Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
como reducir el CORTISOL y su impacto en la Salud ..................................................................... 74
Qué hacer para sentirme bien: NEUROQUÍMICA DEL BIENESTAR Y NEUROQUÍMICA DEL MALESTAR
- Dra. Candace Pert ...................................................................................................................... 76
Abstract
2
extracts on insulin resistance and lipid metabolic disorder have
been reported in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Additionally, we
have observed a protective effect of SJW on the liver which is
the center of metabolism. The hepatoprotective and choleretic activities
observed in our laboratories are prominent in hypericinrich
fractions of SWJ extracts. Finally, antioxidant and tissue regerating
effects of SWJ extracts are supportive activites observed. All
together, findings stronlgy suggest that SJW may be important to
control body weight being used for the ethnomedical management
of metabolic disorders for many years.
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS
4
Gulam Mohammed Husain,1 Shyam Sunder Chatterjee,2,3 Paras Nath
Singh,1 and Vikas Kumar1
Abstract
1. Introduction
5
perforatum extract and hyperforin, a major bioactive constituent
of Hypericum perforatum, have been reported to protect cytokine-
induced β-cell injury, thereby improving β-cell function and survival [10]
which could be potentially valuable for the prevention or limitation of
beta-cell loss, observed in diabetes. A couple of studies from our
laboratory found a significant antihyperglycemic activity of Hypericum
perforatum extract in diabetic rats [11, 12]. Therefore, we propose
that Hypericum could be the antidepressant therapy of choice for
patients suffering from comorbid diabetes or obesity. In view of putative
antiobesity activity, Hypericum perforatum will gain a new perspective as
an antidepressant therapy.
Animal models are useful tools for obesity research as they readily gain
weight when fed with high-fat diets [13]. The rats fed with high fat
develop obesity, hyperphagia, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia,
hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia [14]. The physiological aspects
of this model replicate many of the features observed with the human
obesity syndrome [15]. Therefore, the high fat fed model has a good
translation potential to extrapolate animal data for clinical studies. Rats,
maintained on high-fructose diet, develop an acute hypertriglyceridemia
and insulin resistance [16–18]. Fructose is more lipogenic than glucose
or starch and induces moderate obesity and several adverse metabolic
effects, including hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, and
hypertension in rodents [19]. Fructose bypasses the
phosphofructokinase regulatory step and enters the pathway of
glycolysis or gluconeogenesis at the triose phosphate level, resulting in
increased hepatic triglyceride production [20] and insulin resistance [21].
The abnormalities and the disease progression in fructose-fed rats
resemble the human condition of metabolic syndromei hence, this
model also has good predictive validity. In the present communication,
hypolipidemic activity of Hypericum perforatum was assessed in normal
rats, and two validated models were used to assess the antiobesity
activity, that is high-fat-fed model and fructose-fed model.
6
3.2.1. Blood Glucose and Insulin Level in Fructose-Fed Rats
7
the groups was the same at the commencement of study; however, 15
days feeding with high-fat diet significantly increased the average food
intake on the 15th day. Treatment with HpE significantly reduced the
food intake on day 30 compared to the HFD control group
(𝐹 ( 3 , 2 0 ) = 2 5 . 9 7; 𝑃 < . 0 0 1). Results are depicted in Figure 2.
4. Discussion
8
there could be two possible underlying mechanisms of observed
hypolipidemic activity of plant extracts, that is, the blockade of
biosynthesis of cholesterol or decrease in dietary cholesterol absorption
from the intestine by binding with bile acids within the intestine and
increasing bile acids excretion.
5. Conclusion
The present study demonstrates that HpE decreases body weight gain,
serum parameters (total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglyceride, glucose, insulin)
and increases HDL-C in fructose and HFD-fed rats. Taken
9
together, Hypericum could be the antidepressant therapy of choice for
patients suffering from comorbid diabetes and obesity.
References
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Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi, India, 1959.
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DIABETES
Protective effects of St. John's wort extract and its component
hyperforin against cytokine-induced cytotoxicity in a pancreatic β-
cell line
MartaMenegazziaMichelaNovellibPascaleBeffycValentinaD’AleobElisaTed
eschiaRobertoLupidElisaZorattiaPieroMarchettidHisanoriSuzukiaPellegrin
oMasiellob
Abstract
11
In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, increased production of cytokines on
autoimmune or metabolic basis is supposed to trigger an inflammatory
process leading to dysfunction and death of pancreatic β-cells.
Therefore, anti-inflammatory pharmacological approaches aimed at
blocking cytokine signalling pathways and consequent cytotoxicity in β-
cells are highly advisable. Based on previous evidence of cytokine
antagonistic effects in other cell types, we explored the protective action
of Hypericum perforatum (St-John's-wort) extract and its component
hyperforin against cytokine-induced functional impairment and
apoptosis in the INS-1E β-cell line, searching for the underlying
mechanisms. The results showed that either St-John's-wort extract or
hyperforin (at 1–3 μM) prevented cytokine-induced impairment in
glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and protected cells against
apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion. Inducible-NO-synthase
expression was also potently hindered by the vegetal compounds.
Interestingly, cytokine-induced activations of the signal-transducer-and-
activator-of-transcription-1 (STAT-1) and the nuclear-factor-kappaB
(NF-κB) were both down-regulated by SJW extract or HPF (range 0.5–
5 μM) when evaluated by electrophoretic-mobility-shift-assay. Other
transcription factors (CBF-1, SP-1) were unaffected. Components of SJW
extract other than HPF were much less effective in down-regulating
cytokine signalling. Significantly, inhibition of cytokine-elicited STAT-1
and NF-κB activation was confirmed in isolated rat and human islets
incubated in the presence of these vegetal compounds. In conclusion,
St-John's-wort extract and hyperforin are non-peptidyl compounds
which, at low concentrations, target key mechanisms of cytokine-
induced β-cell injury, thereby improving β-cell function and survival.
Thus, they are potentially valuable for the prevention or limitation of β-
cell loss in diabetes.
St. John's Wort Extract and Hyperforin Protect Rat and Human
Pancreatic Islets Against Cytokine Toxicity
12
Michela Novelli, Pascale Beffy, Marta Menegazzi, Vincenzo De
Tata, Luisa Martino, Anna Sgarbossa, Svetlana Porozov, Anna
Pippa, Matilde Masini, Piero Marchetti, Pellegrino Masiello
Abstract
The extract of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort, SJW) and its
component hyperforin (HPF) were previously shown to inhibit cytokine-
induced activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-1
and nuclear factor κB and prevent apoptosis in a cultured β-cell line.
Objective of this study was to assess the protection exerted by SJW and
HPF on isolated rat and human islets exposed to cytokines in vitro.
Functional, ultrastructural, biomolecular and cell death evaluation
studies were performed. In both rat and human islets, SJW and HPF
counteracted cytokine-induced functional impairment and down-
regulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory target genes, such as
iNOS, CXCL9, CXCL10, COX2. Cytokine-induced NO production from
cultured islets, evaluated by nitrites measurement in the medium, was
significantly reduced in the presence of the vegetal compounds.
Noteworthy, the increase in apoptosis and necrosis following 48-h
exposure to cytokines was fully prevented by SJW and partially by HPF.
Ultrastructural morphometric analysis in human islets exposed to
cytokines for 20 h showed that SJW or HPF avoided early β-cell damage
(e.g., mitochondrial alterations and loss of insulin granules). In
conclusion, SJW compounds protect rat and human islets against
cytokine effects by counteracting key mechanisms of cytokine-mediated
β-cell injury and represent promising pharmacological tools for
prevention or limitation of β-cell dysfunction and loss in type 1 diabetes.
13
Michela Novelli 1, Marta Menegazzi 2, Pascale Beffy 3, Svetlana
Porozov 4, Alex Gregorelli 5, Daniela Giacopelli 6, Vincenzo De
Tata , Pellegrino Masiello
7 8
Abstract
The extract of the herbaceous plant St. John's wort (SJW) and its
phloroglucinol component hyperforin (HPF) were previously shown to
inhibit cytokine-induced STAT-1 and NF-κB activation and prevent
damage in pancreatic β cells. To further clarify the mechanisms
underlying their protective effects, we evaluated the phosphorylation
state of various factors of cytokine signaling pathways and the
expression of target genes involved in β-cell function, inflammatory
response and apoptosis induction. In the INS-1E β-cell line, exposed to
a cytokine mixture with/without SJW extract (2-5μg/ml) or HPF (1-5μM),
protein phosphorylation was assessed by western blotting and
expression of target genes by real-time quantitative PCR. SJW and HPF
markedly inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner (from 60 to 100%),
cytokine-induced activating phosphorylations of STAT-1, NF-κB p65
subunit and IKK (NF-κB inhibitory subunit IκBα kinase). MAPK and Akt
pathways were also modulated by the vegetal compounds through
hindrance of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK and Akt phosphorylations, each
reduced by at least 65% up to 100% at the higher dose. Consistently,
SJW and HPF a) abolished cytokine-induced mRNA expression of pro-
inflammatory genes; b) avoided down-regulation of relevant β-cell
functional/differentiation genes; c) corrected cytokine-driven imbalance
between pro- and anti-apoptotic factors, by fully preventing up-
regulation of pro-apoptotic genes and preserving expression or function
of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members; d) protected INS-1E cells against
cytokine-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, SJW extract and HPF exert
their protective effects through simultaneous inhibition of multiple
phosphorylation steps along various cytokine signaling pathways and
consequent restriction of inflammatory and apoptotic gene expression.
Thus, they have a promising therapeutic potential for the prevention or
14
limitation of immune-mediated β-cell dysfunction and damage leading
to type 1 diabetes.
metabolic syndrome.
Abstract
16
PPARγ pathway. In addition, SJW might have an anti-inflammatory effect
by preventing the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results
suggest that SJW extracts have the potential to prevent metabolic
syndrome
Our results suggest that SJW extracts might be useful in the prevention
of metabolic syndrome by inhibiting inflammatory. Epidemiological
studies indicate that there is a close association between the incidence
of depression and diabetes.25) A meta-analysis study indicated that the
presence of diabetes doubles the odds of comorbid depression.26) In
this study, the authors suggested that better recognition and better
treatment of depression could also improve the clinical outcome in a
substantial portion of patients with diabetes.
Zhou C1 et al
Abstract
17
component of St. John's wort, can stimulate interleukin-8 (IL-8)
expression in human intestinal epithelia cells (IEC) and primary
hepatocytes. Hyperforin is also able to induce expression of mRNA,
encoding another major inflammatory mediator--intercellular adhesion
molecule-1 (ICAM-1). IEC participate in the intestinal inflammatory
process and serve as a first line of defense through bidirectional
communication between host and infectious pathogens. Although
hyperforin is a potent ligand for the steroid and xenobiotic receptor
(SXR), we found that hyperforin induced IL-8 mRNA through an SXR-
independent transcriptional activation pathway. IL-8 induction by
hyperforin required the activation of AP-1 but not the NF-kappaB
transcription factor, thereby distinguishing it from the NF-kappaB-
dependent IL-8 induction mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha
(TNFalpha). Further study revealed that extracellular signal-regulated
kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) were required for the hyperforin-induced
expression of IL-8. Our results suggest a previously unsuspected
effect of St. John's wort in modulating the immune and
inflammatory responses
18
Abstract
Extracts of St. John's Wort are widely used for the treatment of
depressive disorders. The active principles have not yet been finally
elucidated. We have recently shown that hyperforin, a major active
constituent of St. John's Wort, not only inhibits the neuronal uptake of
serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, but also that of L-glutamate
and GABA. No other antidepressant compound exhibits a similar broad
uptake inhibiting profile. To investigate this unique kind of property,
kinetic analyses were performed regarding the uptake of 3H-L-
glutamate and 3H-GABA into synaptosomal preparations of mouse
brain. Michaelis-Menten kinetics revealed a reduction of Vmax (8.27 to
1.80 pmol/mg/min for 3H-L-glutamate, 2.76 to 0.77 pmol/mg/min for
3H-GABA) while Km was nearly unchanged in both cases, suggesting
non-competitive inhibition. The unselective uptake inhibition by
hyperforin could be mimicked by the Na+-ionophore monensin and by
the Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain. However, both mechanisms can
be discarded for hyperforin. Several amiloride derivatives known to
affect sodium conductance significantly enhance 3H-GABA and 3H-L-
glutamate uptake and inhibit the uptake inhibition by hyperforin, while
monensin or ouabain inhibition were not influenced. Selective
concentrations of benzamil for amiloride sensitive Na+-channels and
selective concentrations of 5'-ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA) for the
Na+-H+-exchangers both had an attenuating effect on the hyperforin
inhibition of L-glutamate uptake, suggesting a possible role of amiloride
sensitive Na+-channels and Na+-H+-exchangers in the mechanism of
action of hyperforin.
Similar articles
19
Mechanism of Action of St John's Wort in Depression : What Is
Known?
Veronika Butterweck 1
Abstract
20
antidepressant effects of St John's wort extract, many of the
pharmacological activities appear to be attributable to the
naphthodianthrone hypericin, the phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin
and several flavonoids. This review integrates new findings of possible
mechanisms that may underlie the antidepressant action of St John's
wort and its active constituents with a large body of existing literature.
so these gaba molecules here when they're released into the synapse
and they bind to the postsynaptic receptors here so these receptors
these gaba receptors here on the amygdala then what happens is when
gaba binds to thes receptors it actually inhibits the amygdala and it slows
down the hyperactivity of the amygdala and therefore it reduces anxiety
GABA is one of the supplements patients ask me about a lot, often with
looks of confusion on their faces. I think the confusion comes from the
fact that GABA is both a chemical produced within the body and a
supplement that’s made for ingestion. Unlike melatonin, which is also
produced within the body and as a supplement, GABA isn’t nearly as well
known—nor has it received nearly the amount of scientific attention.
Given the interest and popularity of GABA—and the importance of the
body’s own GABA for mood, and health—it’s definitely worth spending
some time talking about.
21
What is GABA?
Many medications interact with GABA and GABA receptors in the brain,
altering their function to achieve certain effects, typically relaxation, pain
relief, stress and anxiety reduction, lower blood pressure, and improved
sleep. Barbiturates, anesthetics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and
anti-seizure medications are some of the medications that target GABA.
22
I call GABA the brakes of the brain. It is the body’s most important
inhibitory neurotransmitter, which means it lowers the activity of neural
cells in the brain and central nervous system, having the effect of moving
the brain and the body into lower gear. By inhibiting neural activity,
GABA facilitates sleep, reduces mental and physical stress, lowers
anxiety, and creates a calmness of mood. GABA also plays an important
role in regulating muscle tone. In combination with glutamate, the
body’s most important excitatory neurotransmitter, GABA is an
important contributor to the body’s overall mental and physical
homeostasis, or balance.
GABA plays a role in the healthy functioning of the body’s immune and
endocrine systems, as well as in the regulation of appetite and
metabolism. There’s also interesting emerging research about GABA’s
role in gut health and gastrointestinal function, where it may work to
support motility, control inflammation and support immune system
function, and help regulate hormone activity.
Anxiety.
Chronic stress.
Depression.
23
There is ongoing investigation and debate about how GABA
supplements work in the body, and how their mechanisms of action may
differ from the body’s internally-produced GABA. Specifically, scientists
have not reached consensus about whether, or how effectively,
supplemental GABA crosses what’s known as the blood-brain barrier —
meaning, how well it moves from the bloodstream directly into the brain.
There remains real need for additional research into the effects of
supplemental GABA, including how it may affect the nervous system via
the gut.
Below, I’ll discuss what science tells us today about the potential
effectiveness of GABA supplements for sleep and other conditions.
Benefits of GABA
For sleep: The body’s own GABA activity is important for sleep. GABA
enables the body and mind to relax and fall asleep, and to sleep soundly
throughout the night. Low GABA activity is linked to insomnia and
disrupted sleep. In one study, GABA levels in people with insomnia were
almost 30 percent lower than in people without the sleep disorder. And
these low GABA levels also corresponded to more restless, wakeful sleep.
Sleep medications including those with zolpidem (Ambien and others)
and eszopiclone (Lunesta and others) target the body’s GABA system to
increase sedation and sleep. Research indicates that one negative side
effect of these sleep medications — hallucinations — may result from
their alterations to GABA activity.
24
For stress and anxiety: As a natural chemical the body produces, GABA’s
primary role is to diminish the activity of neurons in the brain and central
nervous system, which puts the body in a greater state of relaxation and
alleviates stress and anxiety. Supplemental GABA may benefit sleep by
aiding relaxation and providing relief from anxiety and stress. There
remains debate among researchers about supplemental GABA’s
effectiveness in reducing anxiety and stress because of longstanding
questions over supplemental GABA’s ability to enter the brain from the
bloodstream. (It’s important to note that GABA, in supplement form, may
have other ways of relaxing the body, including possibly through GABA’s
activity in the gut microbiome.)
While the scientific debate goes on, some studies have shown GABA to
be effective in lowering anxiety and boosting relaxation. One small study
of 13 adults showed GABA to be effective as a relaxant and anxiety
reliever, with slowed brain waves seen within an hour of taking the
supplement. This study also found that a boost to the immune system
also occurred with GABA, suggesting supplemental GABA may enhance
immunity in people undergoing mental stress.
25
maintaining healthy blood pressure can also help protect your sleep. A
natural drop in blood pressure at night is one part of the body’s
progression into sleep. High blood pressure can be a sign of
hyperarousal, a state of physical alertness and vigilance that can make it
difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep. Poor sleep and sleep disorders,
particularly sleep apnea, contribute to high blood pressure, and can lead
to the kind of hypertension that is difficult to treat.
Philippe Nuss
ANXIETY/GABA
https://www.intechopen.com/books/anxiety-disorders/the-loss-of-glutamate-gaba-harmony-in-
anxiety-disorders
26
the functionally disrupted pathways in the CNS leading to
neuropsychiatric illnesses and to indicate the possible targets for
searching new psychotropic drugs. When it comes to anxiety disorders,
the involvement of different neurochemical pathways were discussed
during the past few decades.
As with many other mood disorders, scientists aren’t sure exactly what
causes anxiety. But most researchers believe that mood disorders are
linked to a dysregulation of neurotransmitters–the molecules that
communicate messages in the brain to orchestrate many of our mind
and body processes, including mood.
27
drugs for depression and anxiety, and they work in part by increasing
serotonin levels in your brain.
WHAT IS GABA?
https://www.crystalstar.com/blog/get-friendly-with-gaba-the-brain-
molecule-that-beats-anxiety/
It’s all very well to say that GABA deficiency contributes to anxiety—but
what causes GABA deficiency?
28
controlled in part by our gut health, and specifically, the health of the
bacteria that live in our guts.
Out of a wide range of natural remedies, the herbs that have proved to
make the biggest difference to anxiety are kava
kava and passionflower—and both herbs work by simulating GABA
production in the brain. In other words, these herbs aren’t actually GABA
supplements, but they fool our brains into believing they are. Their
molecules are the same shape as GABA molecules, so our GABA
receptors will bind to them and transmit their calming message, exactly
as if they were GABA.
A good herbal blend will combine kava kava with other herbs thought
to simulate GABA, like black haw and ashwagandha.
If you’re dealing with low mood as well as feeling anxious, a blend that
combines kava kava with St. John’s Wort (shown to ease mild to
moderate depression) is a good choice. St. John’s Wort can sometimes
interact with other medications, so check with your doctor if this is a
concern for you.
If your anxiety is affecting your sleep, look for blends with both kava
kava and passionflower, alongside valerian, which scientists think might
help people fall asleep more easily and sleep more deeply.
29
TAKE CARE OF YOUR BODY, BRAIN, AND SPIRIT
While the link between GABA and anxiety is pretty clear, it’s not the
whole picture. Scientists think anxiety is usually due to some
combination of genetics, stress, and environmental factors, so there’s
no one anxiety treatment that works for everyone.
It’s a good idea to think of diet as only one component of taking care of
your mental health. On top of that, exercise is well-established as an
important way to fight anxiety. Cognitive behavioral
therapy and mindfulness meditation have also been shown to ease
anxiety for many people.
It’s also never a bad idea to check in with your doctor if you’re feeling
overwhelmed. Listen to the way you’re feeling, and trust that there’s a
way to feel better. The science behind anxiety is improving all the time,
so there are more and more precise ways to help yourself feel healthy,
calm and strong.
31
Boston y la Universidad de Utah, constató que también se produce un
incremento de este neurotransmisor en los practicantes de yoga.
En plantas
HISTORIA
Mecanismo de acción
Aminobutírico ácido
Indicaciones terapéuticas
Aminobutírico ácido
32
como tto adicional a otros anticonvulsionantes en la epilepsia refractaria.
También está indicado como auxiliar en el tto de trastornos
psicosociales, ansiedad, depresión, algunos trastornos del sueño e
hiperactividad infantil.
GABA
35
Estos dos neurotransmisores trabajan juntos para controlar la actividad
cerebral. Pero GABA y L-glutamato no solo trabajan juntos, sino que
también se pueden convertir el uno en el otro. El L-glutamato es el
precursor de GABA, y este, a su vez, puede reciclarse en L-glutamato,
según sea necesario.
Por otro lado, hay que tener en cuenta que son muchos los cambios
químicos internos que pueden influir sobre el equilibrio glutamato-
GABA. Además, en cuanto a sustancias de consumo, la cafeína inhibe
la actividad de GABA, mientras que el alcohol y los tranquilizantes
lo aumentan.
36
de la alimentación. Los investigadores han analizado el contenido de
GABA de una amplia variedad de alimentos, como el germen de arroz
integral, brotes de arroz integral, brotes de cebada, brotes de soja,
frijoles, maíz, cebada, arroz integral, espinacas, patatas, batatas, col
rizada y castañas.
Cabe destacar que otra forma muy eficaz de aumentar los niveles de
GABA es hacer ejercicio. Cualquier tipo de ejercicio físico aumenta los
niveles de este neurotransmisor, pero el yoga es el más destacado. De
hecho, los niveles de este neurostransmisor en el cerebro pueden
aumentar hasta en un 27% después de una sola sesión de yoga.
Reserva cognitiva
Hay una variable organica que provoca disfunción en la vida real afecta
la funcionalidad.
Transportadores de glutamato
Objetivo. Evidenciar la necesidad de una regulación exquisita de las
concentraciones de glutamato y de glicina en los espacios intra y
37
extracelulares del sistema nervioso mediante la actuación de
transportadores muy específicos para ambos neurotransmisores
localizados en la membrana plasmática de las neuronas y de las células
de la glía.
3
↵ 3. Choi DW, Maulucci-Gedde M, Kriegstein AR. Glutamate
neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture. J Neurochem 1987; 7: 357-68.
38
62. Matute C, Domercq M, Fogarty DJ, Pascual de Zulueta M, Sánchez-
Gómez MV. On how altered glutamate homeostasis may contribute to
demyelinating diseases of the CNS. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 468: 97-
107.
https://draxe.com/about-us
39
También puede aumentar los niveles de la hormona del crecimiento
humano, una hormona importante que puede reducir el riesgo de
enfermedades del corazón, aumentar la fuerza muscular y promover la
pérdida de peso.
¿Qué es el GABA?
1. Alivia la ansiedad
2. Mejora el sueño
41
cinco minutos la cantidad de tiempo que tardaban para quedarse
dormidos.[5] Además, quienes padecen insomnio pueden tener niveles
más bajos de GABA. Un estudio de 2008 en la revista Sleep encontró
que los pacientes con insomnio tenían niveles 30 por ciento más bajos
[del GABA] en comparación con un grupo de control.[6]
3. Reduce la depresión
42
en las mujeres entre la ovulación y el comienzo del sangrado
menstrual. Los estudios muestran que los niveles del GABA se
interrumpen por la menstruación y pueden disminuir a lo largo del
ciclo menstrual.[11]
Este neurotransmisor puede ayudar a aliviar los síntomas del SPM. Por
ejemplo, algunos estudios han sugerido que podría actuar como un
analgésico natural, mientras que otros han señalado que podría estar
involucrado en el mecanismo de los calambres.[12, 13]
5. Disminuye la inflamación
43
5. Mejora el enfoque de la atención en el trastorno por déficit de
atención con hiperactividad
44
sexual, la resistencia a la insulina y un mayor riesgo de enfermedades
del corazón en los adultos.
45
con el médico y determinar si conviene, así como la cantidad que se
puede tomar.
Es mejor comenzar con una dosis más baja y asegurarse de que uno es
capaz de tolerarla bien y encontrar la dosis que funciona mejor. De
notarse algún efecto secundario negativo, disminuir la dosis y consultar
con el médico si los síntomas persisten.
46
El magnesio también es importante para la función del GABA. De
hecho, el insomnio y la ansiedad son dos signos comunes de la
deficiencia de magnesio. Recibiendo suficiente magnesio en su dieta a
través de alimentos o suplementos pueden ayudar a aumentar los
niveles de ese elemento y prevenir estos efectos secundarios negativos.
47
hasta la regulación de sentimientos y emociones como la ansiedad y el
miedo. A medida que la investigación continúa, hemos comenzado a
aprender más acerca de lo importante que puede ser este
neurotransmisor.
Pensamientos finales
Links GABA
[1] Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;161(12):2186-93.
Impaired GABA neuronal response to acute benzodiazepine
administration in panic disorder.
Goddard AW1, Mason GF, Appel M, Rothman DL, Gueorguieva R, Behar
KL, Krystal JH.
48
[2] Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Nov 15;52(10):1008-30.
Molecular targets in the treatment of anxiety.
Kent JM1, Mathew SJ, Gorman JM.
[3] J Clin Sleep Med. 2007 Aug 15; 3(5 Suppl): S7–S10.
Insomnia: Definition, Prevalence, Etiology, and Consequences
Thomas Roth, PhD
49
[9] Adv Pharmacol. 2010;58:427-51. doi: 10.1016/S1054-3589(10)58016-
5.
GABAB receptors and depression. Current status.
Cryan JF1, Slattery DA.
51
Traducción de Con nuestro Perú de
“The Anxiety-busting, Brain-boosting Power of GABA” en
Soren Dreier, 05-01-2019 en
https://sorendreier.com/the-anxiety-busting-power-of-gaba/
“‘You’, your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions,
your sense of personal identity and free will, are in fact no more than
the behavior of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated
molecules.”
It’s easy to believe that here Crick was being willfully provocative and
rhetorical. I want to consider to what degree he may also have been
telling the truth, if at all.
In terms of the rhetoric and provocation, it’s true that Crick’s critical
attitude towards religion was one motivation for his writing this. Crick
certainly believed that religions are often wrong about scientific issues
(as do many religious people). He also claimed that it is science’s job to
rectify the false claims of these religions (or at least those claims which
appear to have a scientific subject). He was also well aware that when
he began studying consciousness he was tackling a subject which
traditionally had been the property of religion and philosophy.
Another point about Crick’s rhetoric is that one of the simplest ways to
get a point across is to be poetic and extreme. Nonetheless, the
52
seeming extremity of a view doesn’t automatically mean that it’s false,
at least not in every respect. And despite the opening quote, Crick does
express the same idea in a slightly less provocative way when he later
wrote:
53
Jennifer B Hillman 1, Lorah D Dorn, Tammy L Loucks, Sarah L Berga
Abstract
54
Results: A general pattern of findings emerged where greater
abdominal fat is associated with greater responsivity of the HPA axis,
reflected in morning awakening and acute stress reactivity, but some
studies did show underresponsiveness.
Rosmond R, Björntorp P.
55
[Anxiety, Panic and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis]
Abstract
56
Alzheimer's
Deregulation of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Functions in
an Alzheimer's Disease Rat Model
Abstract
Cannabis sativa
57
Upton, R., Graff, A., Williamson, E., Bunting, D., Gatherum, M., Walker, E.
B., Butterweck, V., Lieflander, U., Nahrstedt, A., Winterhoff, A. and Cott,
J. (1997): St. John’s worth, Hypericum perforatum: Quality contro:
Quality control, analytical and therapeutic monograph. – American
All plants were growing wild and no herbarium materials were used.
Sampling was randomised from plant crowns that had at least three
stems. Care was taken to harvest the plants at approximately the same
maturity level to minimise the differences originating from plant
growth stages. The top 1/3 of the crown was harvested between 10:00
am and 2:00 pm.
Conditions on the day of collection were clear and sunny at all sites.
Temperatures ranged from 24 to 35 °C. Samples were dried overnight
(or until constant weight) at 65 °C, the current temperature used by
wildcrafters in USA for industry production (Sirvent et al. 2002)
58
dosis habituales síntomas de toxicidad, como ejemplo si se toma
simvastatina o atorvastatina y cada día se desayuna con un vaso de
zumo de pomelo, es muy posible que en pocos meses se desarrolle
una miopatía, pero es que también puede ocurrir si el zumo es de
granada. En el caso del Hypérico el efecto suele ser contrario, tiende a
bajar los niveles en sangre de algunos medicamentos. Por ejemplo, si
toma sintrom® y hierba de San Juan, le hará menos efecto
anticoagulante y tendrán que aumentarle la dosis. Y esto es válido para
el ginseng, ginkgo biloba, zumo de arándanos, té verde, marihuana y
un largo etcétera. En la mayoría de casos las contraindicaciones de los
folletos de los medicamentos que advierten de muchas de tipo
medicamentosos no suelen prestar la atención con las interacciones
que se producen con productos naturales.
Presidente de EUGENOMIC®
59
Anxiety disorders and GABA neurotransmission: a disturbance of
modulation
Philippe Nuss1,2
Abstract
ETHANOL
Alcoholism
Because of its efficacy in treating depression and the fact that both
depression and alcoholismhave common neurochemical substrates, St.
John’s wort has been investigated for its potential therapeutic benefit
in three rat models of alcoholism.
Overstreet DH, Keung WM, Rezvani AH, et al. Herbal remedies for
alcoholism: promises and possible pitfalls.
Abstract
Abstract
61
withdrawal signs of abdominal constriction, diarrhoea and vocalization
on touch after naloxone treatment. Aqueous Hypericum perforatum
extracts (20 mg/kg twice daily chronically or as a single acute dose 90
min before naloxone) given orally to the heroin dependent rats
attenuated abdominal constrictions both acutely and chronically while
the hydroethanol and ethanol extracts were only effective in acutely
treated animals. Diarrhoea was ameliorated by the hydroethanol and
ethanol extracts following acute or chronic heroin treatment while the
aqueous extract failed to show any effect. Vocalization on touch during
withdrawal was reduced by all the extracts either chronically or acutely
with the exception of chronic treatment with hydroethanol extracts. The
findings suggest that Hypericum perforatum is capable of reducing the
physical signs of opiate withdrawal.
Abstract
62
dose of 0.8 mL/200 g compared with clonidine (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) but at a
dose of 1.2 mL/200 g of HPE was significantly stronger than clonidine
in attenuation of the morphine withdrawal syndrome.The findings
suggest that HPE is capable of reducing the symptoms of opiate
withdrawal and its effectiveness may be equivalent to clonidine in
reducing the opiate withdrawal syndrome and may have human
therapeutic potential.
Antecedentes
63
La abstinencia controlada, o desintoxicación, es un primer paso
necesario para los tratamientos a largo plazo de la dependencia de
opiáceos. La combinación de síntomas incómodos y la necesidad
imperiosa e intensa dificulta el cumplimiento de la abstinencia de
opiáceos en la mayoría de los pacientes. Durante muchos años, el
abordaje principal de la desintoxicación consistió en suprimir los
síntomas con metadona y la reducción gradual de la dosis de este
fármaco. La administración de metadona en estos casos se ha limitado
debido a restricciones gubernamentales sobre la prescripción de la
metadona y al desagrado con la prolongación de la abstinencia de
metadona. La clonidina y otros fármacos similares (conocidos como
agonistas adrenérgicos alfa2) ofrecen un enfoque alternativo. Esta
revisión consideró si los agonistas adrenérgicos alfa 2 son más efectivos
que la reducción de las dosis de metadona, y si existen diferencias en la
efectividad de los diferentes tipos de agonistas adrenérgicos alfa 2.
RESUMEN
Antecedentes:
Objectivos:
Estrategia de búsqueda:
Criterios de selección:
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En 1976, Blancaly1 observó por primera vez que la administración
intravenosa continua de naloxona, al tiempo que precipitaba el SAO e
incrementaba su sintomatología, era capaz de reducir la duración del
mismo. Se inició aquí el camino hacia las llamadas «desintoxicaciones
rápidas».
Los opiáceos son un tipo de fármaco que suele recetarse para tratar el
dolor. Algunos de los opiáceos que se recetan son Oxycontin
(oxycodona), Vicodin (hidrocodona y paracetamol), Dilaudid
(hidromorfona) y morfina. Ciertas drogas ilegales, como la heroína,
también son opiáceos. La metadona es un opiáceo que a menudo se
receta como tratamiento para el dolor, pero también puede usarse
para tratar los síntomas de abstinencia en quienes se han vuelto
adictos a los opiáceos.
Si bien son muy útiles para tratar el dolor, estos medicamentos pueden
causar dependencia física y adicción. Según National Library of
Medicine [Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina, NNLM], aproximadamente
el 9% de la población de Estados Unidos hace un mal uso de los
opiáceos o abusa de ellos (NLM, 2012).
67
alteran cuando se toman grandes cantidades de opiáceos durante
mucho tiempo. Los efectos de la abstinencia se producen porque al
organismo le lleva tiempo adaptarse a la falta de opiáceos.
Pronóstico
Tratamiento
Diagnóstico
Causas
68
El uso prolongado de estas drogas cambia la forma en que funcionan
los receptores del cerebro, ya que se vuelven dependientes de la droga
para poder funcionar. Los síntomas de abstinencia son la respuesta
física del organismo a la ausencia de la droga.
69
gabaérgicas y aumentan la liberación de dopamina en el núcleo
accumbens, lo cual sería el origen del refuerzo positivo y la causa
de la dependencia psicológica, mientras que tal estimulación en
el locus coeruleus sería la implicada en la aparición de la
dependencia física en el síndrome de abstinencia.
Las adaptaciones celulares por la estimulación crónica del
receptor opioide consisten en desensibilización de los
receptores (disminución de la respuesta) y regulación a la
baja (disminución del número de receptores), lo que genera
tolerancia a los opioides.
Asimismo, cuando estos fenómenos ya se han dado y desaparece
total o parcialmente la estimulación opioide aparece un
fenómeno de hipersensibilización (aumento en la respuesta del
receptor), que se corresponde con el síndrome de abstinencia.
Es necesario también recordar que se puede desencadenar un
síndrome de abstinencia de opioides cuando a un paciente con
dependencia física se le suministra naloxona o naltrexona
(antagonistas opioides) (2,3).
Introducción
El opio es un agente farmacológico conocido desde la antigüedad,
derivado de la planta Papaver somniferum. Los opiáceos son los alcaloides
naturales derivados directamente de esta planta (morfina, codeína,
noscapina), mientras que el término opioide es mucho más amplio, e
incluye tanto a los opiáceos como a otras sustancias semisintéticas
(heroína, oxicodona, hidrocodona, buprenorfina, dextrometorfano),
sintéticas (metadona, meperidina, fentanyl, tramadol, propoxifeno) y los
opioides endógenos (encefalinas, dinorfinas, endorfinas) (1).
Todas estas sustancias tienen en común que actúan sobre los receptores
opioides; muchas de ellas son utilizadas en medicina, principalmente,
por su potente efecto analgésico, pero tienen gran potencial de abuso,
debido a sus propiedades psicoactivas.
El abuso y la dependencia de derivados del opio, tanto legales como
ilegales, es un problema cada vez más habitual en el mundo, y Colombia
no es la excepción. El síndrome de abstinencia de opioides como motivo
de consulta a servicios de urgencias y causa de hospitalización va en
70
ascenso, debido al consumo de heroína, ya que esta es de fácil
consecución y tiene un relativo bajo precio.
El síndrome de abstinencia se define como un conjunto de signos y
síntomas orgánicos y psíquicos que aparecen después de interrumpir el
consumo de una sustancia psicoactiva de la cual una persona es
dependiente.
Los opioides generan dos clases de dependencia: física y psicológica o
psíquica:
• Dependencia física: es un estado de adaptación del organismo que se
traduce en la presencia de alteraciones físicas al suprimir la
administración de la droga, o al disminuir abruptamente la dosis.
• Dependencia psíquica: es un estado de bienestar y satisfacción motivado
por el consumo de la droga, y que induce al individuo a repetir su
administración para continuar en dicho estado de euforia, o para evitar la
aparición de síntomas de abstinencia.
La intensidad y la gravedad de este síndrome dependen del tipo y de la
cantidad de sustancia habitualmente consumida (2).
El síndrome de abstinencia de opioides es ocasionado por la interrupción
o la reducción del consumo de dichas sustancias cuando ya se ha
generado dependencia física.
Los opioides más comúnmente implicados en el síndrome de abstinencia
son: morfina, meperidina, codeína, oxicodona, tramadol, hidromorfona y
heroína, igual si se emplean terapéuticamente (por ejemplo, en el
tratamiento del dolor crónico) o si son usados como sustancias de abuso
(heroína). El tiempo que toma llegar a ser físicamente dependiente
de un opioide varía de acuerdo con la sustancia y las características
personales y de consumo. De manera similar, el tiempo que tardan los
síntomas de abstinencia en hacer aparición dependerán del tipo de
sustancia y de su vida media, además de la intensidad de la dependencia,
la cual puede iniciarse tan rápidamente como 6 horas luego de
suspendida la heroína, o 24 horas luego de la suspensión de la metadona
(2,3).
INFORMACION VIDEOS
Video neurotransmisores
DOpamina
71
NOradrenalina
Adrenalina
La dopamina es el arranque
32 sindrome metabolico
42 es el Valium natural
72
42 depresiones alteraciones en los niveles de los neuromediadores
HVA bajo
Cansancio matinal
Agotamiento
Depresión dopaminérgica
TDAH
Parkinson
MHPG elevado
Estrés y ansiedad
Serotonina baja
Deprsion
Insomnio
Minuto
73
9 mejora la cantidad de neurotransmisores activos en ese lugar.
Aumenta tu performance cognitivo
Tirosina -→ dopamina
74
EUSTRESS lo ves como un desafio
14 potasio
75
Y ¿qué ocurre si se mantienen altos niveles de inflamación
silenciosa durante mucho tiempo? Tu cuerpo, en un intento de
detener esta inflamación silenciosa, genera cada vez más cortisol,
lo que hace que sus niveles siempre sean altos. Un nivel elevado de
cortisol crónico puede conducir a muchas enfermedades, desde la
resistencia a la insulina hasta la muerte de las células nerviosas o el
debilitamiento del sistema inmunitario. De ello se deriva un
aumento de peso, pérdida de capacidad intelectual y
predisposición a contraer enfermedades.
76
LAS MOLECULAS DE LAS EMOCIONES - CANDACE PERT:
77
Cada vez que activamos cierta interpretación o pensamiento
nuestro hipotálamo inmediatamente libera el correspondiente
péptido en la corriente sanguínea.
Si tenemos presente que cada una de las células del cuerpo tiene
miles de receptores tapizando su superficie, abiertas a la recepción
de tales neuropéptidos, advertiremos que nuestros estados
emocionales anidan finalmente en la totalidad de nuestro
organismo.
78
sin el otro. Investigaciones científicas están demostrando que el
cuerpo puede y debe ser curado a través de la mente, y la mente
puede y debe ser curada a través del cuerpo”.
79
80