CRITICAL BOOK REPORT

“MICROORGANIMSE GENETICS”

BY :

GROUP 10

NAME : DINDA AMALIA LUBIS (4191151002)

ELVAYANA BR SILITONGA (4192451013)

DIMAS AJI TRI FAJAR PUTRA (4193151002)

EGINTA CHRISTOPER TARIGAN (4193151028)

OKTRI INDAH SARI (4193351025)

LECTURER : Apt. ENDANG SULISTYARINI GULTOM, S.Si., M.Si.

SUBJECT : MICROBIOLOGY

INTEGRATED SCIENCE EDUCATION S1 STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE

MEDAN STATE UNIVERSITY

2021
 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude for the grace of Allah Almighty, the author was able to complete the
task of Critical Book Report with Microorganismal Genetics material on time.

This task aims to shape the character of students who are more critical and at the same
time make students who have an understanding of the material contained in the Microbiology
course.

The author realizes that this paper containing the Critical Book Report is still far from
being perfect. Therefore, the writer expects constructive criticism as evaluation material for
further assignments.

Finally, the authors say thank you, I hope this Critical Book Report paper can be useful
for readers.

Medan, September 2021

COMPOSITOR

GROUP 10

i
 DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR....................................................................................................................i
DAFTAR ISI..................................................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1
A. Rationalization Of Critical Book Report.................................................................................2
B. Purpose....................................................................................................................................2
C. Benefits....................................................................................................................................2
D. Book Identity...........................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER II SUMMARY OF BOOK CONTENTS.................................................................5
A. Summary Of Main Book.........................................................................................................5
B. Summary Of Comparison Book............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER III BOOK ADVANTAGES....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
A. Relationship Between Sub Chapter.......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
B. Updated Books......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER IV BOOK WEAKNESSES.....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
A. Relationship Between Sub Chapter.......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
B. Book Updates........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER V IMPLICATION...................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
A. Theory/Concept.....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
B. Development Program In Indonesia......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
C. Student Analysis....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER VI PENUTUP...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
A. Conclusion.............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
B. Suggestion.............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

ii
 BAB I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 RATIONALIZATION OF CRITICAL BOOK REPORT

The ability to make a Critical Book Report on the author can test the ability to summarize
and analyze a book and compare the analyzed book with other books, recognize and rate and
criticize a written work that is analyzed, Often we are confused about choosing reference books
for us to read and understood. Sometimes we choose one book, but it doesn't satisfy us. For
example, in terms of language analysis, a discussion of educational innovation.

The development of science is minimal due to the low interest in reading students at this
time. Criticizing books is one way that can be done to increase interest in reading. Criticizing
Books (Critical Book Report) is an activity to review a book in order to know and understand
what is presented in a book. Basically a book review focuses on evaluation (explanation,
interpretation and analysis) of the strengths and weaknesses, what is interesting, and how the
book can change perceptions and ways of thinking as well as a consideration of whether the
knowledge gained is able to increase understanding of a particular field of study. . In addition,
criticizing books can also train our ability to analyze and evaluate the discussion presented by the
author. So that it becomes a valuable input for other writing creative processes. Criticizing a
book cannot be done if the critic does not read the whole book. By doing this review, readers can
find out the quality of the book by comparing the work of the same author or other authors and
can provide input to the author of the book in the form of criticism and suggestions on the
systematics of writing, content, and substance of the book.

Criticizing a book (Critical Book Report) is an activity to review a book with several
comparison books in order to know and understand what is presented in a book. Book criticism
is very important because it can train our ability to analyze and evaluate the discussion presented
by the author of the book. So that it becomes a valuable input for other writing creative
processes.

1
1.2 PURPOSE

Criticizing the book (Critical Book Report) is made as a useful scientific reference to add
insight to the author and the reader in knowing the advantages and disadvantages of a book, to be
taken into consideration, to review the contents of the book, to find out the information contained
in the book, to compare the contents of the book, train critical thinking in finding information
contained in each book, developing a reading culture, systematic and critical thinking skills, the
ability to express opinions in viewing a book to be reviewed, the ability to think logically, the
ability to write scientific papers, and the ability to convey, use and apply knowledge reviewing to
become an integrated system in scientific development and to train students to be more thorough
and innovative in reviewing books.

1.3 BENEFITS

The benefits of writing a Critical Book Review are to fulfill the tasks of the Microbiology
course, to increase knowledge about the genetic material of microorganisms, genetic transfer,
genetic engineering, and to obtain a lot of information by reading many books from various
sources.

1.4 BOOK IDENTITY

a. Main Book Identity

2
 Title : Alcamo's Fundamentals Of Microbiology

Author : Jeffrey. C. Pommerville

Publisher : Ones and Bartlett

Country of publication : United States

Year of publication : 2011

Number of Pages : 915 Pages

ISBN : 978-0-7637-6258-2

b. Comparison Book Identity

3
Title : Foundation in Microbiology

Authors : Kathleen Park Talaro, Barry Chess

Publisher : The McGraw-Hill Companies

Country of publication : United States

Year of publication : 2008

Number of Pages : 937 Pages

ISBN : 978-0-07-337529-8

4
 CHAPTER II

SUMMARY OF BOOK CONTENTS

A. SUMMARY OF MAIN BOOK

Chapter VIII: Microbial Genetics

Bacterial and archaeal chromosomes are circular, haploid structures in the cell nucleoid.
The chromosomal DNA of microorganisms is supercoiled and folded into a series of circular
domains. Each loop consists of 10,000 bases. Many microbial cells may have one or more
plasmids. These small closed loops of DNA carry information that can confer a selective
advantage (eg, antibiotic resistance, protein toxin) to the cell. DNA replicates by a

5
semiconservative mechanism in which each strand of the original DNA molecule acts as a
template for synthesizing a new strand. DNA replication begins with the binding of an initiator
protein at the origin of replication, forming two replication "factories". DNA polymerase III
moves along the insertion strand of the correct DNA nucleotide for complementary binding to
the template strand. At each replication fork, one of the two strands is synthesized continuously
while the other strand forms discontinuously, forming an Okazaki fragment, which is joined by a
DNA ligase. Transcription occurs when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence on the
template strand of DNA. Various forms of RNA, including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, are
transcribed from DNA and are important in the process of translation. The genetic code, a series
of three-letter words to define a polypeptide, is redundant because often more than one codon
can specify an amino acid. Translation occurs at the ribosome, which holds mRNA and tRNA
together. Ribosomes "read" the mRNA codons and insert the correct tRNA to match the codon
and anticodon. Translation continues until the ribosome encounters a stop codon when the
protein translation machinery is dismantled and the protein is released. Chaperone proteins help
the elongated polypeptide to fold properly during translation. Polyribosomes are strands of
ribosomes that all translate the same mRNA. Many antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis by
binding to RNA polymerase, or to the small or large ribosomal subunit. Different control factors
affect protein synthesis. The best understood is the bacterial operon model in which the binding
of a repressor protein to the operon suppresses transcription. Research studies show that in at
least some bacterial species, transcription and translation are spatially separated. Mutations are
permanent changes in cellular DNA. It can occur spontaneously in nature due to replication
errors or the effects of natural radiation. In the laboratory, physical and chemical mutagens can
cause mutations. Base pairs in DNA can change in one of two ways. Base pair substitution does
not change the reading frame of the mRNA but can result in silent, missense, or nonsense
mutations. Point mutations can also occur from the loss or gain of base pairs. Such mutations
alter the reading frame and often lead to loss of protein function. Replication errors or other
damage done to DNA can often be repaired. Mismatch repair replaces mismatched base pairs
with correct pairs. Excision repair removes the damaged portion of DNA and replaces it with a
properly paired base. Transposable genetic elements are present in many microbial cells. The
insertion sequence only carries the information to copy the sequence and insert it to another
location in the DNA Transposons are genetic elements that "jump" from one location to another

6
in the DNA. Auxotrophic mutants can be identified by negative selection coating technique.
Positive selection can be used to identify mutants that have certain attributes, such as antibiotic
resistance. The Ames test is a method of using auxotrophic bacterial species to identify mutagens
that may be carcinogens in humans. This test is based on the ability of potential mutagens to
return auxotrophic mutants to their prototrophic forms.

Chapter IX: Gene Transfer, Genetic Engineering, And Genomics

Recombination implies horizontal transfer of DNA fragments between bacterial cells and
acquisition of genes by recipient cells. All three forms of recombination are characterized by the
introduction of new genes into recipient cells through horizontal gene transfer. In transformation,
competent recipient cells take up DNA fragments from the local environment. The new DNA
fragment replaces the equivalent DNA segment in the recipient cell, and new genetic
characteristics can be expressed. In one conjugated form, the living donor cell (F+) transfers
factor F (plasmid) to the recipient cell (F–), which then becomes F+. In other conjugated forms,
the Hfr strain donates a portion of the donor chromosomal genes to the recipient cell.
Transduction involves the virus entering the bacterial cell and then replicating within it. In
general transduction, bacterial DNA fragments are mistakenly inserted into the phage assembly.
In specialized transduction, the virus first inserts itself into, then detaches from, the chromosome,
carrying a segment of chromosomal DNA. In both forms, the phage transports DNA to a new
recipient (transduction) cell. Genetic engineering is the result of studies in the genetic
recombination of bacteria. The ability to construct recombinant DNA molecules is based on the
ability of restriction endonucleases to form sticky ends on DNA fragments. Plasmids can be
isolated from bacterial cells, spliced with foreign genes, then inserted into fresh bacterial cells
where the foreign genes are expressed as proteins. Cells become biochemical factories for the
synthesis of proteins such as insulin, interferon, and human growth hormone. DNA probes can
be used to detect pathogens. Since 1995, more and more microbial genomes have been
sequenced; that is, a linear sequence of bases has been identified. Comparison of the bacterial
genome with the human genome has shown that there may be about 200 genes in common
among these organisms. Comparison between microbial genomes shows nearly 50% of the
identified genes have not been associated with proteins or functions in cells. With an
understanding of the relationships between sequenced microbial DNA molecules comes the

7
potential for safer food production, identification of non-culturable microorganisms, cleaner
environments, and improved monitoring of pathogens through microbial forensics. Sequencing is
only the first step in understanding the behavior and capabilities of microorganisms. Functional
genomics attempts to determine the function of sequenced genes and how those genes interact
with each other and with the environment. Comparative genomics compares the similarities and
differences between microbial genomic sequences. Such information provides insight into the
evolutionary past and how pathogens might have emerged through gain or loss of pathogenicity
islands. Metagenomics provides new insights into the function of diverse genomes in microbial
communities.

B. SUMMARY OF COMPARISON BOOK

Chapter IX : Genetics of Microbial Genetics

Genetics is the study of the expression of biological information and its transfer between
organisms. Nucleic acids are molecules that contain the blueprints of life in the form of genes.
DNA is the blueprint molecule for all cellular organisms. The viral blueprint, however, can be
either DNA or RNA. The total amount of DNA in the chromosomes of an organism is called its
genome. The genotype of each species contains a unique set of genes which, when expressed,
result in its trait or phenotype, including metabolic activity and reproductive patterns. The
genome of prokaryotes is quite small compared to the genome of eukaryotes. Bacterial
chromosomes usually consist of several hundred to thousands of genes. Eukaryotic genomes
range from thousands to tens of thousands of genes. Their DNA is packaged in wound spirals
arranged in discrete chromosomes. DNA is a very long molecule made up of small subunits
called nucleotides. The nucleotide sequence contains the information necessary to direct the
synthesis of all the proteins in the cell. The DNA molecule must be copied so that the genetic
material can be transferred to the offspring. The chemical structure of DNA allows its
replication. DNA copies itself before cell division through a semi-conservative process of
replication. Semiconservative replication means that each "old" DNA strand is the template in
which each "new" strand is synthesized. The circular bacterial chromosome is replicated at two
prongs as directed by DNA polymerase III. At each fork, two new strands are synthesized—one
continuous and one in short fragments, and errors are corrected and eliminated. The information

8
in DNA is converted into proteins through the processes of transcription and translation.
Structural proteins contribute to cell architecture, while functional proteins (enzymes) control the
metabolic activities of organisms. The code in DNA is transferred to various RNA molecules,
which perform a variety of functions, including protein synthesis and genetic regulation. The
DNA code occurs in groups of three bases called codons; code is transferred to RNA via
transcription. Messenger (m) RNA carries a primary message that instructs which amino acids to
add during translation. Transfer (t) RNA carries an amino acid that will match the correct codon
on the mRNA. Ribosomes are the site of protein assembly by mRNA and tRNA. The processes
of transcription and translation are similar but not identical for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Gene
expression must be regulated to coordinate the needs of the organism with the source of
nutrients. Genes can be "turned on" and "turned off" by certain molecules, which expose or hide
their nucleotide codes for copying proteins. Most, but not all, of these proteins are enzymes. An
operon is a collection of genes in bacteria that code for products with coordinated functions.
They include genes for the operational and structural components of cells. Nutrients can combine
with regulatory gene products to activate a set of structural genes (inducible genes) or turn off
(repressible genes). The lactose (lactose) operon is an example of an inducible operon. The arg
(arginine) operon is an example of a suppressable operon. Several roles in gene regulation have
been attributed to specific types of RNA, including micro RNA, small interfering RNA,
antisense RNA, and riboswitch. Changes in the genetic code can occur in two ways: mutation
and recombination. Mutation means a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's
genome. Recombination means adding a gene from an outside source, such as a virus or other
cell. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be induced by exposure to some external mutagenic
agent. All cells have enzymes that repair damaged DNA. When the rate of damage exceeds the
enzyme's ability to repair, mutations occur. Mutation-induced changes in DNA nucleotide
sequencing range from a single nucleotide to the addition or deletion of a large proportion of
genetic material. The Ames test is used to identify potential carcinogens based on their ability to
cause reverse mutations in bacteria. Since they do not have sexual reproduction, genetic
recombination in bacteria occurs through the processes of transformation, conjugation, and
transduction. In all cases, some of the genetic material of one cell is transferred to another.
Transposons are genes that can move from one part of the genome to another, causing
rearrangements of genetic material. Such rearrangements have beneficial or detrimental

9
consequences for the organisms involved. The genetic material of a virus can be either DNA or
RNA contained in a single, multiple, positive, or negative message strand. Viruses contain genes
primarily to take over the cell machinery and synthesize new viral components.

Chapter X : Genetic Engineering: A Revolution In Molecular Biology

The genetic revolution has produced a wide variety of industrial technologies that
translate and radically change the blueprint of life. Increasing public understanding is critical to
developing appropriate guidelines for the responsible use of this revolutionary technique.
Genetic engineering uses various methods that physically manipulate DNA for the purpose of
visualizing, sequencing, hybridizing, and identifying specific sequences. Genetic engineering
tools include special enzymes, gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing machines, and gene probes.
The Human Genome Project and other genome sequencing projects have revolutionized our
understanding of organisms and resulted in two new biological disciplines, genomics and
bioinformatics. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique amplifies a small amount of
DNA into a larger amount for further analysis. Recombinant DNA techniques combine DNA
from different sources to create "factories" of microorganisms that produce biochemical
substances on an industrial scale. Cloning is the process in which a gene is removed from the
original host and transferred to the cloned host via a cloning vector for duplication. Plasmids,
bacteriophages, and cosmids are types of cloning vectors used to transfer recombinant DNA into
the cloned host. A cloned host is simply an organism that readily accepts recombinant DNA,
grows easily, and synthesizes a large number of specific gene products. Biologically engineered
hormones, enzymes and vaccines are safer and more effective than similar substances of animal
origin. Recombinant DNA drugs and vaccines are useful alternatives to traditional treatments for
diseases. When a foreign gene is introduced into an organism, the organism is called genetically
modified or transgenic. Genetically modified microorganisms have been used to increase
agricultural yields and reduce pest damage. Bacteria serve as bioremediation agents, and viruses
serve as vectors for introducing genes. Transgenic plants receive genes from recombinant
bacteria. Many species have been modified to improve nutrition and resistance to insects and
herbicides. Transgenic animals are genetically designed to model genetic therapies, increase
meat yields, or synthesize certain biological products. Altered bacterial and mammalian cells are
used to produce economically and pharmaceutically important proteins. Biotechnology promises

10
not only improved quality of life and increased economic opportunities but also brings with it
serious bioethical dilemmas. Gene therapy is the replacement of damaged host genes with
functional genes using cloning vectors such as viruses. This type of transfection can be used to
treat genetic disorders and acquired diseases. Antisense DNA and interfering RNA are used to
block the expression of unwanted genes in plants, animals, and microbes. DNA technology has
advanced the understanding of basic genetic principles that have significant applications in
various disciplines, particularly medicine, evolution, forensics, and anthropology. DNA
fingerprinting is a technique by which organisms are identified for medical, genetic, forensic,
and hereditary diagnostic purposes. DNA fingerprinting involves separating isolated DNA into
unique and identifiable banding patterns. The bands used in DNA identification represent
polymorphisms called short tandem repeats (STRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms
(SNPs). Microarray analysis can determine what genes are transcribed in a particular tissue. It is
used to identify and design treatments for diseases based on the genetic profile of the disease.

CHAPTER III

BOOK ADVANTAGES

A. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUB CHAPTER

a. Main Book

11
 In the sub-chapter of the main book entitled Alcamo's Fundamentals Of Microbiology
contained in Chapter VIII and Chapter IX written by Jefferey. C. Pommerville discusses material
on microbial genetics, gene transfer, genetic engineering and genomics

In addition, this sub-chapter also has the advantage of discussing the meaning of
chromosomal DNA of microorganisms, how the chromosomal DNA of microorganisms
undergoes replication, gene transfer, namely horizontal transfer of DNA fragments. In the sub-
chapters of this book, it also discusses the meaning of genetic engineering and how to genetically
engineer. As well as in the sub-chapters of this book, it also discusses the notion of genomics, the
notion of functional genomics and comparative genomics.

b. Comparison Book

In the sub-chapter of the Comparative book entitled Foundation In Microbiology

contained in Chapters IX and X written by Kathleen Park Talaro and Barry Chess discusses
microbial genetics and genetic engineering: a revolution in molecular biology.

In addition, this sub-chapter also has the advantage of discussing the notion of genetics,
understanding of DNA, the prokaryotic genome and the eukaryotic genome. This chapter also
discusses the chemical structure of DNA that allows for its replication. The next sub-chapter of
this book also discusses about turning on and off genes and making DNA fingerprints, which
involves separating DNA.

B. UPDATED BOOKS

In the second sub-chapter of this book, it has a very constructive role in providing insight
into the genetics of microorganisms along with the understanding and methods of gene transfer
and genetic engineering to readers, especially to writers and other students. Because the sub-
chapters in these two books have fairly complete material for knowledge of microbial genetics.
The main book has a fairly long publication, namely in 2011 but the material in this main book is
quite complete, clear and easy to understand and this book is quite good as a source of teaching
materials and modules for educators and students, while the comparison book has a long

12
publication from the beginning. 2008 and the material in this comparison book is also complete,
clear and easy to understand by readers.

On the positive side, these two books teach us to know what microbial genetics, gene
transfer and genetic engineering are. The two books are also interrelated in each chapter, the
content of the material in it is also good and complete.

CHAPTER IV

BOOK WEAKNESSES

A. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUB CHAPTER

13
a. Main Book

In the sub-chapter of the main book entitled Alcamo's Fundamentals Of Microbiology

contained in Chapter VIII and Chapter IX written by Jefferey. C. Pommerville has explained the
material quite clearly and completely. There are no weaknesses in the linkage between the sub-
chapters in this book, because each sub-chapter of material presented is material that is related to
one another.

b. Comparison Book

In the sub-chapter of the Comparative book entitled Foundation In Microbiology which is

contained in Chapter IX and Chapter X written by Kathleen Park Talaro and Barry Chess, the
chapters incorporated in this book are considered to have good, systematic and logical linkages
so that there are no parts that are not found. In other words, the material contained in the sub-
chapters of this book is very continuous with the sub-headings that limit it.

B. BOOK UPDATES

Based on the two books in the sub-chapters of the material that the author has reviewed,
there are no deficiencies found. The author in the book is quite able to regulate the validity of the
material, reference sources and language so that nothing seems lacking. The sub-chapters in
these two books also do not have a negative impact but have a positive impact on the readers and
even provide very meaningful lessons and provide broad and positive insights to the readers.
This book has been designed so well that the readers are interested in reading it. In the update of
the contents of this book, we also consider that this book is still very appropriate and up-to-date
to be used in studying genetic engineering. In addition, everything presented in this chapter is
still related to technological advances to keep up with the developments of this modern era.

CHAPTER V

IMPLICATIONS

A. THEORY/CONCEPT

14
a. Main Book

This book contains several important lessons for us as prospective educators and
education personnel in Indonesia. The first lesson is related to concepts. From the explanation
contained in this book, it seems that the concepts used are very useful for readers, especially
students and education staff to understand the concepts in microbial genetics in the book.

Bacterial and archaeal chromosomes are circular, haploid structures in the cell nucleoid.
The chromosomal DNA of microorganisms is supercoiled and folded into a series of circular
domains. Each loop consists of 10,000 bases. Many microbial cells may have one or more
plasmids. These small closed loops of DNA carry information that can confer a selective
advantage (eg, antibiotic resistance, protein toxin) to the cell. DNA replicates by a
semiconservative mechanism in which each strand of the original DNA molecule acts as a
template for synthesizing a new strand

Transduction involves the virus entering the bacterial cell and then replicating within it.
In general transduction, bacterial DNA fragments are mistakenly inserted into the phage
assembly. In specialized transduction, the virus first inserts itself into, then detaches from, the
chromosome, carrying a segment of chromosomal DNA. In both forms, the phage transports
DNA to a new recipient (transduction) cell. Genetic engineering is the result of studies in the
genetic recombination of bacteria. The ability to construct recombinant DNA molecules is based
on the ability of restriction endonucleases to form sticky ends on DNA fragments. Plasmids can
be isolated from bacterial cells, spliced with foreign genes, then inserted into fresh bacterial cells
where the foreign genes are expressed as proteins. Cells become biochemical factories for the
synthesis of proteins such as insulin, interferon, and human growth hormone. DNA probes can
be used to detect pathogens. Since 1995, more and more microbial genomes have been
sequenced; that is, a linear sequence of bases has been identified.

b. Comparison Book

The two sub-chapters in this book contain several positive impacts and knowledge
insights that are important for us as prospective educators and education personnel in Indonesia.
The first lesson deals with the concepts in this book. From the explanation contained in this

15
book, it seems that the concepts used are very useful for readers, especially students and
education staff to understand the concepts in microbial genetics and genetic engineering in the
book.

Genetics is the study of the expression of biological information and its transfer between
organisms. Nucleic acids are molecules that contain the blueprints of life in the form of genes.
DNA is the blueprint molecule for all cellular organisms. The viral blueprint, however, can be
either DNA or RNA. The total amount of DNA in the chromosomes of an organism is called its
genome. The genotype of each species contains a unique set of genes which, when expressed,
produce a trait or phenotype

Genetically modified microorganisms have been used to increase agricultural yields and
reduce pest damage. Bacteria serve as bioremediation agents, and viruses serve as vectors for
introducing genes. Transgenic plants receive genes from recombinant bacteria. Many species
have been modified to improve nutrition and resistance to insects and herbicides.

B. DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM IN INDONESIA

Both of these books are very good and very worthy of being a reference and source of
teaching materials for anyone in the field of education. This book is also very useful to be used
as teaching materials and modules in building educational programs in Indonesia, especially in
schools to teach students about microbial genetic material.

This book also has an impact on the field of Education and development in Indonesia
where the emergence of initiatives and increasing capacity in Indonesia which is planning to
establish the largest microorganism storage center in Southeast Asia.

C. STUDENT ANALYSIS

16
 After the author reads the two sub-chapters of the material in this book, there is a lot of
knowledge about the world of microbiology that the author understands. Starting from
understanding genetics, understanding Genomic, how to transfer genes, and genetic engineering.

The models in these two books are shown to be nothing but resources, teaching materials,
modules, and lessons for us as students and for students and education staff to teach. The model
of this book also contributes to accommodate the generated types, for example on the sources
and time constraints that arise. The author believes that if the concepts in microbial genetic
material can be understood and understood, it will be easier to apply. For example, the
understanding of the concept of microbial genetics contained in the two books.

This book is a very good source of knowledge and insight into the basics of
microbiology, especially if it is supported by the other volume, which will further enrich the
reader's insight. Suggestions for the readers of this book, perhaps by continuing to read this book
in volume 2 will make us understand more about the world of microbiology and genetic material
in this book.

CHAPTER VI

17
 CLOSING

A. CONCLUSION

Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that Genetics is the study of the
expression of biological information and its transfer between organisms. Nucleic acids are
molecules that contain the blueprints of life in the form of genes. DNA is the blueprint molecule
for all cellular organisms. The viral blueprint, however, can be either DNA or RNA. The total
amount of DNA in the chromosomes of an organism is called its genome. The chromosomal
DNA of microorganisms is supercoiled and folded into a series of circular domains. DNA
replicates by a semiconservative mechanism in which each strand of the original DNA molecule
acts as a template for synthesizing a new strand. DNA replication begins with the binding of an
initiator protein at the origin of replication, forming two replication "factories". Functional
genomics attempts to determine the function of sequenced genes and how those genes interact
with each other and with the environment. Comparative genomics compares the similarities and
differences between microbial genomic sequences.

From the description above, it can also be concluded that the sub-chapters in these two
books explain anything related to microbial genetics. So this book is very useful for anyone who
reads, especially for an educator and education staff. The benefits after we read this book are
enormous because we can know about genetics and gene transfer and genetic engineering.

B. SUGGESTION

The author's suggestion in this book to the author of the book is that the author of the
book can maintain a book like this, there can be no shortage in this book, everything in this book
is clear and complete. Being a professional writer means having an innovative, creative, and
active attitude in any way. Based on the conclusions above, it is expected that students will
become an innovation in good and wise education. Innovation is very important for students to
connect the aspirations of the community, by studying educational innovations, students are able
to target a previously planned target to become an innovation. Studying educational innovation
from the beginning will understand what innovation in education looks like.

18
 The author also realizes that the results of this CBR can not be separated from errors and
shortcomings as well, so the author's suggestion is that the results of criticism and discussion of
this book can be used as evaluation material for a better future. The author hopes that the study
or the results of this CBR will provide meaningful benefits for every reader.

REFERENCES

19
Barry, C., Talaro, K.P., 2008. Foundation in Microbiology. United States of America. The
McGraw-Hill Companies
Pommerville, J.C., 2011. Alcamo's Fundamentals Of Microbiology. United States of America.
Ones and Bartlett

20