked adequate practical background studies
preparatory for employment industries. Thus the employers were of the opinion that the
theoretical education going on in higher institutions was not responsive to the needs of the
employers of labor. It is against this background that the rationale for initiating and
designing the scheme by the fund during its formative years – 1973/74 was introduced to
acquaint students with the skills of handling employers’ equipment and machinery. The ITF
solely funded the scheme during its formative years. But as the financial involvement
became unbearable to the fund, it withdrew from the scheme in 1978. The Federal
government handed over the scheme in 1979 to both the National Universities Commission
(NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). Later, the federal
1
government in November 1984 reverted the management and implementation of the scheme
to ITF and it was effectively taken over by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in July 1985
with the funding being solely borne by the federal government. (Culled from Job
Specifications on Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme).
1.1.3 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

SIWES is strategized for skill acquisition. It was designed to prepare and expose
students of universities, polytechnics and colleges of education to the real-life work situation
they would encounter upon graduation from tertiary institution. The following are the
outlined objectives of SIWES:
• To provide students with industrial skills and needed experience during the course of
study.
• To create conditions and circumstances which can be as close as possible to the actual
workflow.
• To prepare specialists who will be ready for any working situations immediately after
graduation
• To teach students the techniques and methods of working with facilities and equipment
that may not be available within the walls of an educational institution.
• To give students the ability to try and apply the given knowledge.
• Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real
work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice;
• Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process through
SIWES.
1.1.4 ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF SIWES
The organization of the Students’ Industrial Work-Experience Scheme (SIWES)

involves many stakeholders as follows:
• Federal Government (Federal Ministry of Commerce & Industry)
• Industrial Training Fund (SIWES Division)
• Supervising/Regulatory Agencies (NUC, NBTE, NCCE)
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• Industry/Employers (NECA, NACCIMA, MAN, Government Establishments)

• Tertiary Institutions (Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Education) and
• Student Trainees (Engineering, Science, Technology, NCE Technical)
SIWES is operated as a joint venture through the contributory activities of the
stakeholders identified above and as shown in Figure 1 below: (Mafe, 2009).
federal government
(federal ministry of
commerce and industry)
Organized private sector Supervising Chief executive

Industrial training fund
agency (NUC, forum
(SIWES division)
NBTE)
Employers (industry and Tertiary institutions (universities, ITF Area offices

government) polytechnics and college of (SIWES units)
education)
Student trainees (science,

engineering, NCE tech).
Figure 1; Relationship Amongst SIWES stakeholders
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1.1.5 BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

The major benefits accruing to students who participate conscientiously in industrial
training are the skills and competencies they acquire. These relevant production skills remain
a part of the recipients of industrial training as life-long assets which cannot be taken away
from them. The Scheme exposes students to industry based skills necessary for a smooth
transition from the classroom to the field of work. It affords students of tertiary institutions
the opportunity of being familiarized to processes and exposed to the required experience in
handling machineries and equipment related to their fields of study which are usually not
available in most tertiary institutions. Listed below are some of the benefits of SIWES:
• It exposes student to the realities of the working environment even as they learn to
imbibe the ethics of their professions.
• Enabling SET students appreciate work methods and gain experience in handling
equipment and machinery which may not be available in their institutions.
• The scheme bridges the existing gap between theoretical and practical knowledge of
discipline related principles and aids in improving the overall knowledge base of
participating students.
• It makes the transition from school to the field of work easier for many intending
engineering technologists, scientists and engineers, as well as enhances their future
excellence in their chosen field as they get to relate with already practising professionals
in their fields.
• It enables students to improve their communication skills as well as soft skills and help
them develop inter-personal relationships at their fields of work.
• SIWES enables student to appreciate the effectiveness of their academic curriculum and
to make modifications where necessary.
• Enabling students bridge the gap between the knowledge acquired in institutions and the
relevant production skills required in work organizations.
• Enabling students appreciate the connection between their courses of study and other
related disciplines in the production of goods and services.
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1.1.6 COMPANY PROFILE: BRIEF HISTORY OF WALL CARE PAINTS AND

LACQUER COMPANY
Wall Care Paints and Lacquer Company is a company established in October 1995
by Engr. Chikezie Ezeh. The company initially started with the production of shoe lacquer
and shifted to the production of decorative paint in 1998 due to the decline in the demand for
shoe lacquer. The company moved to its present and temporary location at NO 6 Borromeo
Hospital lane Limca road, Onitsha, Anambra state. The company produces paints based on
the demands of the customer being a small scale company. It engages in the production and
marketing of paints, painting products and chemicals.
The company is managed by a team of selected industrial professionals who combine to

produce high quality premium paints that ensure the efficient coating and design of buildings,
metal works E.T.C. The company produces a wide range of products which include:
i) Baylux emulsion paint.
ii) Baylux texcoat paint.
iii) Baylux screeding potty.
iv) Baylux semi-gloss paint.
1.1.6.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF WALL CARE PAINTS AND LACQUER COMPANY
• To achieve high levels of customer satisfaction

• To build long term value in decorative coatings business by alliance with established
paint companies.
• To provide paints as per market demands.
1.1.6.2 ORGANOGRAM OF THE COMPANY
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Chairman/CEO
Managing director
Personnel manager Production manager Quality control manger
Sales officer Cashier Maintenance Production unit

Figure 1.1 officer
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CHAPTER 2
PROJECTS CARRIED OUT
2.1 BRIEF BACKGROUND OF PAINTS
Paints as a fluid is an engineered product made of different component such as binders,

solvents, extenders, pigments and additives with their unique properties on a substrate forms
an adherent opaque solid film. The cardinal purpose of paint production ranges from its
usefulness in the protection of materials which can undergo corrosion like metallic surfaces,
decoration of artistic materials and promotion of functionality to an object or surface which
it is applied upon. The sensual appeal paints give to any surface it is applied often borne in
the mind of the producer and extends to the end users. Paints are symbolically pigmented
according to their functionality in different occasions.
Paints is applied in a thin coating to the various surfaces such as wood, metals, plastics or
concrete walls with brush, rollers, spray gun. It provides protection for materials from
corrosion and decay and thereby save replacement costs in addition to providing aesthetic
beauty to the applied material.
2.1.1 ORIGIN OF PAINTS
Although not stated specifically but it has been known that the sample of the first known
paintings was made about 20,000 years ago from archeological evidence from Spain and
France. The primitive paintings were done on human, animals, diagrams, objects or art work.
These early artists used natural substances such as natural earth pigments, charcoal, berry
juice, lard, blood and milk-weed sap in producing the paints for beautification and
preservation of their art work. These primitive artists were found in different part of the
world. Then the materials used were oils, red ochre, chalk, arsenic sulfide which were mixed
with binder such as Arabic gum, lime, egg albumen and bee wax.
The first motive for paint production was for protective coating by the Egyptians and
Hebrews. They applied pitches and balsams to the exposed wood of their ships. Artists of the
fifteenth century were the first to add drying oils to paints for quicker evaporation and drying
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of the coated surface they also used solvent like linseed oil which remained the most
commonly used solvent until synthetics replaced it in the twentieth century. The first paint
patent was issued for a product that improved white ash and water slaked lime which was
prominent during the early days of the united states. In 1865, D.P Flinn obtained a patent for
water-based paint which contained zinc oxide, potassium hydroxide, resins and linseed oil.
In Boston around 1700, Thomas child built the earliest American paint mill. Thomas child
built the first American paint mill with granite within which a 1.6foot granite ball rolled,
grinding the pigment. The first commercial paint miller replaced child’s granite ball with a
burhstone wheel, but these mills continued the practice of grinding only pigment (individual
customers would then blend it with a vehicle at home). It was until 1867 that the
manufacturers began to mix the vehicle and the pigments for their customers.
Today, synthetic pigments and stabilizers are commonly used for mass production of uniform
batches of paint. The current synthetic vehicles developed from polymers like poly-urethane
and styrene –butadiene dominated since 1940s. Also the synthesized alkyd resins have since
then dominated in the paint production. Before 1930, pigments were grounded with small
stone mills and these were later replaced by steel ball, but today attritors like bead mills, ball
mills, sand mills are predominantly used to grind very difficult colors, high speed dispersers
are used to homogenously mix paint components and grind easily dispersed pigments.
2.1.2: CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT
Paint can be classified into four different four groups according to their production,
application and functionality.
• Coating paint
• Based on function
• Decorative
• Industrial and specialty coating
Coating paint: This can be further grouped into convertible and non-convertible coatings.
When the dry film is insoluble in the solvent from which it was meant to be dissolved is
8
convertible while non- convertible coating is when the dry film is soluble in the solvent from
which it was dissolved.
Based on function: This describes the different roles or functions paint can play on the
substrate it is being applied. These functions include:
• Primers: It is the first coat applied on a surface and which provides adhesion of the total
coating system to the surface.
• Stopper: This is used to fill or stop holes, cracks and deep indentations in surfaces being
painted. It is applied using palette knife.
• Sealers: It is used to seal the pose and so prevent adsorption of the medium from
subsequent coats of paints.
• Filler: It is used to fill an uneven or rough surfaces before the actual painting. It is usually
applied using brush, knife or spray. This is most common in automobile and other
industrial paint which involves the painting of metallic surface of different shapes surface
of different D
• Undercoat: This is applied next to the primer or sealer and gives a unified color hiding
and variation in color of the surface painted. It also provides a non-absorbent in surface
which will not reduce the gloss of the finishing.
• Topcoat: This is also known as finishing coat. It provides the decoration aesthetic and the
artistic beauty on the piece/surface being painted.it is usually color and sheen and
contributes to the protective value of the painting scheme as a whole.
Industrial and specialty coatings: Oil based, this group of coatings is the most technical and
sensitive to formulate, owing to specificity of the desired properties of the end product. These
categories of paint include; Automotive/automobile paints, marine paints, radiation and
electrode position paints, can and container coating air craft coating, domestic appliances,
coil coating, textile and fabrics coating/dye.
Decorative: This group include all top coats and under coats that are primarily intended for
decorative purpose, though along the time also provides protective purpose. This is the most
common type of paint used on building, windows doors, ceilings etc. This category of paint
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is commonly produced at mission enterprises, it can further be classified into water-based

paints and oil-based paints.
Water – based paint: These observations known as water thinned paint. This class of paint
uses water as its solvent, medium or thinner they dry by evaporation. It includes emulsion
paint, texcoat paint, semi-gloss paint and screeding bond or Plaster of Paris (POP).
i). Emulsion paints: This is a type of water based paint in which the vehicle is a binder
(PVA) or acrylic in water. Emulsion simply means any mixture of liquids that do not
normally mix together in which the internal phase is dispersed uniformly throughout a
second continuous liquid phase. Other components that form this type of paint are
pigments, extenders like calcium carbonate and additives that enhance the properties of
the products.
ii). Texcoat paints: This paint differs from the emulsion paint only in the proportion of
water needed for its production and the addition of marble dust which are also extenders
which makes viscosity and texture of the texcoat paints higher than that of emulsion and
any other type of paint.
iii). Semi-gloss paint: This is usually a high water based paint which doesn’t need
extenders in its production. More of pigments like titanium oxide is usually used to
enhance the opacity and coverage on the surface application as a result, it is usually the
most expensive of all water based paint produced at wall care paints and lacquer company.
The give high opacity when applied on a surface.
iv). Screeding bond /POP: This is usually used as an under coat. It gives a uniform color
hiding; any color variation at the surface being painted and provides a non-absorbent
surface which will not reduce the gloss of the finishing coats. It contains more calcium
carbonate (extender) compared to emulsion and texcote paints and thicker than emulsion
paint.
Oil based paint: This type of paint is also known as gloss paint/alkyd based paints/organic
based paints. They are called oil paints because initially oil is used in place of resins.
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Organic solvent like kerosene, mineral spirit, turpentine, alcohol e.t.c are its solvent and
thinner hence the name organic solvent based paints. At wall care paints and lacquer
company we use kerosene, we use kerosene as the basic solvent in oil paints. Some of the
properties include:
➢ They impact shining property to a surface.

➢ They are durable and antioxidant, hence used for coating metals to avoid corrosion
➢ They have high heat absorption property which increases the temperature of its
surroundings.
➢ They can be cleaned of dirt and stains.
➢ They dry by oxidation process.
2.1.2.1 BASIC COMPONENTS OF PAINTS
The selection of components used to manufacture paint will affect its stability, application
characteristics handling, clean up, disposal and most importantly, the performance of the
product on which it is applied. Components of paint can be basically discussed under the
following:
1) Binders
2) Pigments
3) Solvents
4) Additives
5) Extenders
BINDERS (RESINS): A binder is the non-volatile and film forming portion of the vehicle
of the vehicle of a paint; it binds or cements the pigments particles together and the paint
film as a whole to the material it is applied. They can be synthetic or natural. Natural
resin is a glassy amorphous organic substance produced either in the metabolism of tree
growth e.g copal. Synthetic resin originally is a number of group of synthetic substances
which resemble and share some of the properties of natural resins, but now used for
materials which bear little resemblance to natural resins. Synthetic resins refer to a
heterogeneous groups of compounds produced from simpler compounds by condensation
11
or polymerization, some of the binders include alkyd resins, vinyl based resins, silicones,
polyurethanes.
i). Alkyd resins: This is a type of binder mostly used in the production of gloss paints.
The name alkyd is accredited to Kienle, who in 1927 modified polyester with mono-
functional carboxylic acids. Alkyd resins can be classified as polyesters because they are
produced through multiple etherification reactions. The commonest components of
polyester resins which are alkyd resins are glycerol and phthalic anhydride, Phthalic acid
reacts as the corresponding dibasic acid and glycerol is a trihydric alcohol. The initial
reaction product of glycerol and phthalic anhydride when heated at 150-200ºC is the
half-ester, glyceryl phthalate; there is no water of reaction in this case as an anhydride is
used.
Co
Ho-G-OH + p o -Ho-G-OOCP-COOH
Ho Co Ho
Phthalic anhydride glyceryl phthalate

glycerol
Where CH2
↓
G CH2
↓
CH2
On further heating, esterification continues and long chain molecules are produced
which contain free hydroxyl groups. As condensation proceeds and the molecules become
12
larger, the resins formed lose their solubility in solvents and also become infusible.
Prevention of rapid formation of very large molecules is achieved using monohydric
alcohols like cyclohexane.
II) VINYL BASED RESINS: This class of resins can be homo-polymers e.g polyvinyl
chloride or co-polymers. Vinyl based resins can be prepared in a wide range of molecular
weights. Higher molecular weights yield tougher films and takes longer time to complete
film integration. An example of vinyl based resins used at wall care paints and lacquer
company is polyvinyl acetate(PVA). This is a rubbery synthetic polymer with the formula
(C4H6O2)n. It is a whitish, thermoplastic, water insoluble, resinous high polymer derived from
polymerization of vinyl acetate (its monomer) with a catalyst; used as a later binder in water-
based paints. Further research shows that polyvinyl acetate may be introduced a benzene
solution of vinyl acetate containing the desired catalyst into a jacket vessel. At a temperature
of about 72ºC, the mixture boils and the vapors are condensed and returned to the kettle.
After about 5hours at a gentle boil, the reaction mixture is run to a still; the solvent and
unchanged vinyl acetate are removed by steam distillation. The molten resin is then either
run into drums, where it solidifies or extruded into rods and sliced flakes. Generally, the
binder or resin in a paint (both oil or water based) helps to bind the other components in a
paint together in a cohesive, continuous film and provides the adhesive power for paint to
stick to a substrate. It is largely responsible for drying time, toughness, adhesion, resistance
to water and chemical durability, flammability and water retention of the coating. The shell
life of the depends on the quality and quantity of the binder used. At wall care paints and
lacquer some of the brand names of PVA used are: acrylic 557, acrylic 505.
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Figure 2.1:PVA
PIGMENTS: Pigments are naturally occurring or synthetically produced fine organic and
inorganic powdered solid that are dispersed in paints to provide certain characteristics to
them including color, opacity (hiding power), durability, mechanical strength and corrosion
protection for metallic substrates. Organic pigments are used for decorative purposes while
inorganic pigments are traditionally added for protective properties. Their major functions
are the color and hiding properties. They have inherent characteristics like color, thinning
strength, color fastness and opacity. Some pigments are titanium oxides, iron oxides.
Pigments have to be uniformly dispersed in the binder to provide consistent appearance. They
have to remain in suspension or be easy to disperse if settling occurs. The pigment has to be
able the milling process.
Types of pigments: Pigments used in paint production are 3 types
i) Prime pigments and colorants: These are pigments whose main function lies in providing
color and opacity (hiding power). Example is titanium oxide and colored oxides.
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Figure 2.1.1: TITANIUM DIOXIDE
ii) Extender pigments: These are inorganic pigments usually of natural origin which are white
in dry powder but become relatively colorless when dispersed in the binding medium. They
impart very little color and opacity in paint. Hence it is normally used to cheapen the cost of
paint. An example of this is calcium carbonate (CaCO3), kaolin E.T.C.
15
Figure 2.1.1.2: BAG OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
iii) Complementary pigments: They are also called titanium spacers because they enhance
the spacing of titanium dioxide in paints. They can also impart special properties to the paint
example is Antimony oxide which when incorporated into water based paint, imparts fire
resistance property to the system.
ADDITIVES: Additives are chemicals added to paint, usually in small quantities to achieve
special effects. Typical paint additives nay be classified by their effect on the properties of
liquid or dry paint. Examples of such effects are foaming-skinning, pigment dispersion, gloss,
bacteria resistance and many more.
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ADDITIVES USED IN WATER BASED PAINTS
Thickeners: This is a non-ionic water soluble powdered polymers that are added to thicken
(increase viscosity) of the coating. Thickeners used in water paints are cellulose based and
its derivatives example is Natrosol (hydroxyethyl cellulose). Thickeners are usually added
to paints in the form of solution rather than as dry powders to minimize seeding.
Figure 2.1.1.3: THICKENER
Preservatives: Preservatives are mostly used in water based paints because they are prone to
deterioration pertaining to the water medium and cellulose based materials used which
provides nutrients for micro-organisms. The indications of this microbial activities include
offensive odor, discoloration, loss of viscosity. Bacteria and fungi are the main culprit micro-
organisms. The following preservatives were used at wall care paints and lacquer
company:
a) Biocide: It contains a caustic alkali called sodium hydroxide. It is used to kill bacteria.
b) Anti-fungi (fungicide): They are used to prevent the growth of fungi.
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Figure 2.1.1.4: 25 LITERS OF BIOCIDE
c)Dispersing agent/wetting agent: This is introduced into a paint system to aid in effective
distribution of pigments and its aggregates to yield uniform mixture. At wall care paints and
lacquer company a white powdery hydroscopic substance called calgon (Sodium
Tripolyphosphate) was used.
Figure 2.1.1.5: CALGON
d)Aluminum silicate: This is a white powdery substance which is normally used in the
production of brilliant white to add whitening effect.
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2.1.3 PAINT FORMULATION
Paint formulation can be defined as the proportionate listing of all the raw materials as would
be contained in a paint composition. Some factors that are considered before formulation are
cost, place of application (whether interior or exterior), paint type, consistency in viscosity,
appearance, durability and package conditions.
Formulation of some type of paints will be discussed below.
2.1.4 PRODUCTION OF WATER BASED PAINT
The various operations needed to mix paint are wholly physical. The manufacture of paints
involves the dispersion of the pigments into part of the binder and solvents by way of a
disperser or grinding mill. The various types of paints produced are emulsion, texcoat, semi-
gloss paints and screeding bond which are based on the request of the consumer. What differs
among the various types of water based paints are the quantity and quality of PVA, titanium
dioxide and finally quantity of additives added during production of brand.
TYPES OF PAINT PRODUCED AT WALL CARE PAINTS AND LACQUER COMPANY
i) Baylux emulsion paint.
ii) Baylux texcoat paint.
iii) Baylux screeding potty.
iv) Baylux semi-gloss paint.
2.1.5: PRODUCTION OF BAYLUX EMULSION (BRILLIANT WHITE) PAINT
Aim: To produce 50 buckets of Baylux emulsion (brilliant white)
Basis: 1 hour and 30 minutes
The quality controller technician weighs the necessary materials for required production.
Ingredient materials Volume (liters) Mass (kg)

Water 600
Calgon (Sodium Tripolyphosphate) 1
19
Titanium dioxide 25kg

Calcium Carbonate (white) 750kg (15 bags)
Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) 50kg
Biocide 2
Natrosol (thickener) 6.3
Ammonia 2
Apparatus used: High speed disperser (1,200 liters capacity) and weighing balance.
Figure 2.1.1.6: HIGH SPEED DISPERSER MACHINE
20
Manufacturing procedures:
i)The apparatus needed for the mixing of the paint’s ingredient materials is washed and made
ready for use.
ii) Assemble 750kg (15 bags) of calcium carbonate near the dispersing machine for easy feed.
iii) 600 liters of water is fed into the dispersing machine.
iv) measure 25kg of titanium dioxide and 1kg of calgon and pour into the dispersing machine.
v) The disperser machine is switched on to run for 2mins before adding the calcium
carbonate.
vi) With the machine on and its shaft rotating about its axis, feed in 750kg of the calcium
carbonate.
vii) As the mixing proceeds the following should be added gradually:
a) 50kg PVA
b) 6.3kg natrosol (thickener)
c) 2liters of biocide.
d) 2liters ammonia.
viii) After having fed all the component, the machine is left to run for a homogenous mixture
of the paint for 30 minutes.
2.1.6 PRODUCTION OF BAYBOND SCREEDING (WHITE)
Aim: To produce 40 buckets of Baybond screeding potty.
Basis: 1hour
21
Ingredient materials Volume(liters) Mass(kg)

Water 200
Calgon(Sodium 1
Tripolyphosphate)
Titanium dioxide 4
Calcium Carbonate(white) 1000 (15bags)
Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA) 80
Biocide 1.5
Ammonia 1.5
Apparatus: High disperser machine and mixing tank (2000) liters and weighing balance.
ready for use.
ii)Assemble 1000kg (20 bags) of calcium carbonate near the dispersing machine for easy
feed.
iii)200 liters of water is fed into the dispersing machine.
iv) measure 4kg of titanium dioxide,1kg of calgon,80kg PVA and pour into the dispersing
machine.
v)The disperser machine is switched on to run for 2mins before adding the calcium carbonate.
vi)With the machine on and its shaft rotating about its axis, feed in 1000kg of the calcium
carbonate.
vii)As the mixing proceeds the following should be added gradually:
a) 4.5kg natrosol (thickener)
b) 1.5 liters of biocide.
c) 1.5 liters of ammonia.
22
2.1.7 PRODUCTION OF BAYLUX TEXCOAT (WHITE)
Aim: To produce 30 buckets of Baylux texcoat (white)
Basis: 1hour
Ingredient material Volume (liters) Mass(kg)

water 140
Calgon(Sodium 1
Tripolyphosphate)
Polyvinyl acetate(PVA) 75
Titanium dioxide 15
Calcium carbonate (white) 400 (8bags)
Marble dust 350 (7bags)
Biocide 1.5
Ammonia 1.5
Apparatus: High disperser machine and mixing tank (1500) liters and weighing balance.
ready for use.
ii)Assemble 400kg (8bags) of calcium carbonate(white) and 350kg (7bags) of marble dust
near the dispersing machine for easy feed.
iii)140 liters of water is fed into the dispersing machine.
iv) measure 15kg of titanium dioxide,1kg of calgon,75 kg of PVA and pour into the
dispersing machine.
v)The disperser machine is switched on to run for 2mins before adding the calcium carbonate
and marble dust.
23
vi)With the machine on and its shaft rotating about its axis, feed in 400kg of the calcium
carbonate and 350kg of marble dust.
vii)As the mixing proceeds the following should be added gradually:
a) 2.5kg natrosol (thickener)
b) 2liters of biocide.
c) 2liters ammonia.
2.1.8: PRODUCTION OF BAYLUX SEMI GLOSS (WHITE)
Aim: To produce 10 buckets of Baylux semi-gloss paint.
Basis: 45mins
Ingredient materials Volume(liters) Mass(kg)

Water 50
Calgon 1
Titanium dioxide 40
Aluminum silicate 1
Biocide 0.5
Natrosol (thickener) 1
Ammonia. 0.5
Apparatus: High speed disperser machine and mixing tank (300 liters) capacity and weighing
balance.
Manufacturing procedure: The same steps used in manufacturing emulsion paint except there
is no addition of calcium carbonate and the solvent quantity (water) is less.
24
2.1.8.1: BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND FUCNTIONS OF COMPONENTS USED IN WATER-

BASED PAINTS
i) Water: Water is an inorganic solvent used in water-based paints. It is the carrier for the
non-volatile components. It controls flow and application properties.
ii) Calcium carbonate: This is a white extender pigment derived from limestone or dolomite
(which consist of calcium carbonate with up to 44% magnesium carbonate. It gives
characteristics such as easy spreading, improved anti-corrosion.
iii) Calgon (Sodium polymeta-phosphate): Calgon is a dispersing agent used in paint

production. It slows down sedimentation, stabilizes water hardness.
iv) Titanium dioxide: This is a white pigment used in the coatings industry. It is widely used
because it efficiently scatters visible light, thereby imparting whiteness, brightness and
opacity when incorporated into a coating.
v) Polyvinyl acetate(PVA): This is a whitish non-volatile portion of the liquid part of a

coating. It serves as the binder which holds the different components of the paint together
and stick to the wall of the building.
vi) Thickener: They are white fine powdery substance. Thickeners are used in paint systems
to achieve particular rheological properties such as shear-rate dependent behavior, to control
the viscosity at low and high shear rates, sag resistance and application viscosity.
vii) Anti foam: The additive is used to prevent formation of foam or is added to break a foam
already formed. In industrial processes, foams pose serious problems.
viii) Marble dust: Naturally they are limestone based and gotten when crushed. They are
added to paint and mediums to create textural and bodying qualities to paint without affecting
the color.
25
Figure 2.1.1.7
ix) Biocide: This is a colorless chemical agent which contains a liquid solution of caustic
alkali. It is capable of killing living organisms (bacteria) that are responsible for shortening
the life span of paints especially when they are cans/buckets.
2.1.9: PROPERTIES OF A PAINT
The resins and other paint components discussed in the above are used to provide properties
to coatings for specific applications. These properties are determined by the substrate to be
covered, the end use for the product and the environment in which the coating is to be applied.
26
Paints are manufactured for industrial applications, building and structural maintenance and
house decorations. For the purpose of this report, decorative coatings are the main focus.
SELECTION OF COATINGS
Virtually any desired property can be built into coating if the need exists. Ultraviolet light
resistance, chemical resistance, impact resistance, glossy appearance and many more
characteristics influence the selection of a coating. It is important to carefully define the needs
of the coating to be sure that the it will perform properly.
The primary factors to consider in choosing coatings are:
• The task to be performed.

• Appearance or performance.
• The weather condition of the environment the coating will be applied.
APPEARANCE
• Gloss level: High, medium or low.

• Finish appearance: Smooth, slight texture or heavy textured.
PERFORMANCE
• Ultra violet ray resistance.

• Corrosion resistance.
• Abrasion
• Chemical attack
Other factors include: Exterior or interior use and product life expectancy.
27
CHAPTER 3
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND PROBLEMS SOLVED
3.1: PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
During the course of my industrial training at Wall Care Paints and Lacquer company, the
following are some of the problems I encountered when learning the process of water based
paint manufacturing
• Bubble formation: This is mostly found in water based paints and seen when paints are
being applied on substrates, the bubbles break to form “pin holes”. It can be formed by
excessive agitation of the paint by the dispersing machine leading to generation heat
causing the molecules to try and escape.
• Seediness: This is when undispersed particles are found present in paints during
production. This is mostly observed in emulsion paints. Those undispersed particles are
called “agglomerates”.
• Settlings (sedimentation): This is the sinking of pigments, extenders or other solid matter
in a paint when in a can/bucket with a consequent accumulation on the bottom of the
can/bucket.
3.1.1: PROBLEMS SOLVED
The following problems mentioned above which I encountered at Wall Care Paints and
Lacquer company were solved by these steps.
• Bubble formation: Adequate amount of anti-foam was used to solve this problem and
also limit the extent of agitation in order to avoid heat generated by the high speed
disperser.
• Seediness: This problem was solved by using sufficient amount of dispersant such as
calgon. It can also be solved by proper mixing of the paint.
• Settlings (sedimentation): Adequate amount of thickening agent (hydroxyl ethyl
cellulose) was used to solve this problem.
28
CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1: SUMMARY
Paint or surface coating is a fluid mixture of component materials such as binders, pigments,
extenders and additives which forms an adherent opaque solid film, after sometime on
application on substrate. Paint production is a semi-batch and physical process which
involves the mixing or well agitation of the component materials in order to obtain a well
dispersed uniform fluid mixture. The application of paint includes protection against
corrosion, decorative purposes and some other functions.
4.1.2: CONCLUSION
The Students Industrial Experience Scheme has truly been a haunting one and of great
benefit to me in no finite measure. The major benefits enjoyed by students who participate
meticulously and diligently in their industrial training are the unmeasurable skills and
competence they acquire. This is because the knowledge and skills acquired through training
are internalized and become relevant when required to perform future jobs or functions in
their various industries.
In conclusion paint or surface coatings are used in almost all branches of science and
technology. The most common areas of application include decorative or household paints,
marine coatings, plant and chromium plating of motor cars, thick copper coatings of printing
rollers, very thin anti reflection coatings on camera lenses, high temperature diffusion
coatings. The use of coatings cannot be over-emphasized and its production requires the
meticulous attention of scientifically trained technician and professional chemists and
chemical engineer.
4.1.3: RECOMMENDATION
As earlier stated, SIWES is a generic program with its impact and effectiveness cutting
across all SIWES-approved disciplines including Chemical Engineering. However, two
points need to be made with respect to SIWES in Chemical Engineering.
29
Firstly, Chemical Engineering has the peculiar problem of scarcity of quality

places of industrial attachment. Although nearly all materials in modern civilization passes
through one form of chemical processing or the other and, therefore, placement should
normally not be a problem for chemical engineering students, the reality is that finding
quality places of attachment for this category of students is becoming very discouraging. This
is, to a large extent, attributable to the decline in industrial activity in the economy and the
large numbers of chemical engineering students in tertiary institutions competing for the
limited available places. With improvements in the level of industrial activity in the economy
the problems of finding quality places of attachment for students of chemical engineering
and/or petroleum and gas engineering might disintegrate.
The second point that needs to be made is that SIWES is not and cannot be a substitute
for structured professional training in Chemical Engineering as well as in other engineering
fields. At best, SIWES is a pre-qualification introduction into the chemical engineering
profession that enables the student to appreciate how the profession is practiced in real life.
Apart from passing appropriate examinations in the principles that under chemical
engineering, the professional chemical engineer must also have received practical training in
the skills and duties of an engineer and must also have obtained sufficient experience in
carrying out the duties of a professional post (The Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1974).
For the professional development of chemical engineering graduates from Nigerian tertiary
institutions, a system of practical training and garnering of experience similar to that outlined
by the Institution of Chemical Engineers, United Kingdom needs to be adopted. Such training
and experience should cover Process Plant Fabrication and Materials of Construction,
Process and Plant Development, Process and Plant Design, Process Plant Operation, Quality
Assessment of Process Materials, and General Company/Management Training.
30
REFRENCES
1) Allen, C. R. quoted in Craig, R. L. (1987). Training and Development Handbook, 3rd. ed.
McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 10.
2) COREN (1991). Supervised Industrial Training Scheme in Engineering (SITSIE).

Council of Registered Engineers of Nigeria.
3) Flick, E.W., Water Based Paint Formulations, Park Ridge N.J., 1975.
4) Flick, E.W Solvent-Based Paint Formulation, Noyes, Park Ridge N.J. 1977.
5) Rodger Talbert: Paint Technology Handbook 3rd ed, Taylor and Francis Group LLC, 2008.
6) Patton, T.C: Pigments in Paint, Noyes Park Ridgo, N.J. 1974.
7) Ramney, M.H: Powder Coatings Technology, Boyes, Park Ridge, N.J. 1975.
8) Weismentel, G: Paint Handbook, MC Graw-Hill, New York, 1981.
31

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SIWES REPORT 2019|LMU/CSE/CHE/15BBB003938

TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................................................ I

1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF SIWES……………………………………………………………1

2.1.5: PRODUCTION OF BAYLUX EMULSION PAINT…………………………………...19-20p

4.1:SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...................................................... 29

Date: August 2019.

Department SIWES officer Date

Head of department Date

My profound gratitude goes to Landmark University for creating an avenue for me to

1.1.1 MEANING OF SIWES

1.1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

1.1.3 GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

1.1.4 ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF SIWES

The organization of the Students’ Industrial Work-Experience Scheme (SIWES)

• Industry/Employers (NECA, NACCIMA, MAN, Government Establishments)

Organized private sector Supervising Chief executive

Employers (industry and Tertiary institutions (universities, ITF Area offices

Student trainees (science,

Figure 1; Relationship Amongst SIWES stakeholders

1.1.5 BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

1.1.6 COMPANY PROFILE: BRIEF HISTORY OF WALL CARE PAINTS AND

The company is managed by a team of selected industrial professionals who combine to

i) Baylux emulsion paint.

ii) Baylux texcoat paint.

iii) Baylux screeding potty.

iv) Baylux semi-gloss paint.

• To achieve high levels of customer satisfaction

1.1.6.2 ORGANOGRAM OF THE COMPANY

Personnel manager Production manager Quality control manger

Sales officer Cashier Maintenance Production unit

PROJECTS CARRIED OUT

2.1 BRIEF BACKGROUND OF PAINTS

Paints as a fluid is an engineered product made of different component such as binders,

2.1.1 ORIGIN OF PAINTS

2.1.2: CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT

is commonly produced at mission enterprises, it can further be classified into water-based

➢ They impact shining property to a surface.

2.1.2.1 BASIC COMPONENTS OF PAINTS

Phthalic anhydride glyceryl phthalate

Types of pigments: Pigments used in paint production are 3 types

Figure 2.1.1: TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Figure 2.1.1.2: BAG OF CALCIUM CARBONATE

ADDITIVES USED IN WATER BASED PAINTS

Figure 2.1.1.3: THICKENER

b) Anti-fungi (fungicide): They are used to prevent the growth of fungi.

Figure 2.1.1.4: 25 LITERS OF BIOCIDE

Figure 2.1.1.5: CALGON

2.1.3 PAINT FORMULATION

Formulation of some type of paints will be discussed below.

2.1.4 PRODUCTION OF WATER BASED PAINT

TYPES OF PAINT PRODUCED AT WALL CARE PAINTS AND LACQUER COMPANY

i) Baylux emulsion paint.

ii) Baylux texcoat paint.

iii) Baylux screeding potty.

iv) Baylux semi-gloss paint.

2.1.5: PRODUCTION OF BAYLUX EMULSION (BRILLIANT WHITE) PAINT

Aim: To produce 50 buckets of Baylux emulsion (brilliant white)

Basis: 1 hour and 30 minutes

Ingredient materials Volume (liters) Mass (kg)

Titanium dioxide 25kg

Figure 2.1.1.6: HIGH SPEED DISPERSER MACHINE

iii) 600 liters of water is fed into the dispersing machine.

vii) As the mixing proceeds the following should be added gradually:

b) 6.3kg natrosol (thickener)