ch4 Drive

DEBRE-MARKOS UNIVERSITY
College of Technology
Department of mechanical engineering
CAPTER FOUR
DRIVES
1 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013



 Torque multiplication(speed reduction):
A smaller drive pulley(gear) is attached to the motor shaft, while a
larger diameter pulley(gear) is attached to a parallel shaft that operates
at a correspondingly lower speed and the revers is true.
 It classified in to two categories;

1) Flexible drive :
 Mechanical Elements used in conveying systems and in the
transmission of power over comparatively long distances.
 used as a replacement for gears, shafts, and other relatively rigid
power-transmission devices.
 reduces machine cost.
why?
 since these elements are elastic and usually quite long, they play
an important part in absorbing shock loads and in damping out
and isolating the effects of vibration. (Long machine life)
 Most flexible elements do not have an infinite life. When they are
used.
 so it is important to establish an inspection schedule to guard
against wear, aging, and loss of elasticity.& replaced at the first
sign of deterioration.

1.1 friction drive (Belt drive, rope drive)
 it operates by applying frictional force
 Preferable for long center distance is required
 It can be easily convert the direction of rotation
 slippage occur due to friction, results efficiency is reduced.
 applied where the rotational speeds are relatively high, as on the first
stage of speed reduction from an electric motor or engine.

1.2 chain drive (roller chine)
 Have small slippage relative to fraction drive
 can not easily move in we want direction
 It Provide positive mechanical drive, desirable at the low-speed, high-
torque condition
 The high torque causes high tensile forces to be developed in the
chain. The elements of the chain are typically metal, and they are sized
to withstand the high forces .The link so chains are engaged in toothed
wheels called Sprockets.

2. rigid drive (gear drive)
 Are power-transmission devices.
 They can rotate at high speed and reduced more slippage.
 However, if very large ratios of speed reduction are required in the
drive, gear reducers are desirable because they can typically
accomplish large reductions in a rather small package.
 The out put shaft of the gear-type speed reducer is generally at low
speed and high torque. If both speed and torque are satisfactory for
the application, it could be directly coupled to the driven machine.
 We have discussed earlier that the slipping of a belt or rope is a
common phenomenon, in the transmission of motion or power
between two shafts.
 The effect of slipping is to reduce the velocity ratio of the system.
 A gear drive is also provided, when the distance between the driver and
the follower is very small.

 In order to understand how the motion can be transmitted by two
toothed wheels, consider two plain circular wheels A and B mounted
on shafts. The wheels have sufficient rough surfaces and press
against each other as shown in Fig

Advantages and Disadvantages of Gear Drives
 The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the gear drive
as compared to other drives, i.e. belt, rope and chain drives:
Advantages
1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.
2. It may be used to transmit large power.
3. It may be used for small Centre distances of shafts.
4. It has high efficiency.
5. It has reliable service.
6. It has compact layout.
Disadvantages
1. Since the manufacture of gears require special tools and equipment,
therefore they are expensive than other drives.

4.2. Belt drive
 four principal types of belts ( flat, round, v &timing )
 Timing belts require toothed wheels, or sprockets.
In all cases, the pulley axes must be separated by a certain minimum
distance, depending upon the belt type and size, to operate properly.
Other characteristics of belts are:
 They may be used for long center distances.
 Except for timing belts, there is some slip and creep, and so the
angular-velocity ratio between the driving and driven shafts is neither
constant nor exactly equal to the ratio of the pulley diameters.
 In some cases an idler or tension pulley can be used to avoid
adjustments in center distance that are ordinarily necessitated by age
or the installation of new belts.
Table 4–1Characteristics of Some Common Belt Types.
Figures are Cross Sections except for the Timing Belt, which is a Side
View;
Geometry of Flat belt drive
A, open
B, Closed

A, open belt
B, Closed belt

as shown in Fig the driving pulley (or driver) “A” and the driven pulley (or
follower) “B”. the driving pulley pulls the belt from one side and delivers it
to the other side. It is thus obvious that the tension on the former side (i.e.
tight side) will be greater than the latter side (i.e. slack side).
 A change in belt tension due to friction forces between the belt and
pulley will cause the belt to elongate or contract and move relative to
the surface of the pulley.
 The angle of contact is made up of the effective arc, through
which power is transmitted, and the idle arc.
 For the driving pulley the belt first contacts the pulley with a tight-side
tension F1 and a velocity V1 , which is the same as the surface
velocity of the pulley.

 The belt then passes through the idle arc with no change in F1 or
V1 . Then creep or sliding contact begins, and the belt tension changes
in accordance with the friction forces. At the end of the effective arc
the belt leaves the pulley with a loose-side tension F2 and a reduced
speed V2 .
 more power is transmitted by static friction than sliding friction.
 centrifugal tension in the belt











 This indicates that, If Fi equals zero, then T equals zero: no initial
tension, no torque transmitted. The torque is in proportion to the initial
tension. This means that if there is to be a satisfactory flat-belt drive,
the initial tension must be;
(1) provided,
(2) sustained,
(3) in the proper amount, and
(4) maintained by routine inspection.

From Eq. ( a & b), incorporating Eq. (9) gives
…………………………………………..(10)
………………………(11)





EXAMPLE-1 A polyamide A-3 flat belt 150mm wide is used to transmit
11kw under light shock conditions where Ks = 1.25, and a factor of
safety equal to or greater than 1.1 is appropriate. The pulley rotational
axes are parallel and in the horizontal plane. The shafts are 2.4m apart.
The 150mm driving pulley rotates at 1750 rev/min in such a way that the
loose side is on top. The driven pulley is 450mm in diameter. See Fig.The
factor of safety is for unquantifiable exigencies.
(a) Estimate the centrifugal tension Fc and the torque T.
(b) Estimate the allowable F1 , F2 , Fi and allowable power Ha .
.
26 (c) Estimate the factor of safety. Is it satisfactory? 4/3/2013




Step 6 1240N
Step 7 0.314
Since f′< f , that is, 0.314 < 0.80, there is no danger of slipping
Step 8
The combination ( F1)a , F2, and Fi will transmit the design power
Transmit power Hd = Hnom Ks nd = 11(1.25)(1.1) = 15.125KW and
protect the belt.
So 1.1 ( as expected)
The belt is satisfactory and the maximum allowable belt tension exists.
If the initial
tension is maintained, the capacity is the design power of
15.125KW By mamaru w.& seyfu T.
29 4/3/2013
.
V - belt

V Belts
 Always the arrangement is open not closed.
 Mostly the rotary speed is between 5 – 25 m/s ,20m/s is best.
Have five sections, A,B,C,D and E (standard circumferences)
 Internal circumference of section A-650-3200mm
 Internal circumference of section B- 875 – 7500mm
 Internal circumference of section C- 1275 – 10500mm
 Internal circumference of section D- 3000 – 105000mm
 Internal circumference of section E- 45000 – 16500mm
 Length Conversion Dimensions (Add the Listed Quantity to the Inside
Circumference to Obtain the Pitch Length in millimeter)
A = 32, B = 45, C = 72, D = 82, E =112
E.g. B1000
Internal circumference = 1000mm
Pitch length = 1000 +45 =1045mm

The groove angle of a sheave is made some what smaller than
the belt-section angle. This causes the belt to wedge itself into the
groove, thus increasing friction.
The exact value of this angle depends on the belt section, the sheave
diameter, and the angle of contact.
If it is made too much smaller than the belt, the force required to pull
the belt out of the groove as the belt leaves the pulley will be
excessive. Optimum values are given in the commercial literature.









 Durability (life) correlations are complicated by the fact that the
bending induces flexural stresses in the belt; the corresponding belt
tension that induces the same maximum tensile stress is Fb1 at the
driving sheave and Fb2 at the driven pulley. These equivalent tensions
are added to F1 as



Example A7.46-kw split-phase motor running at 1750 rev/min is used
to drive a rotary pump, which operates 24 hours per day. An engineer has
specified a 188-mm small sheave, an 280-mm large sheave, and three
B2800 belts. The service factor of 1.2 was augmented by 0.1 because of
the continuous-duty requirement. Analyze the drive and estimate the belt
life in passes and hours.

Solution
step1
V = πdn = 17m/s
Lp = L + Lc =2800 +45 =2845mm
=1054mm
φ = 3.054rad
step2
Interpolating in Table 17–12 for V = 17m/s gives Htab = 3.5kw. The
wrap angle in degrees is 3.057(180)/π = 175◦.
From Table 17–13, K1 = 0.99. From Table 17–14, K2 = 1.05.
Ha = K1 K2 Htab = 3.64kw
Hd = Hnom Ks nd = 9.7kw
Nb ≥ Hd/ Ha = 9.7/3.64= 2.67 → 3





Gear drives

 Power transmission is the movement of energy from its place of
generation to a location where it is applied to performing useful work.

 A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits
rotational force to another gear or device.

TYPES OF GEARS
1) Super gear
2) Helical gear
3) Rack and pinion
4) Bevel gear
5) Worm gear

1. SPUR GEAR
 Teeth is parallel to axis of rotation
 Transmit power from one shaft to
another parallel shaft.
External and Internal spur Gear
4/3/2013 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 45

2. Helical Gear
1) The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of the gear
2) This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate much more
smoothly and quietly than spur gears.
3) Used to transmit motion between parallel or non parallel shaft.

3. Rack and pinion
 Rack and pinion gears are used to
convert rotation (From the pinion)

into linear motion (of the rack).
 A perfect example of this is the
steering system on many cars.
4/3/2013 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 47

4. Bevel gears
 Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's rotation needs
to be changed
 They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can
be designed to work at other angles as well

 The teeth on bevel gears can be straight or spiral.
 locomotives, marine applications, automobiles, printing presses,
cooling towers, power plants, steel plants, railway track inspection

machines, etc.

Straight and Spiral Bevel Gears

5.WORM GEAR
 Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are needed. It is
common for worm gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even up to

300:1 or greater
 Many worm gears have an interesting property that no other gear set
has: the worm can easily turn the gear, but the gear cannot turn the
worm.
 Worm gears are used widely in material handling and transportation
machinery, machine tools, automobiles etc.

NOMENCLATURE OF SPUR GEARS
a

 The module m is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of
teeth. The customary unit of length used is the millimeter. The
module is the index of tooth size in SI.
 The diametral pitch Pd is the ratio of the number of teeth on the gear
to the pitch diameter. Thus, it is the reciprocal of the module. Since
diametral pitch is used only with U.S. units, it is expressed as teeth
per inch.
 The addendum, a is the radial distance between the top land and the
pitch circle. The dedendum,b is the radial distance from the bottom
land to the pitch circle. The whole depth h is the sum of the
addendum and the dedendum.
 The clearance circle is a circle that is tangent to the addendum
circle of the mating gear. The clearance c is the amount by which
the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its mating
gear.
 The backlash is the amount by which the width of a tooth space
exceeds the thickness of the engaging tooth measured on the pitch
circles.
 Diametral pitch (Pd): The diametral pitch is, by definition, the number of
teeth divided by the pitch diameter. That is,

N Where Pd = diametral pitch
Pd 
D
N = number of teeth
D = pitch diameter
 Module (m): Pitch diameter divided by number of teeth. The pitch
diameter is usually specified in millimeters; in the former case the

module is the inverse of diametral pitch. m = D/N
 Circular pitch (Pc) : The width of a tooth and a space, measured on the
pitch circle.(equal to the sum of the tooth thickness and the width of
space.)
D
P
c
53 By mamaru w.& seyfuN
T. 4/3/2013
VELOCITY RATIO OF GEAR DRIVE

velocity ratio (n)

pressure
 First determine pitchit usually has values of 20 or 25◦
angle(φ)
diameter from Pd , N
 And specify the center
(locate)
 Then construct r and R
 Draw line ab tangent to
pitch point
 draw line cd through
point p by forming φ from
ab.
 Line cd is called pressure
line,
generating line, and the line
of action.
 It represents the direction
in which the resultant
 Next, on each gear draw a circle tangent to the pressure line. These
force acts between the
circles
gears. are the base circles. Since they are tangent to the pressure line,
the pressure angle determines their size.

rb = rcos φ
where r is the pitch radius
 The addendum and dedendum distances for standard
interchangeable teeth are, as we shall learn later, 1/ Pd and 1.25/ Pd ,
respectively. Therefore, for the pair of gears we
are constructing,
a = 1/ Pd
b = 1.25/ Pd
Using these distances, draw the addendum and dedendum circles on

the pinion and on the gear as shown in Fig.
To draw a tooth, we must know the tooth thickness. the circular pitch is


P
 D
c
N

Force Analysis of Spur Gear
Let the numeral 1 for the frame of the machine, we shall designate the
input gear as gear 2, and then number the gear successively 3, 4, etc.,
until we arrive at the last gear in the train.
F23 = the force exerted by gear 2
against gear 3
F2a = The force of gear 2 against
a shaft a
Fa2 = the force of a shaft a against
gear 2
Fr = radial directions
Ft = tangential directions
N2 = rotation of pinion on shaft a
in rev/min
N3 = rotation of gear on shaft b in
rev/min
Ta2 due to Fa2
58 4/3/2013 By mamaru w.& seyfu T.

.

the velocity is
V = πdN
where V = pitch-line velocity, mm/s
d = gear diameter, mm
N = gear speed, rev/s
Their for the transmitted load is
where Wt = transmitted load, kN

H = power, kW
d = gear diameter, mm
n = speed, rev/min

Force Analysis of helical Gears
The point of application of the forces is in the
pitch plane and in the center of the gear face. From the
geometry of the figure, the three components of the total
(normal) tooth force W are
Usually Wt is given and the other forces are desired.

In this case, it is not difficult to discover that

Example 1:- Pinion 2 in Fig. runs at 1750 rev/min and transmits 2.5 kW to
idler gear 3. The teeth are cut on the 20◦full-depth system. and a gear
set consists of a 16-tooth pinion driving a 40-tooth gear. The diametral
pitch is 2, and the addendum and dedendum are 1/ Pd and 1.25/ Pd ,
respectively.
a. Compute the circular pitch, the center distance, and the radii of the
base circles.
b. In mounting these gears, the center distance was incorrectly
made 6 mm larger. Compute the new values of the pressure angle
and the pitch-circle diameters if the base circles are similar with the
previous.
c. Draw a free-body diagram of gear 3 and show all the forces that act
upon it


N
Pd 
D

Since the teeth were cut on the 20◦ pressure angle, the base-circle radii
are found to be, using rb = r cos φ ,
rb (pinion) =196/2cos 20◦ = 92mm
rb (gear) =490/2cos 20◦ = 230mm
Designating d′Pand d′Gas the new pitch-circle diameters, the 6 mm
increase in the center distance requires that
= 343 + 6 = 349mm
= 698 ………………… = 698 - …………. Eq (1)
= 0.4 …………………. Eq (2)
By using eq 1 and 2 = 499mm and =199.6mm

Since rb = r cos φ , the new pressure angle is





Stress and strength analysis of super and helical gear
Gear is fail either bending or wear.
 Failure by bending will occur when the significant tooth stress equals
or exceeds either the yield strength or the bending endurance strength.
 A surface failure (wear) occurs when the significant contact stress
equals or exceeds the surface endurance strength.
Wear analysis in super and helical gear
pitting resistance (contact stress) is given as:
allowable contact stress(contact endurance strength) σcall is

bending analysis in super and helical gear

Wear factor of safety is given as
where
dw1(dp)= the pitch diameter of the pinion, (mm)
Cp(ZE) = Elastic Coefficient Values of Cp Table 14–8.

Ko = Overload Factor: allowance for all externally applied loads in
excess of the nominal tangential load Wt (see Figs. 14–17 and14–18).
For bending and wear
Kv = Dynamic Factor: factors that occur inaccuracies in the

manufacture and meshing of gear teeth in action.
Qv
Qv = quality factor, the tolerance for
gears of various size manufactured to
a specified accuracy.
Qv =3 to 7 most commercial quality
gear
Qv = 8-12 for precision quality
70 By mamaru w.& seyfu T.
So select the standard. 4/3/2013
Ks = Size Factor: it reflects non uniformity of material properties due
to size e.g. Tooth size, Face width.
Kb = rim thickness factor, F = face width & P = diametral pitch

Y = poison factor (liews form factor) depend on number of tooth
Km (KH) = Load-Distribution Factor:

It modified the stress equations to reflect non uniform distribution of
load
71 across thew.&
By mamaru line ofT.contact.
seyfu 4/3/2013
.

Cf(ZR) = Surface Condition Factor: always one (1)
J (YJ) = Bending-Strength Geometry Factor: depend on number of tooth
Figure 14-6

.
where rP and rG are the pitch radii and rbP and rbG the
base-circle radii of the pinion and gear, respectively

Sc = is the allowable contact stress, lbf/in2 (N/mm2)

St = is the allowable bending stress(bending stress), lbf/in2(N/mm2

YN and (ZN) = Stress Cycle Factors

KR(YZ)= Reliability Factor
It is the effect of the statistical distributions of material fatigue failures.it
depend on reliability
KT( Yθ) = temperatures factor

temperatures up to 250°F (120°C), use 1
CH = Hardness-Ratio Factor
HB P and HBG are the Brinell hardness of the pinion and gear,
respectively .
mG isBythe
79 speed
mamaru ratio
w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013
EXAMPLE 2:- a17-tooth 20° pressure angle spur pinion rotates at1800
rev/min and transmits 4 hp to a 52-tooth disk gear. The diametral pitch is
10 teeth/in, the face width 1.5 in, and the quality standard is No. 6. The
gears are straddle-mounted with bearings immediately adjacent. The
pinion is a grade 1 steel with a hardness of 240 Brinell tooth surface and
through-hardened core. The gear is steel, through-hardened also, grade 1
material, with a Brinell hardness of 200, tooth surface and core.
Poisson’s ratio is 0.30, JP = 0.30, JG = 0.40, and Young’s modulus is 30
(106 )psi. The loading is smooth because of motor and load. Assume
a pinion life of 108cycles and a reliability of 0.90, and useYN = 1.3558
N-0.0178, ZN = 1.4488 N8-0.023. The tooth profile is uncrowned. This is a
commercial enclosed gear unit.
(a) Find the factor of safety of the gears in bending.
(b) Find the factor of safety of the gears in wear.
(c) By examining the factors of safety, identify the threat to each gear
and to the mesh.




N
Pd 
D

Load distribution factor
their for Uncrowned tooth profile Cmc = 1
Since face width is 1.5 inch b/n 1&17

Cpf = 1.5/[10(1.7)] − 0.0375 + 0.0125(1.5) = 0.0695
Bearings immediately adjacent, Cpm = 1

or
Commercial enclosed gear units (Fig. 14–11): Cma = 0.15
Ce = 1

Reliability Factor, KR From Table 14.10, with a reliability of 0.9, KR = 0.85.
temperature factors, KT = 1 and surface condition factors C f = 1.
Surface-Strength Geometry Factor,
I (ZI) =
mN = load sharing ratio =1 for spur gears,
Elastic Coefficient, Cp

Next, we need the terms for the gear endurance strength equations. From
Table 14–2, and table 14-5 for grade 1 steel with HB P = 240 and HBG =
200,
 endurance strength For bending
 endurance strength For wear
 then
For the hardness ratio factor CH , the hardness ratio is HBP/ HBG =
240/200 = 1.2.Then,

(a) Pinion tooth bending. Substituting the appropriate terms for the
pinion gives
Substituting the appropriate terms for the pinion
Gear tooth bending. Substituting the appropriate terms for the gear into
gives
Substituting the appropriate terms for the gear gives

(b) Pinion tooth wear. Substituting the appropriate terms for the pinion
gives
Substituting the appropriate terms for the pinion into gives
Gear tooth wear. The only term that changes for the gear is Ks. Thus,
Substituting the appropriate terms for the gear into with CH = 1.005
gives
(c) For the pinion, we compare (SF)P with (SH)2p , or 5.73 with (1.69)2 =
2.86,
88 soBythe threat
mamaru in the
w.& seyfu T. pinion is from wear. For the gear, we compare
4/3/2013
(SF)G with (SH)2G , or 6.96with (1.52)2 = 2.31, so the threat in the gear is
Short Quetions
• What is power transmission?
• Why gear drives are called positively driven?
• What is backlash in gears?
• What are the types of gears available?
• What is gear train? Why gear trains are used?
• Why intermediate gear in simple gear train is called
idler?
• What is the advantage of using helical gear over
spur gear?
• List out the applications of gears
• Define the term ‘module’ in gear tooth

Essay type questions
 With sketch explain various types of gears
 With neat sketch explain the nomenclature of
spur gear
 Write the applications, advantages and
disadvantages of gear drives

Force Analysis of Bevel Gear
 In determining shaft and bearing loads for bevel-gear
applications, the usual practice is to use the tangential or
transmitted load that would occur if all the forces were
concentrated at the midpoint of the tooth.
 While the actual resultant occurs somewhere between the
midpoint and the large end of the tooth, there is only a small
error in making this assumption. For the transmitted load, this
gives
Where T is the torque and rav is the pitch radius at the midpoint of
the tooth for the gear under consideration.
The forces acting at the center of the tooth are shown in Fig. The
resultant force W has three components: a tangential force Wt, a
radial force Wr, and an axial force Wa. From the trigonometry of
By mamaru w.& seyfu T.
the
91
figure, 4/3/2013
 Wr = Wt tan φ cos γ
Wa = Wt tan φ sin γ



.

W=
 take the sum of moments about bearing D,
the position vector from D to G and from D to C given as

then
The analysis for the pinion shaft is quite similar.

Force Analysis—Worm Gearing
If friction is neglected, then the only force exerted by the gear will be the
force W, shown in Fig. having the three orthogonal components Wx, Wy,
and Wz.

 the subscripts W and G to indicate forces acting against the worm and
gear, respectively.
 Since the gear axis is parallel to the x direction and the worm axis is
parallel to the z direction and that we are employing a right-handed
coordinate system.
Wy =radial force for both the worm and the gear.
Wx =tangential force on the worm and axial force on the gear
Wz =axial force on worm and tangential force on the gear

 In spur-gear the motion of one tooth relative to the mating tooth is
primarily a rolling motion; in fact, when contact occurs at the pitch

point, the motion is pure rolling.
 In contrast, the relative motion between worm and worm-gear teeth is
pure sliding, and so we must expect that friction plays an important

role in the performance of worm gearing.
 the force W acting normal to the worm-tooth profile produces a
frictional force Wf = f W , having a component f W cos λ in the

negative x direction and another component f W sin λ in the positive z
direction.
Their for

by rearranging we can get the flowing equations,

Chapter five bearing
 A little consideration will show that due to the relative motion between
the contact surfaces, a certain amount of power is wasted in over
coming frictional resistance and if the rubbing surfaces are in direct
contact, there will be rapid wear.
 A bearing is a machine element which used to support another
moving machine element.
 It permits a relative motion between the contact surfaces of the
members, while carrying the load.
Classification of Bearings
Though the bearings may be classified in many ways, yet the following
are important from the subject point of view:

1. Depending upon the direction of load to be supported
(a) Radial bearings:- the load acts perpendicular to the direction of
motion of the moving element
(b) thrust bearings:- the load acts along the axis of rotation.

2.Depending upon the nature of contact
A. Rolling contact bearings:- the steel balls or rollers, are interposed
between the moving and fixed elements. The balls offer rolling
friction at two points for each ball or roller.
In rolling contact bearings, the contact between the bearing surfaces
is rolling instead of sliding as in sliding contact bearings.

Advantages
 Low starting and running friction except at very high speeds.
 Accuracy of shaft alignment.
 Low cost of maintenance, as no lubrication is required while in service.
 Small overall dimensions.
 Reliability of service.
 Easy to mount and erect.
Disadvantages
 More noisy at very high speeds.
 Low resistance to shock loading.
 More initial cost.
 Design of bearing housing complicated.

.
A
.
B. Sliding contact bearings:- the sliding takes place along

the surfaces of contact between the moving element and
the fixed element. also known as plain bearings.

Conclusion
1. sliding bearing starts from rest with practically metal-to-metal
contact and has a high coefficient of friction. It is an outstanding
advantage of a rolling contact bearing over a sliding bearing that it
has a low starting friction. Due to this low friction offered by rolling
contact bearings, these are called antifriction bearings.
2. Bearings are manufactured to take pure radial loads, pure thrust
loads, or a combination of the two kinds of loads.
3. The nomenclature of all bearing is illustrated in Fig, which also have
four essential parts. These are the outer ring, the inner ring, the balls
or rolling elements, and the separator . In low-priced bearings, the
separator is sometimes omitted, but it has the important function of
separating the elements so that rubbing contact will not occur.

.

Chapter six lubrication
 When ever relative movement takes place between two
surfaces in contact, there will be resistance to movement, wear,
and heating of machine parts. This resistance is called the
frictional force, or simply friction. Where this situation will be
exists, it is often desirable to reduce, control, or modify the
problem.
 The main objective of lubrication is to reduce friction, wear, and
heating of machine parts that move relative to each other.

 it is any substance (solid, fluid) that, when inserted between
the moving surfaces, accomplishes these purposes. Or it is the
intermediate material between two parts with relative motion
for the purpose of reducing friction, wear between them.
 Proper lubrication with timely addition/replacement of

lubricant plays a vital role in maintaining machine accuracy
and increasing its working life.
 Gear teeth mate with each other by a combination of rolling
and sliding. Pistons slide within their cylinders. All these
applications require lubrication to reduce friction, wear, and
heating.
In many cases inserting a small quantity of oil or grease in the
component on initial assembly; this is almost never replaced or
refilled. If the service life is long and continuous, Then it
becomes necessary to choose the lubricant with care and often
to use a replenishment system.
Other important lubricant properties are the following
 Anti-wear and EP (extreme pressure) properties
 Oxidation resistance
 Ant-corrosion properties
 Anti-foaming property; and
 Demulsibility (ability to separate from water)
Classification of lubricants
i. Lubricating oils
In addition to preventing of or minimizing wear, lubricating oils
perform the following duties:
 Cooling by reducing friction and removing excess heat
generated
 Protection by inhibiting corrosive processes caused by air and
water
 Cleaning by flushing dirt particles away from lubricated
surfaces
ii. Greases
Grease may be defined as solid to semi-fluid lubricant consisting
of a dispersion of a thickening agent in a lubricating fluid. The
consistency of grease depends on the percentage of thickener in
the grease. Depending on the degree of consistency, greases are
classified as:
 Semi-fluid
 Soft
 Stiff
In selecting grease for use, considerations must be given to
conditions and nature of use. The first thing to be decided is the
consistency range. Next comes the operating temperature. Use
of greases is limited to very low speeds up to 2 m/s.
They find good use where sealing against dirt is sought or for
intermittent low speed motions.

iii. Solid lubricants:
A solid lubricant is defined as any solid used as powder or a thin

film on a surface to provide protection from damage during
relative motion so as to reduce friction and wear. Solid lubricants
are used when fluid lubricants. i.e. oils and greases, are
undesirable or ineffective.
 Fluid lubricants are undesirable if they are liable to contaminate
product as in food machinery, electrical contacts, etc. fluid
lubricants are ineffective in hostile environments, high
temperatures, extreme pressures and fretting conditions. A
common type of solid lubricant is graphite.

 The following are some properties of solid lubricants.
 Solid lubricants are incapable of carrying away heat.
 Solid lubricants are immobile and they must some how be
bonded to the surface.

 Solid lubricants are capable of retaining their lubricating
effectiveness at high temperatures.

This is all about Machine Element Two
Thank You all !!!
Motivation and Goal Setting: Paving your way to

success!!!

ch4 Drive

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ch4 Drive

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DEBRE-MARKOS UNIVERSITY

1 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

2 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

 It classiﬁed in to two categories;

3 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

4 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

 Preferable for long center distance is required

 It can be easily convert the direction of rotation

 slippage occur due to friction, results efﬁciency is reduced.

stage of speed reduction from an electric motor or engine.

5 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

6 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

7 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

8 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

9 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

12 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

13 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

14 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

15 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

16 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

17 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

18 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

19 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

20 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

21 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

22 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

23 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

24 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

27 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

28 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

30 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

31 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

32 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

33 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

34 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

35 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

36 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

37 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

38 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

39 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

40 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

41 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

42 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

43 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

generation to a location where it is applied to performing useful work.

rotational force to another gear or device.

44 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

 Transmit power from one shaft to

another parallel shaft.

External and Internal spur Gear

4/3/2013 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 45

46 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

 Rack and pinion gears are used to

convert rotation (From the pinion)

steering system on many cars.

4/3/2013 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 47

be designed to work at other angles as well

 locomotives, marine applications, automobiles, printing presses,

cooling towers, power plants, steel plants, railway track inspection

48 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

49 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 4/3/2013

common for worm gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even up to

machinery, machine tools, automobiles etc.