CRITICAL BOOK RIVIEW

MICROBIOLOGY

Arranged by :

Group 5

Eunike Manurung (4193141007)

Miftah Rizkiyah (4193341005)

Theresia Okarina (4193342005)

BESP19

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE

MEDAN STATE UNIVERSITY

2021
 FOREWORD

By giving thanks for all the graces of God Almighty that has been given to us so that the
author is able to complete the writing of this paper, this paper is prepared to fulfill the task of the
MICROBIOLOGY course.

For that the author would like to thank for all the help and support from various parties so
that we can finish this paper, the author realizes that this paper is full of shortcomings, for that
the author apologizes and gladly accepts criticism and suggestions as a reference in the future.

The author hopes that this paper can provide knowledge and benefits for all of us.

Aceh, 23 September 2021

Writer

i
 TABLE OF CONTENT

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................. ii
CHAPTER I .................................................................................................................................... 1
PRELIMINARY ............................................................................................................................. 1
A. Background .......................................................................................................................... 1
B. The Purpose ......................................................................................................................... 1
C. The Benefit........................................................................................................................... 1
D. Book Identity ....................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II ................................................................................................................................... 3
BOOK CONTENT.......................................................................................................................... 3
A. Main Book Summary ........................................................................................................... 3
B. Comparative Book Summary ............................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................................... 16
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................... 16
A. The Advantages of The Book ............................................................................................ 16
B. The disadvantages of The Book ......................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................................... 18
CLOSING ..................................................................................................................................... 18
A. Conclution .......................................................................................................................... 18
B. Suggestion .......................................................................................................................... 18

ii
 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background

Basically, critical book review is an activity to review the contents of a book with an
emphasis on evaluation (explanation, interpretation and analysis) of the strengths and
weaknesses of the book, what is interesting about the book, how the contents of the book can
influence the way of thinking and increase understanding of a field of study. certain. Students
can test the mind of the author/writer through their point of view based on their knowledge &
experience. Through critical book review activities, students are invited to think critically about a
problem, assess and analyze a study objectively and be able to look at a problem from a different
point of view.
Microbiology is the study of living things (organisms) that are too small to be seen with
the naked eye. Microorganisms include protozoa, algae (algae), fungi (fungi), lichens, bacteria,
and viruses. The main book is entitled MICROBIOLOGY An Introduction by Gerard J. Tortora
which in this book has 5 major titles, while the second book is entitled INTRODUCTION
BIOLOGY by Trio Ageng Prayitno, M.pd which in this book has 8 major titles.

B. The Purpose

1. Completion of Microbiology course assignments

2. Increase students' understanding of the material or content of the book being
discussed
3. Improve students' ability to express opinions widely
4. Encouraging students to think critically about a problem

C. The Benefit

1. For writers of criticism, what they convey can be a reference and consideration in
writing other works.
2. For students or the general public, book criticism is a means of adding insight into
thinking and learning to express opinions scientifically.
3. For lecturers or educators, critical book review activities can be used as an assessment
material for the extent to which students understand the material of a reading
material.

1
D. Book Identity

a. Main Book
Book title : MICROBIOLOGY AN INTRODUCTION
Year : 2019
Writer : Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke and Christine L. Case
Edition : 13th
ISBN : 0-13-460518-7
Number of pages : 964
Publisher : Pearson
b. Comparison Book
Book title : Pengantar Biologi
Year : 2017
Writer : Trio Ageng Prayitno, M.pd and Nuril Hidayati, M.pd
Edition : 1th
ISBN : 978-602-6743-55-8
Number of pages : 196
Publisher : Media Nusa Creative

2
 CHAPTER II

BOOK CONTENT

A. Main Book Summary

The first book is entitled “Microbiology: An Introduction” by Tortora, et al. consists of

964 pages which are divided into five parts and 28 subparts.
The first part entitled Fundamentals of Microbiology consists of nine subparts. The first
sub is an introduction that discusses the interrelationships of microbes with our surroundings at
large. Both about naming and classifying microorganisms, a brief history of microbiology (from
the first observation until the third golden age of microbiology), some advantage and
disadvantage of microbes in human life. The second sub discusses chemical principles on
microbes both from chemical elements and also electronic configuration. In this sub, we can
understand that there are several chemical reactions such as energy in chemical reactions,
synthesis reactions, decomposition reactions, exchange reactions, and also the reversibility of
chemical reactions. In the inorganic compounds, there are water, acids, bases, and salts.
After that, we can enter into the third sub, discussing observing microorganisms through
a microscope. There are several instruments such as light microscopy, two-photon microscopy,
super-resolution light microscopy, scanning acoustic microscopy, electron microscopy, and
scanned probe microscopy. But this book talks deeper about light microscopy and also how we
prepare the specimen for light microscope starting from preparing smears for staining to types of
staining. The fourth chapter discusses the functions and anatomical differences of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells. This book tries to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In the
prokaryotic cell, they talk about the size, shape, internal structures of cell walls, and arrangement
of bacterial cells. The eukaryotic cell talks about the evaluation of eukaryotes, the cytoplasm,
ribosomes, and organelles.
Then the fifth subsection discusses Microbial Metabolism. In this section, we discuss
catabolic and anabolic reactions, types of enzymes, macromolecules metabolism, and their
integration. The sixth chapter discusses microbial growth. This chapter explains how to culture
microbial from the requirement for growth (physical and chemical requirements), obtaining our
cultures, generation times, direct measurement of microbial growth, etc. The seventh chapter
discusses the control of microbial growth. It tells us the terminology of microbial control, the
rate of microbial death, actions of microbial control agents, and physical with chemical methods
of microbial control. The eighth subsection discusses microbial genetics. It tells us about the
structure and function of the genetic material, the regulation of bacterial gene expression,
changes in genetic material with their evolution. The last subsection in the first part discusses
biotechnology and DNA technology. This sub tries to give us knowledge about the tools of
biotechnology and the techniques of genetic modification.

3
 Part two entitled A Survey of the Microbial World consists of four subs. The tenth sub
discusses the classification of microorganisms. This is a continuation of a more in-depth
discussion of the first sub. The readers can study phylogenetic relationships between the three
domains, the classification of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses, and also the methods of
classifying and identifying microorganisms. The eleventh sub discusses more deeply the
procaryotes which are included in the domain’s bacteria and Archae. It tells us that in the domain
bacteria, the gram-negative bacteria are divided into proteobacteria and the nonproteobacteria
while the gram-positive bacteria are divided into firmicutes (low G + C gram-positive bacteria)
and actinobacteria. The twelfth chapter discusses the eukaryotes including fungi, algae, protozoa,
and helminths. This book gives us details about the characteristics, medically important,
diseases, and also the economic effect that came from fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths. The
thirteenth part discusses viruses, viroids, and prions. It tells about general characteristics,
structure, taxonomy, isolation, cultivation, identification, and multiplication of viruses.
The third part entitled Interaction Between Microbe and Host consists of six subchapters.
The fourteenth chapter discusses the principles of disease and epidemiology. It tells about the
relationships between the normal microbiota and the host, pattern of disease, the spread of
infection, and also epidemiology. The fifteenth chapter discusses microbial mechanisms of
pathogenicity. This sub tries to tell us how microorganisms can enter the host, how the bacterial
pathogens can penetrate host defenses, how bacterial pathogens can damage host cells, and also
the pathogenic properties of fungi, protozoa, helminths, and algae. Then section sixteen discusses
innate immunity: nonspecific defenses of the host. It tells about there is a first and second line of
defense. The first line of defense is about skin and mucous membrane. But in the second line of
defense, talks about formed elements in blood, etc. The seventeenth chapter discusses adaptive
immunity: specific defenses of the host. This book talks about the antigen and antibodies with
their interactions. The eighteenth chapter discusses the practical applications of Immunology. It
gives us more knowledge about the principles, effects, type, delivery methods, and formulations
of vaccines. The nineteenth chapter deals with disorders associated with the Immune System.
And the last sub-part discusses antimicrobial drugs (like chemotherapy).
The fourth part of this book entitled Microorganisms and Human Disease is a
continuation of the material from the first subchapter regarding the disadvantages of microbes. It
has six subparts where each part discusses every microbial disease in various body systems. The
first sub discusses microbial diseases of the skin and eyes. Starting from the initial introduction
of the skin and what microbes are normal in the skin to the disease. The twenty-second chapter
talks about microbial diseases such as rabies, poliomyelitis, African trypanosomiasis on the
nervous system, both caused by bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and prions. In sub twenty-three, it
discusses microbial diseases that often occur in the circulatory system, both cardiovascular and
also lymphatic systems. Chapter twenty-four discusses microbial diseases in the respiratory
system such as the common cold, tuberculosis, cases of pneumonia, influenza, histoplasmosis,
etc. Subchapter twenty-five discusses microbial diseases in the digestive system, from the mouth,
lower digestive system, to the digestive system, including viral diseases such as mumps,

4
hepatitis, and viral gastroenteritis. Chapter twenty-six discusses microbial diseases of the urinary
and reproductive systems such as AIDS, genital herpes, candidiasis, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis
The fifth part discusses Environmental and Applied Microbiology consisting of only two
subchapters. The twenty-seventh chapter discusses environmental microbiology. It gives us
information about the life of microbiology in the soil and aquatic with their cycle. The last
section discusses applied and industrial microbiology. It can be done in food microbiology and
also industrial microbiology and the biotechnology.

B. Comparative Book Summary

A. CHAPTER I History of Microbiology

Microbiology is a branch of biology that studies the life of microorganisms or called
"microbes" which can only be seen with an instrument called a microscope. Living things
belonging to microorganisms are viruses, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, microscopic fungi,
protozoa, microscopic algae/algae and microscopic parasitic worms (Park and Artur, 2001).
Microbiology is one of the largest complexes of biological sciences related to various disciplines
in biology. In addition to studying microbial life, microbiology is also concerned with the
interactions between microbes and humans and microbes with the environment.
Microbial life is very broad, such as; in soil, water, air, rotten food, human skin, animal
skin, etc. In life, many microbes are known to be beneficial and also many microbes are harmful
to plants, animals and humans (Sujudi, 2010). An example: humans can get the flu caused by the
influenza virus. The tape and soy sauce industry can make tape and soy sauce with the help of
microorganisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus wentii. Doctors who specialize in
diabetes, can take advantage of the role of E.coli for the manufacture of insulin, etc. Please note
that microbiology will continue to develop in accordance with the development of science and
technology in the world.
A. History of Microbiology
 Pre-Pasteur Age
Microbiology became known because of the invention of the microscope by
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) and the discovery of animalculus (small
animals). The microscope is the first key for researchers to know more about
microbiology (Pelczar and Chan, 2008). The era of Abiogenesis, which uses a
microscope to find living things that come from non-living things (inanimate
materials) such as: small animals emerge from the immersion of straw/lake
water/pond water, rats emerge from piles of clothes/straw, germ colonies that
emerge from pieces of meat (Nasution and Rasyid, 2009). Era of Biogenesis
(1665-1799), proof of the origin of living things. This era concluded that living
things came from seeds in the air. This era is also called the era of the collapse of
the theory of abiogenesis.

5
  Pasteur era
Pasteur's view that microbes found in air were dispersed unevenly. He did
research in the Laboratory to test his views. Lab equipment that is known
until now in the Pasteur era is a "goose neck" shaped flask. Through the
flask, Pasteur was finally able to strengthen the theory of biogenesis which
states that living things now come from previous living things. In this era,
also found a technique to kill microbes known as the sterilization
technique, which is a technique with high heat and pressure.
 The Post-Pasteur Age
Known as the Robert Koch Era (1843-1910), a study that was able to
isolate germs from diseased organisms and perfected germ culture
techniques and isolated germ identification techniques (Person, 2004).
 Antibiotic and Post-Antibiotic Era
Antibiotic Era (1940-1960), the discovery of antibiotics from various
microbes, such as; penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum, viral
vaccines, and animal cell culture technology (Mirzawati, 2015). Post-
Antibiotic Era (1960-1975), the discovery of the DNA structure "double
helix" by Watson and Crick, the discovery of restriction endonuclease
enzymes, the discovery of viral DNA fragments and E. coli DNA. In
1980-1982, the determination of human insulin cloning with the help of
DNA of E. coli bacteria to treat people with diabetes mellitus.
 The Age of Molecular Microbiology
Starting from the discovery of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences by Carl Woese
in 1960 (Wren and Dorrell, 2002). Furthermore, the discovery of PCR
(Polymerase Chain Reaction) technology by Kary Mullis (1986) as a molecular
biology revolution for the procurement or propagation of DNA (Sumaryanto,
2012). The findings above really opened the minds of scientists in the 1990s to
conduct microbiological research at the molecular level.
Microbiology is developing very rapidly based on the development of science and
technology. Microscope is a tool to see microbes that is needed by microbiologists.
Developments at the optical level make the microscope a very useful tool in studying microbes.
Microbial control in aspects of growth and reproduction with sterilization techniques is very
important in microbiological experiments. Especially the contribution of Koch regarding his 4
postulates which played a very big role in microbiology. Based on Koch's postulates, now
microbiology is developing very rapidly.
In the molecular era to study microbiology, researchers have used sophisticated
equipment and methods that are fast and accurate. The rRNA sequencing method
(Metagenomics), PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique, proteomic technique and target
antibiotic technique on the microbial genome are all examples of the application of molecular
microbiology today.

6
 B. CHAPTER II Comparison of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
Organisms that are small and simple are very abundant and located everywhere. They
play an important role in human life and also maintain the balance of the environment. Often we
see dirty floors with spots. Rotten vegetables, fruit, and food. Eradication of infectious diseases
that attack humans such as; tuberculosis, cholera and tetanus. The manufacture of fermented
foods, namely; tempeh, soy sauce, yogurt, cheese and bread. Manufacturing of vitamins and
medicines by industrial factories. Efforts to increase crop yields and control plant diseases in
agriculture. Improving food nutrition in the food sector. Drug therapy and diagnostics of
infectious diseases in the medical field. Efforts to restore water and soil that are being polluted to
return to normal.
The example above is the efforts made by humans to take advantage of the role of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. We can take advantage of the role of microbes
appropriately and maximally, if we have understood some things related to the structure and
behavior of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic cells were the first cells to inhabit the earth. These cells have a high
adaptability, so they are able to survive even in conditions that are not favorable to them (Park
and Arthur, 2001). According to Black (2008), prokaryotic cells are cells that have genetic
material (chromosomes-DNA) but the genetic material has not been wrapped by the cell nuclear
membrane and also does not have a closed membrane structure. All prokaryotes are single-celled
organisms, like all bacteria (Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria). The genetic material (DNA) of
prokaryotic cells is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Glazer and Nikaido (2007), the
general difference between bacteria and Archaebacteria is in their rRNA sequences. This
difference can be seen in the basic structure of the Eubacteria cell wall which is composed of
peptidoglycan with N-acetylglucosamine-N-acetylmuramic acid while the cell wall polymer in
Archaeobacteria does not have peptidoglycan. The cytoplasmic membrane of the hydrophobic
side of Archaebacteria is composed of ether bonds with branched aliphatic chains, whereas in
Eubacteria it is composed of ester bonds with unbranched aliphatic chains. Prokaryotes (bacteria)
have a large surface-to-volume ratio. The large ratio of surface volume makes the connection
between the internal parts of the cell and the surface not far, so that nutrients easily and quickly
reach all parts of the cell. Prokaryotes have 3 kinds of shapes, namely: round, rod, and spiral.
The spherical shape of a bacterial cell is called a coccus. The rods in bacterial cells are called
bacillus. The spiral shape is called vibrio. But in addition to the 3 shapes above, sometimes
bacterial shapes are found, such as irregular and lobed shapes.
1. Tools of locomotion: Flagella/periplasmic flagella, pili and fimbriae
2. Cell envelope: Glycokali (capsule, thin layer), cell wall and cell membrane
3. Cytoplasm: Cell fluid, ribosomes, granules, nucleoid (chromosomes)
Eukaryotic Cell
Biologists have found strong evidence that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells by
an intracellular symbiotic process (Park and Arthur, 2001). In contrast to prokaryotic cells, the

7
DNA of eukaryotic cells is located in the nucleus which is surrounded by a double membrane.
Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells. The size of eukaryotic cells ranges from 10-
100 m, while the smallest size of prokaryotic cells is 0.1 m. Cell size is related to the structure
and function of a cell. The size of the cell will determine the implementation of metabolism in
the cell. In addition to the plasma membrane on the cell surface, eukaryotic cells have an internal
membrane that is neatly arranged so that organelles are formed inside the cell. The organelles of
eukaryotic cells also have specific structures and functions, so that different enzymatic and
metabolic processes can occur in a eukaryotic cell. In general, eukaryotic cells have a cell
membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus (Golgi bodies),
vacuoles, cytoskeleton and glycocalyx. Cell walls, locomotor organs and chloroplasts are only
found in some eukaryotic cells (Park and Arthur, 2001).
The nuclear envelope and membrane structure are closed, single-celled and highly adaptable,
which includes this type of organisms are Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. The size of prokaryotic
cells is between 0.5-2.0 m, has 3 kinds of shapes, namely round (coccus), 35 rods (bacillus), and
spiral (vibrio). Movement tools in the form of flagella, pili and fimbriae; cell envelope consisting
of glycocalyx, cell wall, and cell membrane; Cytoplasm (cell fluid) is the site of ribosomes,
granules, and nucleoli. Meanwhile, eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells through
intracellular symbiosis. These eukaryotic cells have a size of 10-100 m, have a cell membrane, a
double membrane in the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus,
vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and glycocalyx. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts.
C. CHAPTER III Characteristics of Viruses, Archaeobacteria and Eubacteria
Viruses are particles that can cause various diseases in microorganisms, plants, animals
and humans. Its ability to infect the host is extraordinary. Achaeobacteria and eubacteria also
become targets of viral infections because they are cells. Prokaryotic cells such as achaeobacteria
and eubacteria have cell organelles but are still simple so they are classified as prokaryotes.
Archaea and eubacteria are microbes that have a high ability to adapt to the environment. Based
on the abilities of the three, biologists use them in laboratory research.
Virus
Viruses are small particles with a diameter of 20 nm that can infect organisms such as
bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, animals, and humans. The science that studies the life of
viruses is called virology. There are several views regarding the structure of viruses in the study
of biology. First, viruses cannot live alone without a host, so viruses are said to be non-living
things. Second, the virus is able to direct how it acts as an infectious particle and is able to
reproduce. Viruses are capable of causing disease because they are obligate intracellular
parasites that can only reproduce by invading host cells and releasing genetic material and
metabolism to release new viruses. Viruses have only an external layer called a capsid and
contain nucleic acids (DNA or RNA only) and enzymes. Viruses are composed of a protein coat
(sometimes covered by an envelope composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates)
surrounding a nucleic acid. There is a synthesis of specialized structures that can transfer nucleic
acids to other cells. Viruses have few or no enzymes (Tortora et al, 2010). Viruses do not have a

8
cell nucleus, organelles, and cytoplasm known as acellular. Viruses can replicate (multiply) only
in living host cells, so they are called intracellular obligate parasites. A virion is a viral particle
that contains a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA only), a capsid, and an external envelope or envelope.
Archaeobacteria
Structure and Form of Archaeobacteria
Archaea are single and simple organisms. Archaea have cell wall structures with special
peptidoglycan compounds and unique lipid membranes (Park and Arthur, 2001). Hogg (2005)
added that the Arcahea cell membrane found isoprene compounds in fatty acids with branched
ether bonds, while in Eubacteria cell membranes there were glycerol compounds with ester
bonds and unbranched. Differences in the composition of Archaea cell membranes. In addition to
differences in the composition of cell membranes, Archae and Eubacteria also have differences
in the composition of their cell walls. Archaea cell walls contain compounds N-
acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid, and N-acetylmuramic acid is not found as
found in Eubacteria cells. In addition to differences in the composition of cell membranes,
Archae and Eubacteria also have differences in the composition of their cell walls. Archaea cell
walls contain compounds N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid, and N-
acetylmuramic acid is not found as found in Eubacteria cells.
Eubacteria
Eubacteria Structure and Form
Eubacteria are single-celled or unicellular organisms. Eubacteria measure diameter from
0.5 to 2 m. Eubacteria live attached to the substrate or form colonies. There are three main forms
of eubacteria, namely coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod), and spiral. In addition to the three forms
above, there are also several other forms, namely the form of cocobacilus (short stem), vibrio
(curved shape), spirillum or spirochete / spiral and cylindrical.
Bacterial cell structure is composed of flagella, pili, fimbriae, capsule, cell wall, cell
membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, granules, nucleoids, plasmids, and endospores (Black, 2008).
Flagella are the means of locomotion for motile bacteria. Several forms of flagella in bacteria
include monopolar monotrica, monopolar lofotrika, bipolar amphitrika, and peritrika.
Viruses can be said to be living and non-living things. Viruses are said to be non-living
things because viruses can only live if there is a host. Viruses are said to be living things because
they are able to reproduce through lytic and lysogenic cycles when they are in their host cells.
Viruses are smaller than bacteria. Viruses only consist of proteins (capsid constituents) and
nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA and do not have organelles and cytoplasm that make up cells,
so viruses cannot be called cells. Viruses are grouped according to the type of nucleic acid.
Archaea are simple and single cell organisms that have a cell wall structure that does not
have peptidoglycan with a cell membrane arrangement that contains isoprene compounds in fatty
acids with branched ether bonds. Archaea cell walls contain compounds N-acetylglucosamine
and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid. Archaea include extremophile organisms because of the
ability to survive in extreme environments. Archae reproduce asexually by forming endospores.

9
Archae are grouped according to the environment in which they live, namely; methanogens,
extreme halophiles, and hyperthermophiles.
Eubacteria are single-celled (unicellular) organisms that range in size from 0.5 to 2 m.
Eubacteria live in colonies and attach to the substrate. The forms of eubacteria colonies are
coccus (diplococci, tetrad, staphylococci, and sarcina), bacillus (diplobascili, and streptobacil),
vibrio/curved, spirillum or spirochete or spiral, and star, square, or triangular. Eubacteria contain
peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Reproduction is asexual (vegetative) and sexual (eg;
transformation, DNA transduction, and conjugation).
D. CHAPTER IV Fungi, Protozoa and Algae
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that have various forms. Fungi cannot be called plants
because they do not have photosynthetic pigments so they are known as saprophytic organisms.
In the laboratory, many researchers use fungi as a medium for mastering biological sciences. The
results of research on fungi, give us an understanding of how to use fungi in life and also how we
can protect ourselves from the dangers of fungi. Protozoa and algae are grouped in a single
kingdom, namely protists. However, many researchers also mention that many protists have
similarities with plants, animals, and fungi. Protozoa are better known as parasitic organisms in
animals and humans. However, it is different from algae because algae is more beneficial for us
and the surrounding ecosystem.
Fungi or fungi are eukaryotic organisms that have a nucleus and membrane-bound
organelles. The shape of the mushroom fruiting body is a filament called hyphae that grows at
the tip (apical), hyphae that grow like a net are called mycelium. There are two body shapes of
mushrooms, namely unicellular (yeast) and multicellular (molds and mushrooms). Fungi are
heterotrophs and reproduce asexually and sexually. The grouping of fungi is divided into four,
namely phylum Zygomycota, phylum Ascomycota, phylum Basidiomycota, and phylum
Deuteromycota. Fungi have an important role in ecosystems, which play a role in decomposing
organic compounds into inorganic compounds that can be utilized by plants and in mutual
cooperation with algae, cyanobacteria, plants, and animals.
Protozoa are animal-like protists, heterotrophs, unicellular, and in the form of colonies,
some are free-living and are commensal and parasitic, have locomotor organs and some do not.
Protozoa are grouped based on the presence or absence of locomotion, namely the classes
Mastigophora, Sarcodina, Apicomplexa (Sporozoa), and Cilliata (Ciliophora).
Algae are autotrophic eukaryotic organisms that have microscopic unicellular
(microalgae) and multicellular forms with complex structures (macroalgae). Algae range in size
from 1μm to 100 m. Algae are called plant-like protists because they have photosynthetic
pigments. Algae are classified into six groups, among others; Euglenophyta (Euglenid),
Pyrrophuta (Dinoflagellates), Chrysophyta (Diatoms), Phaeophyta (Brown Algae), Rhodophyta
(Red Algae), and Chlorophyta (Green Algae). Algae reproduce asexually and sexually. Algae
play an important role in aquatic ecosystems, namely producing oxygen in the waters. In
addition, algae can also be used for human needs, namely; polishes, bricks, foodstuffs, health
materials, and cosmetic industry materials.

10
 E. CHAPTER V Effect of External Factors on Microbial Growth
Microbes can exist in a variety of environmental conditions because eubacteria are small
and adaptable, require small space, and require nutrients in small amounts. Different species of
eubacteria can grow over a very wide range of environments. They live from areas with high salt
content to alkaline areas. From hot to very cold areas, and from areas with or without oxygen as
well. Micro growth is strongly influenced by internal and external factors. Internal factors are
related to the genome and enzymes contained in microbial cells. Meanwhile, external factors are
all factors that come from outside the microbial cell, for example; pH, temperature, oxygen
concentration, humidity, pressure, radiation, and nutrients/biochemicals (such as presence of;
carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and vitamins). External factors and environmental
biochemistry play an important role in the growth of eubacteria because environmental factors
can contribute to the activation of growth enzymes and keep cells in good condition. External
factors that affect microbial growth. These factors include; pH (acidity level), temperature
(temperature), oxygen concentration, humidity, hydrostatic and osmotic pressure, radiation, and
nutritional factors (biochemistry).
Microbial growth is strongly influenced by external factors. The external factors include;
pH (acidity level), temperature (temperature), oxygen concentration, humidity, hydrostatic
pressure, osmotic pressure, radiation, and nutritional factors.
pH will affect the metabolism and growth of microbial cells. Microbial cells will grow
well at the optimum pH, which is close to pH 7. Based on microbial tolerance at pH, microbes
are grouped into; acidophils, neutrophils, and alkaliphiles.
Environmental temperature will affect metabolism and microbial growth. The
temperature for microbial growth is divided into three, namely; maximum temperature
(metabolism and growth can occur), optimum (very fast metabolism and growth), and minimum
(metabolism and growth are slow and potentially stunted). Based on the temperature distribution,
microbes are divided into; psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic microbes.
Oxygen concentration is needed by microbes for growth (metabolism). Based on the
presence or absence of oxygen, microbes are divided into; aerobic (requires oxygen to grow) and
anaerobic (does not need oxygen to grow) microbes. Aerobic microbes require oxygen as the
final electron acceptor in their metabolic processes, while anaerobic microbes require other
compounds as the final electron acceptor and not oxygen in the metabolic process. Based on the
presence of oxygen, microbes are divided into; obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes,
microaerophiles, facultative anaerobes, and aerotolerant anaerobes.
Moisture is needed by microbes for cellular metabolic activities. For microbial cells that
are not able to produce spores, moist environmental conditions are needed for microbial cell
growth activities. Hydrostatic pressure affects cell membranes and microbial enzymes. High
pressure is needed by microbial cells to maintain the condition of enzyme molecules, while low
pressure will damage enzyme molecules. Osmotic pressure will affect the microbial cell
membrane. If the cell is in a hypertonic environment, the cell will lose water and undergo

11
plasmolysis. If the cell is in a hypotonic environment, the cell will become turgid because it is
filled with water.
Radiation greatly affects the growth of microbial cells. Gamma and ultraviolet rays can
cause mutations in DNA and these conditions can also cause death in microbial cells. Nutrients
are chemical substances needed by microbial cells to carry out metabolism and growth.
Microbial cells require nutrients in large amounts (macronutrients) and small amounts
(micronutrients).
F. CHAPTER VI Metabolism of Microorganisms
All organisms, including microorganisms, must obtain energy for the development of the
organic molecules that make up their cells in order to survive. Energy is needed by
microorganisms to: (1) maintain cell structure by repairing all cellular damage; (2) synthesize
cellular components such as nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and enzymes; (3) transporting
certain substances into cells obtained from the environment; (4) grow and reproduce; and (5)
cellular movement.
Microorganisms that get energy from light are called phototrophs, while those that get
energy from chemicals are called chemotrophs. Microorganisms that only require inorganic
substances such as CO2 as a carbon source are called autotrophs. In contrast, heterotrophs
require at least one organic nutrient such as glucose to make other organic compounds.
Metabolism is the total number of chemical reactions that take place in cells. The
chemical reactions that break down organic compounds such as glucose into energy and
precursors for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites are called catabolism. Meanwhile,
chemical reactions that make up organic compounds from smaller inorganic or organic
compounds are called anabolism and are also known as biosynthetic reactions. The main factor
in the metabolic process is enzymes. Without enzymes, biochemical reactions would not occur at
a rate fast enough to sustain cells. Enzymes are cellular catalysts, i.e. make biochemical reactions
in cells faster than without catalysts. The role of enzymes is to increase the rate of chemical
reactions by a factor of millions or even billions. The enzyme will not change at the end of the
reaction. The active site of the enzyme will bind to the substrate to form an enzyme-substrate
complex. At the end of the reaction, the enzyme will not break down or react and produce new
products.
Metabolism is a series of chemical reactions that occur in cells which include catabolism
and anabolism. Metabolism is controlled by enzymes. Without enzymes, metabolism will not
occur. Enzymes act as catalysts for chemical metabolic reactions. However, the work of enzymes
is influenced by several factors, namely; temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitor.
Catabolism is a chemical reaction that breaks down organic compounds into energy for
the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, this process will produce energy (ATP). Many
catabolic reactions are carried out by chemoorganoheterotrophs (chemoheterotrophs). Catabolic
reactions take place in the process of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation.
Anabolism is a chemical reaction for the formation of organic compounds from inorganic
compounds which in this process requires energy (ATP). This reaction is mostly carried out by

12
chemolitoautotroph organisms such as photolithotroph microbes and some photosynthetic
bacteria. Anabolic reactions take place in the process of photosynthesis and biosynthesis of
macromolecules needed by cells.
G. CHAPTER VI Metabolism of Microorganisms
All organisms, including microorganisms, must obtain energy for the development of the
organic molecules that make up their cells in order to survive. Energy is needed by
microorganisms to: (1) maintain cell structure by repairing all cellular damage; (2) synthesize
cellular components such as nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and enzymes; (3) transporting
certain substances into cells obtained from the environment; (4) grow and reproduce; and (5)
cellular movement.
Microorganisms that get energy from light are called phototrophs, while those that get
energy from chemicals are called chemotrophs. Microorganisms that only require inorganic
substances such as CO2 as a carbon source are called autotrophs. In contrast, heterotrophs
require at least one organic nutrient such as glucose to make other organic compounds.
Metabolism is the total number of chemical reactions that take place in cells. The
chemical reactions that break down organic compounds such as glucose into energy and
precursors for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites are called catabolism. Meanwhile,
chemical reactions that make up organic compounds from smaller inorganic or organic
compounds are called anabolism and are also known as biosynthetic reactions. The main factor
in the metabolic process is enzymes. Without enzymes, biochemical reactions would not occur at
a rate fast enough to sustain cells. Enzymes are cellular catalysts, i.e. make biochemical reactions
in cells faster than without catalysts. The role of enzymes is to increase the rate of chemical
reactions by a factor of millions or even billions. The enzyme will not change at the end of the
reaction. The active site of the enzyme will bind to the substrate to form an enzyme-substrate
complex. At the end of the reaction, the enzyme will not break down or react and produce new
products.
Metabolism is a series of chemical reactions that occur in cells which include catabolism
and anabolism. Metabolism is controlled by enzymes. Without enzymes, metabolism will not
occur. Enzymes act as catalysts for chemical metabolic reactions. However, the work of enzymes
is influenced by several factors, namely; temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitor.
Catabolism is a chemical reaction that breaks down organic compounds into energy for
the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, this process will produce energy (ATP). Many
catabolic reactions are carried out by chemoorganoheterotrophs (chemoheterotrophs). Catabolic
reactions take place in the process of aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation.
Anabolism is a chemical reaction for the formation of organic compounds from inorganic
compounds which in this process requires energy (ATP). This reaction is mostly carried out by
chemolitoautotroph organisms such as photolithotroph microbes and some photosynthetic
bacteria. Anabolic reactions take place in the process of photosynthesis and biosynthesis of
macromolecules needed by cells.

13
 H. CHAPTER VII Growth and Reproduction of Microbes
Microbial growth and reproduction is an increase in the size, volume, and number of cells
on a regular basis and is related to the readiness of cells to reproduce. The increase in the number
of cells occurs because the cells undergo division. In unicellular microbes such as bacteria,
binary fission occurs. Whereas in multicellular microbes, such as fungi, growth occurs due to
tissue formation or cell size increase.
The growth and reproduction of unicellular organisms (bacteria) takes place by binary
fission. In binary fission there is replication of genetic material which will divide into two
identical cells. Binary fission takes place in two stages, namely; (1) DNA replication and
division, and (2) septum formation. The growth phase of bacteria is divided into four namely; lag
phase, logarithmic phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
The growth and reproduction of multicellular organisms (fungi) involves the transport
and assimilation of nutrients. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually. The growth phase of
fungi is divided into four, namely; lag phase, acceleration phase, exponential phase, stationary
phase, and death phase.
Metabolism is a series of chemical reactions that occur in cells which include catabolism
and anabolism. Metabolism is controlled by enzymes. Without enzymes, metabolism will not
occur. Enzymes act as catalysts for chemical metabolic reactions. However, the work of enzymes
is influenced by several factors, namely; temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitor.
In the future the role of microorganisms is very important as a food source. Spirulina and
cyanobacteria are used as food sources other than dairy products that utilize the role of
microorganisms. Another product of the use of microorganisms is chocolate fermentation. The
chocolate fermentation process requires microbes. First, it requires yeast, Candida rugosa, and
Kluyveromyces marxianus, which hydrolyze the pectin that protects the seeds and ferment the
sugars to release ethyl-alcohol and CO2. The temperature and alcohol concentration will increase
and the lactic acid bacteria will increase. Lactic acid production will lower the pH at which
bacteria will grow and produce acetic acid as a fermentation and final product.
One of the uses of microbes in health is B. thuringiensis which has been described in the
section above. Based on the findings that have been made, in 1975 Drs Tahori and Margalite
found that B. thuringiensis was able to act as a biological control agent from mosquitoes. The
results showed that B. thuringiensis was able to kill the larvae of the Culex pipiens mosquito that
causes malaria, by killing the mosquito larvae, it is possible that the epizotic spread of the
mosquito will not expand so that malaria can be prevented (Glazer and Nikaido, 2007). Another
role is the use of the fungus Nomuraea rileyi which is used as a biological agent to kill the
growth of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae which act as vectors of dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Microorganisms play a fundamental role in reprocessing through the release of carbon,
nitrogen, phosphate, and sulfur from various types of complex organic compositions that are
reused by living organisms and renewable energy. Lactococcus bacteria can be used as a
biosensor to detect the presence of antibiotics in milk that will be used for cheese production.

14
Light emission is needed for cell life, the presence of antibiotics is measured by light reduction
through recombinant Lactococcus bacteria
The role of microorganisms in the environmental field is as a biosensor for the presence
of pollutants in nature. Biosensors are bacteria that are able to determine the location of active
pollutants in the environment. Biosensors do not require equipment and chemicals to work
quickly in detecting the presence of pollutants. Bisensor bacteria will be active if there are
receptors on the pulutan and report the presence of pollutants significantly.
Microorganisms play an important role in overcoming various problems in life. The role
of microorganisms is growing along with technological advances. Some fields that become the
role of microorganisms, among others; agriculture, food, industry, health and environment. In
agriculture, microorganisms can be used as bioinsecticides that are environmentally friendly and
can also be used to create plants that are resistant to pests through recombinant DNA techniques.
In food, microorganisms can be utilized in the production of fermented foods and also serve as
an alternative protein source if the world lacks protein food sources. In the industrial sector,
microorganisms can be used as biosensors to determine the antibiotics found in probiotic
foods/drinks. In the health sector, bacterial plasmids can be used for the production of proteins,
hormones and enzymes using recombinant DNA techniques. In the environmental field,
microorganisms can be used as biosensors to detect the presence of pollutants in nature

15
 CHAPTER III

DISCUSSION

A. The Advantages of The Book

a) The Advantages of Book 1 (main book)

The advantages of the first book, among others:
 Based on the cover or cover of the book, this book has a very simple and
colourful cover but looks elegant with one type of microbe as a sign that this book
discusses the basics of microbiology.
 In terms of layout, the main book is neater than the comparison book. This book
has followed the rules of writing well, the margins used are correct. In this book,
the paper is divided into two columns. But it does not make it difficult for the
reader to read it. Textbook conventions are put to good use. If there is a new word
or concept, it is in bold and the definition follows. Furthermore, the most
important concept is always the first sentence in the section. This makes the text
easy to read at a glance or quickly get answers to learning objectives.
 In terms of writing, the language used in English, this textbook is well organized
so it is not difficult to read. If you have difficulty in scientific language, we can
see it in the glossary section.
 This book is the thirteenth revised book. So based on the author's explanation,
there is a lot of material data that has been added and updated both regarding
discussions, comparisons, understandings, and concepts as attached to the preface
section of the book (new to the thirteen edition and chapter by chapter revisions).
 Based on the presentation of the material, the material in this book is good
because it has been explained in great detail. The concepts are broken down so it's
not difficult to understand the concepts. All material is presented systematically.
and gradually starting from the introduction of microbes, how to culture microbes,
division, types of microbes, interactions, various viral diseases caused by
microbes to understanding the use of microbes in the food and industry scope.
The book also visualizes and synthesizes difficult topics such as microbial
metabolism, immunology, and microbial genetics.
 In each sub-chapter, this book explains the learning objectives. In addition, this
colourful book supports the use of pictures, identification/comparison tables, and
schematics. With a variety of colours and shapes, bacteria images can attract the
attention of readers.
 In terms of evaluation, each sub-chapter has a study outline (summary) and study
HOT questions (starting from review, multiple-choice, analysis with clinical

16
 applications and evaluation) that can help test how broad the reader's
understanding of the book is.
 In this book, each sub-box is exploring the microbiome and clinical cases that
answer interesting questions that readers usually ask about microorganisms with
facts from recent research on the microbiome and how microbes affect human
health. Examples of questions such as whether blood is sterile, how microbes
grow, and so on.
b) The Advantages of Book 2 (comparative book)
 The material in the book is very light so it is easy to understand
 The use of the language is quite good

B. The disadvantages of The Book

a) The Disadvantages of Book 1 (main book)

The shortcomings of the first book are :
 In some sub-books, the text will change from very clear generalizations in one
paragraph to frivolous details in the next. So that readers sometimes have to think
twice to understand the meaning.
 This book has the advantage that there are digital tools in the form of learning
videos that can be used by readers to provide an interactive and personal learning
experience. However, to get this access, readers need to pay an additional fee to
the publisher (Pearson).
 because it's an ebook, so it takes a large data and storage package (more than 200
MB) to download the book
b) The Disadvantages of Book 2 (comparative book)
 The cover is colorless so it's less attractive

17
 CHAPTER IV

CLOSING

A. Conclution

With the reviews of these two books, the author hopes that all readers can understand the
entire contents of the books that are read, besides that with this book review, the author also
hopes that readers will apply them well so that they can easily know about microbiology. , both
books that can be obtained from various sources.
Each book has its own advantages. Both the main book and the second book, but after
reviewing the two books, the author can conclude that the main book that the author uses is the
best book to use, it can be seen from the advantages of the books that the author has reviewed.
As for the second book, it was good enough. Can be used as additional reading material.
The author provides this information so that all readers can explore all the chapters
reviewed from these two books, so that the students or students can be able to find out how to
use the Systematic Writing Format (Book Review).
Hopefully the brief description above can contribute to readers, suggestions and
constructive criticism.

B. Suggestion

The first book and the second book are suitable for use by students as reading material for
the first book and the second book is suitable for maximizing students' understanding of
microbiology material.

18
 REFERENCES

Tortora, G. j., Funke, B. R., & Case, C. L. (2018). Microbiology: An Introduction. United States:
Pearson.

Prayitno, T. A., & Hidayati, N. (2017). Pengantar Mikrobiologi. Malang: Media Nusa Creative.

19